Reviewer in Earth Science Color- Minerals property that is easiest to identify; not

reliable
5 Characteristics of Earth to make it habitable:
Streak-Minerals color in powdered form.
• Temperature
• Water Hardness- measure of minerals resistance to abrasion
• Atmosphere or scratching.
• Energy from the sun Crystal form-relative growth of the crystal in three
• Nutrients dimension.
6 things that make life on earth: Cleavage- The property of some minerals to break
• Our location is far from many hazards along specific planes of weaknesses to form smooth.
• Our sun is a long stable and longlasting star - Others: odor, taste, magnetism, specific gravity
• We are at just the right distance from the sun.
(Goldilocks Zone) Minerals can be identified using their physical
• We have the right stuff host a dynamic core characteristics.
• We have a big moon to stabilize our axial Chemical Properties of of minerals:
wobble.
• We ozone layer to block harmful ray. -show the presence and arrangement of the atoms in
minerals.
What makes earth suitable for life:
Cuarto (2016) classified minerals according to their
• Location chemical composition using dana system which
• Sun divides minerals into basic classes:
• Moon
• Water Native elements-naturally occurring in nature in
• Magnetic Field uncombined form with a distinct.
• Ozone Layer Silicates- The largest group of minerals
Earth is a system Oxides-Formed of combination of a metal with
Subsystem of the Earth oxygen.

Geosphere- Includes the rocks of the crust and Sulfides made of compounds of sulfur usually with a
mantle, the metallic liquid outer core, and the solid metal.
metallic inner core. Sulfates-made of compounds of sulfur combined
Atmosphere- The atmosphere is the thin gaseous metals and oxygen.
layer that envelopes the lithosphere. Halides formed of halogens elements like chlorine,
biosphere- It covers all ecosystems-from the soil to bromine, fluorine and iodine combined with metallic
the rainforest, from mangroves to coral reefs, and Elements,
from the plankton-rich ocean surface to the deep sea. Carbonates. There group of minerals made of carbon,
Hydrosphere-Heat is absorbed and redistributed on oxygen, and metallic elements. Phosphates Formed
the surface of the Earth through ocean circulation. when other minerals broken down by weathering.

Common Rock-forming minerals using their physical Mineraloid-It is the term used for substances that do
and chemical properties. not fit neatly into one of eight classes.

Minerals- NICCS What is rock

-It is naturally occurring aggregate of one or more
• N- Naturally Occurring
minerals
• I-Inorganic
• C-Crystalline Structure 3 types of rocks based on how they are formed:
• C-Can be represented by a chemical formula
• S- Solid IGNEOUS ROCKS-formed by solidification of molten
material, magma or lava.
Physical Properties of Minerals
Types of according to composition/silica content
Luster- the quality of light being reflected by the
surface of a mineral • FELSIC (GRANITIC)
 • INTERMEDIATE (ANDESITIC) Mining-process of extracting mineral resources from
• MAFIC(BASALTIC) ULTRAMAFIC the earth.

Types of texture Stage of Mining Process:

• APHANISTIC-fine grained PHANERITIC coarse Exploration- The process of searching for areas that
grained contain mineral resources usable for mining.
• PORPHYRITIC-large crystals with small crystals Development and Design- involves scoping, flexibility
• GLASSY-non ordered solid from rapid studies.
quenching
• PYROCLASTIC-composite of ejected fragments Construction-Involves building road, processing
facilities, environment management and other more.
SEDIMENTRY ROCK- it formed through accumulation,
compaction and cementation of sediments. Production-Processing of minerals happened and the
natural mining happens.
TYPES:
Closure and reclamation- Ensuring public health and
• CLASTIC-formed from accumulation of clast safety, removing waste and hazardous materials,
CHEMICAL-formed when dissolved minerals
precipitate. Types of Mining:
• ORGANIC-formed from accumulation of
Surface mining-Shallow mining Underground Mining
animal debris.
Surface mining:
METAMORPHIC ROCK- Formed from transformation
of pre-existing rocks, metamorphism can involve • Open pit Mining-Involve large digging open
changes in the physical and chemical properties of holes in the ground.
rocks in response to heat. • Placer Mining-
• Strip mining
TYPES:
• Mountain top removal
• METAMORPHISM. Can be regional or
Underground Mining:
CONTACT. REGIONAL Pressure is a main factor
over large area. • Drift Mining
• CONTACT-mainly due to heat from contact • Shaft Mining
with magma. • Slope Mining
The rock Cycle Ore processing- Processing of separating grains from
Sediment-Sedimentary rock-heat and pressure- ore
metamorphic rock-melting- magma- cooling-Igneous FOSSIL FUELS
rock weathering and erosion-sediment.
Philippines sources of Energy:
Important Mineral in the Society
• Luzon: Coal
Ore Minerals- contain useful substance that can be • Visayas: Geothermal
mined at a profit. • Mindanao: Hydro
Industrial Minerals-resources from the Earth that are Source of energy:
utilized because of their physical and chemical
Renewable-produced from the sources that do not
Characteristics. Gems-valueable minerals that are deplete or can be replenished within a humans life
prized for their rarity and beauty. time.
Birthstone Geothermal-utilizes the heat energy from the earth’s
JAN GARNET, FEB AMETHYST, MAR AQUAMARINE, APR crust
DIAMOND, MAY EMERALD, JUN ALEXANDRITE, JUL- Types:
RUBY, AUG-PERIDOT, SEP SAPPHIRE, TOURMALINE
OCT, NOV, TOPAZ, DEC, BLUE TOPAZ. • Flash steam power plant
• Dry steam power plant
Mining
• Binary cycle power plant.
Humans learns how to use minerals for their daily
lifes.
Hydroelectric- it is derived from the energy of falling Precipitation water that falls from clouds to earth
or moving water to generate electricity. surface.
Types: Runoff- precipitation that flows over the surface of
the land Infiltration-process by which water soaks into
• Impoundment the ground.
• Diversion
• Pumped storag According to the results of 2017 annual poverty
Indicators survey (APIS) 94 percent of the 24 million
Non-renewable-cannot be readily replaced by natural
means at quick enough pace to keep up with Filipino families have improved sources of drinking
consumption. water.

Fossil Fuels- Coil, oil, gas are fossil fuels which have Water has physical and chemical characteristics Some
been formed over the last 600 million years. of the physical attributes include temperature, color,
taste, odor, and turbidity.
Water resources on earth – are natural resources of
water that are potentially usefull. Color on the other hand, is primarily concern of water
quality for aesthetic reasons.
Sources of water
Taste and odor are human perception of water quality.
Natural resources:
Turbidity-measure of light transmitting properties of
Rainwater, Oceans, rivers, lakes, ponds, springs, dams, water and is comprised of suspended and colloidal
wells, tube wells, hand pumps, canals. material.
Distribution of water: The chemical characteristics of natural water are
All water- Fresh water-accessible water- reflection of the soils and rocks.

Most of earth’s water is salt water in the oceans.

Freshwater-water that contains little or no dissolved
salt.
Sources of Fresh water:
Surface water-water present on the surface of the
earth in form of streams, rivers, lakes and others.
Watershed- the land over which rain and snowmelt
travel via surface runoff or ground water infiltration
Prior to entering the water body. Ground water-lies
under the surface of land, where it travels through
and fills opening in the rocks.
How is water recycled?
The water recycled by the water cycle and its
movement of water through oceans, atmosphere,
land
And living things and the water cycle is powered by
energy from the sun.
Water cycle:
Evaporation-liquid to gas
Transpiration plants release water vapor through their
leaves.
Condensation water vapor to liquid