A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

A Module in
CFML 1 –
CHARACTER FORMATION 1

Compiled by:
LAURENCE P. BAZAN- DEAN, CCJE
TERESITO O DELOS ARCOS JR. RC.
ROCHELLE M. BUQUE, RCRIM
ANGELO R. ABULO II,RCRIM

1
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF CHARACTER

The term was derived from the Greek word “charassein,” referring to an engraving instrument;
originally used of a mark impressed upon a coin or mark cut by it. Then it was applied to a distinctive
mark of the personality; and gradually, to the sum total of such marks, each individual one is being
called characteristics (Bartemeier, 2009). Basically, character is defined as a psychological notion
that refers to all the habitual ways of feeling and reaction of a person that distinguish one individual
from another. It is the trademark of being a person.

Character as defined by the American Psychiatric Association, signifies the relatively fixed or
continuing group of an individual personality attributes of a person or the characteristic pattern of
behaviors of an individual. The social, emotional and intellectual manifestations of a character are
called personality, and character is roughly equivalent to personality.
Harbans (2011) noted that character is the index of the state of mind of a person. It is a sum
total of motivation one gives to the persons around him and also does course correction whenever
there is a dire need for same. It may differ as an individual differs but one thing is certain the special
characteristics form the solid basis of his stability in the society of which he is a part. Character, thus
is an index of a person‟s standing in the society.

WHAT IS CHARACTER FORMATION?

Character formation as defined by Donald (2206), is the process by which the individual, through
interaction of biologically transmitted predispositions with the environment, develops stable pattern
of functioning, thinking and feeling. It is also known as, Character Building. It is deeply internalized
patterns of values and attitudes and the consequent actions that are often established in
precognitive times of life through the natural and normal educational pattern that are appropriate for
young children. Nursing, weaning, toilet training, birth of siblings and the early relationship to the
parents (especially to the mother) are some of the examples of character formation. Character traits
are usually formed through the identification with parents and other important adults in the child‟s
environment.

Everyone is partly responsible for one‟s character. Aristotle noted that character develops over
time as one acquires habits from parents and the environment either through reward and
punishment. Developing a good character is much learning to play a musical instrument. Initially, an
individual may be under some pressure to practice, but eventually, enjoys playing with skill and
understanding (Hartman, 2013).

2
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS FOR CHARACTER FORMATION

1. PARENTAL INFLUENCE

Parental influence is the most important of all the factors responsible for personality
development. The way parents behave with the child, how much he is allowed to socialize,
the kind of culture he is subjected to by them, and the emotional make-up of his parents, all
these have a great bearing on the child‟s mental growth. In early stage of their human
existence, children adapt their parent‟s mannerisms. Thus, parents should be careful in their
ways for they establish a great influence to their children‟s character.

2. HOME ENVIRONMENT

Home as cradle of human character and personality largely contribute to the character
formation of a child. It is said that the parents are the first educators of the children. It is
their parental guidance and discipline that creates the kind of character, personality and
attitude the child has.

Parents should make sure that the child incorporates the positive emotions in his
personality and stays away from the negative ones. A child needs both his parents, to
develop his personality. An absentee father can be a negative influence on the child. To
make a child a confident, positive person, parents should avoid being too authoritative,
trying to discipline excessively, criticizing the child, discouraging him, comparing him with
others, and being partial.

3. SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT

To perfect the total development of a child‟s character and attitude, besides the home
environment, a child‟s school environment too plays a major role in shaping a child‟s
personality. Once a child starts going to school, he learns how to interact and deal with his
peers. He comes to know how to engage in “playing” according to the rules and regulations.
He gets educated, learns how to read, write and communicate effectively. A child‟s
personality is greatly influenced by the way he is treated at school, both by his teacher as
well as his peers. The school reinforce the education that the child needs that home fails to
provide.

3
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

4. CULTURE

Everyone has different character and values because of the different cultures where
everyone is exposed. Sociologists found out that different cultures have different values and
a child grows up with them, sub-consciously absorbing and social development cannot be
ignored. Those who were born and grown up in western countries are influenced to be
individualistic and competitive, while those children brought up in Asian, African and south
American countries are taught to be cooperative.

Infancy, toddler-hood, preschool and school age are the various phases that a child
passes through and each of these stages has its own share of problems and challenges,
which a child has to overcome, with his parent‟s assistance, to turn out to be a well-
developed personality.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FILIPINO CHARACTER FORMATION

By: Sen. Leticia Ramos Shahani

1. Home environment
2. Social environment
3. Culture and language
4. History
5. Educational system
6. Religion
7. Economic environment
8. Political environment
9. Mass media
10. Leadership and role model
11.

DETERMINING CHARACTER OR PERSONALITY TYPES

Five (5) factors that Determine Character or Personality Traits.

1. Openness: appreciation for a variety of experiences.

2. Conscientiousness: planning ahead rather than being spontaneous.
3. Extraversion: being sociable, energetic and talkative.
4. Agreeableness: being kind, sympathetic and happy to help.
5. Neuroticism: inclined to worry or be vulnerable or temperamental.

4
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

GENERAL TYPES OF CHARACTERS

1. Positive Character/ Good Character/ Positive Trait- These are attributes such as integrity,
honesty, courage, loyalty, fortitude, and other important virtues that promote good behaviour
and habits. Further, it is said that:

a. Being honest and taking responsibility for your actions are admirable qualities.
b. Adaptability and compatibility are great traits that can help you get along with others.
c. Drive and determination will help you keep going no matter what.
d. Compassion and understanding mean you relate well to others.
e. Patience is a virtue and also a good personality trait.
f. Courage will help you do what‟s right in tough situations.
g. Loyalty is a good quality to possess, making others trust you.

2. Negative Character/Negative Character/Negative Trait- A person‟s predisposition to commit

evil acts.

a. A propensity for lying, in order to avoid responsibility for our actions, is a deplorable
quality.
b. Being rigid and selfish, unyielding to the needs of others are not endearing qualities.
c. Being full of laziness and excuses is sure to drive others away, too.
d. A hot temper and an inability to empathize with others will also alienate us from others.
e. Being quick to anger will turn people away.
f. Being disloyal, quick to talk about others behind their backs or, worse, stab them in the
back for personal gain also falls high on the scale of negative personality traits.

3. Neutral Character/Neutral Trait- Commonly used to describe a person who doesn‟t pick sides
in disputes; neutral also pegs anything that refuses to be bold.

a. Judges, for example, must remain totally neutral when hearing a case.
b. Manner‟s mavens say that it‟s best to remain neutral when topics like politics and religion
come up during a party.
c. Boxers can look to the neutral corners in the ring to escape a punch.

5
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

TYPES OF CHARACTERS
1. Self- realized Character. A person with this type of character is ever enthusiastic for he
knows his potentialities and limitations. This sort of a character is an asset not only to the
family but also the society in which person lives.

2. Covetous Character. This refers to a jealous or acquisitive character. It is held that, persons
with greed will endeavour to go all out in collecting worldly possessions and fulfilling his
personal petty ambitions by adopting any means open to him even crossing all the limits of
moral and ethical limits.

In effect the person will became most arrogant, repulsive, slanderer and fully bereft of any
moral feelings for the humans. He is the burden not only on the family but also the society in
which he lives.
3. Superstitious Character. In a way all are superstitious but when we‟re over superstitious
then problem starts. It is not merely bad for the individual concerned but also for those who
come in contact with this unpredictable person, who may change his tag any moment thus
leaving everybody around in the lurch. Too much reliance on superstitions also robs us of
scientific temper and forward-looking approach in our life. But we should not compare
superstitious and traditionalists.

4. Egoistic/Overbearing/Bossy/Tall-Talker. The person who thinks that world runs due to

him and everything and everybody should respect him as such. His overbearing and bossy
disposition puts him in the category of hard to please (fastidious). This person learns his
lesson after sometimes. This fellow with “I-DAMN-CARE-ATTITUDE‟ hardly cares for others.
This sort of egocentric character is the bane of any society, irrespective of their status in the
society.

5. Anti-Social Character. A person who neither cares for the norms set by the society nor
cares for the moral and ethical values is an anti-social character. This character is both a
sinner and a criminal. He could also be termed as an offensive character. This like character
resorts to offense besides being abusive on even a pettiest pretext. This anti-social behaviour
cuts him off from the community in which he is living and has to fend for himself ultimately
for his acts of omissions and commissions.

6. Insincere Character. When a person does something good for us, we express our sincere
thanks and go extra mile in being sincere to that person in whatever wat it is possible for us.
Contrarily, a person who thinks other is there for serving him and is without any warmth in
the feeling for others. This like person is not only a insincere to his own family, society and
even to the creator who had created him!

7. Complacent Character. We all should have confidence on ourselves. It is good for day-to-
day functioning of our society. But when we cross the threshold of confidence and step into
the realm of complacency then problem starts. A person who imbibes this trait finally faces
ignorable defeat for being so and learns a lesson.

6
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

THE SIX (6) PILLARS OF GOOD CHARACTER

1. TRUSTWORTHINESS

This is the pillar of good character that is considered the most complicated of the six core ethical
values and concerns a variety of qualities like honesty, integrity, reliability and loyalty.

When a person is trusted he is given a greater leeway and no need to be monitored just to assure
that they meet their obligations. When they are trusted, we develop in them higher esteem which
may be satisfying to them. They must constantly live up to the expectations of others and refrain
from even small lies or self-serving behaviour that can quickly destroy relationship.

A. Honesty

There is no more fundamental ethical value than honesty. Honesty is associated with honor. Thus, a
person of honesty is a person of honor and he is admired and trusted because of his being
straightforward.

A person with good character must be a person of honesty in both communications and conduct.
Honesty in communications is expressing the truth as best we know it and not conveying it in a way
likely to mislead or deceive.

THE THREE DIMENSIONS OF HONESTY

1. Truthfulness. Presenting the facts to the best of our knowledge. Take note that, intent in the
crucial distinction between truthfulness and truth itself. Being wrong in not the same thing as
lying, although honest mistakes can still damage trust insofar as they may show sloppy
judgement.

2. Sincerity. One must observe genuineness, being without trickery or duplicity for it precludes
all acts, including half-truths, out-of-context statements, and even silence, that are intended
to create belief or leave impressions that are untrue or misleading.

3. Candor. In relationships involving legitimate expectations of trust, honesty may also require
candour, forthrightness and frankness, imposing the obligation to volunteer information that
another person needs to know.

4. Integrity. Persons of integrity are those who acts according to his beliefs, not according to
expediency. He is also consistent. There is not difference in the way he makes decisions form
situations to situation; his principles don‟t vary at work or at home, in public or alone.

7
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

The person of integrity takes time for self-reflection, so that the events, crises and seeming
necessities of the day do not determine the course of his moral life. He stays in control. He
may be courteous, even charming, but he is never duplicitous or unfaithful. He never
demeans himself with obsequious behavior toward those he thinks might do him some good.
He is trusted because you know who he is: What You See Is What You Get. People without
integrity are called “hyprocrites” or “two-faced.”

5. Reliability. Reliable persons are those who keep their promises for he believes that doing so
create legitimate basis for another person to rely on him, and that he undertakes special
moral duties. They accept the responsibility of making all reasonable efforts to fulfil their
commitments. Because promise-keeping is such an important aspect of trustworthiness.

CONSIDERATIONS TO MAINTAIN RELIABILITY

1. Avoid Bad-Faith Excuses

Interpret your promises fairly and honestly. Don‟t try to rationalize non-compliance.

2. Avoid Unwise Commitments

Before making a promise consider carefully whether you are willing and likely to keep it. Think
about unknown or future events that could make it difficult, undesirable or impossible.
Sometimes, all we can promise is to do our best.

3. Avoid Unclear Commitments

Be sure that when you make a promise, the other person understands what you are
committing to do.

A. Loyalty

To be trusted one must be loyal to his or husband or wife, friends, employer, employee,
organization, citizen, and country.

Our relationships with other people creates an expectation of allegiance, fidelity and devotion.
Hence, loyalty is a responsibility that each one should develop and maintain to promote the interests
of certain people, organizations or affiliations. This duty goes beyond the normal obligation we all
share to care for others.

8
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

However, one should not sacrifice ethical principles when giving allegiance, fidelity and devotion to
other people to preserve his or her integrity. He should prefer not to be loyal than lose his credibility,
integrity, and dignity. We are only demanded to go with what is right and legal. We should rather
choose to lose our relationship with others than our legitimacy.

So many individuals and groups make loyalty claims on us that we must rank our loyalty claims on us
that we must rank our loyalty obligations in some rational fashion. For example, it‟s perfectly
reasonable, and ethical, to look out for the interests of our children, parents and spouses even if we
have to subordinate our obligations to other children, neighbors or co-workers in doing so. To be
loyal we must develop the ability of safeguarding confidential information. However, when keeping a
secret breaks the law, threatens to jeopardize others, it is more important to “blow the whistle.”
Employees and public servants have duty to make all professional decisions on merit, unimpeded by
conflicting personal interests. They owe ultimate loyalty to the public.

1. RESPECT

The Golden Rule in Human Relation, “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you,”
perfectly illustrates “respect.” When respect is observed we would prevent and pre-empt violence,
humiliation, manipulation and exploitation. Ot reflects notions such a civility, courtesy, decency,
dignity, autonomy, tolerance and acceptance.

Everyone has a right to be treated with dignity. We certainly have no ethical duty to hold all
people in high esteem, but we should treat everyone with respect, regardless of who they are and
what they have done. We have a responsibility to be the best we can be in all situations, even when
dealing with unpleasant people.

QUALITIES OF A RESPECTFUL PERSON

1. Ability to Listen – When someone is talking, he is attentively listening.

2. Treat Others with Consideration – Respectful person doesn‟t resort to intimidation, coercion or
violence except in extraordinary and limited situations to defend others, teach discipline,
maintain order or achieve social justice. They allow all individuals, including maturing children,
to have a say in the decisions that affect them.

3. Capable of Accepting Individual differences and Beliefs – Respectful individuals without

prejudice openl y accepts principles and ideologies of others. They judge other only on their
negative character, abilities and conduct.
9
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

2. RESPONSIBILITY

It is understood that life is full of choices and everyone has its own judgement and
decisions to take in life. However, we are expected to be responsible for our actions and behaviors
as rational being. Being responsible means to take charge and be accountable of the consequences
of what we think and do. Our capacity to reason and our freedom to choose make us morally
autonomous and, therefore, answerable for whether we honor or degrade the ethical principles that
give life meaning and purpose. Thus, an individual must be responsible and accountable, pursue
excellence and exercise self-restraint. They exhibit the ability to respond to expectations.

QUALITIES OF A RESPONSIBLE PERSON

a. Sense of Accountability

An accountable person leads by example and doesn‟t shift blame or claim credit for the work
of others. He considers the likely consequences of his behaviour and associations. He
recognizes the common complicity in the triumph of evil when nothing is done to stop it.

b. Pursuit of Excellence

Responsible person shows diligence what he is doing, careful in his actions, prepared and
informed. They finished what they started, overcoming rather than surrendering to obstacles.
They avoid excuses such as, “that‟s just the way I am,” or “it‟s not my job,” or “it was legal,”
and always look for ways to do their work better.

c. Self-Restraint

Responsible people exercise self-control, restraining passions and appetites (such as lust,
hatred, gluttony, greed and fear) for the sake of longer-term vision and better judgement.
They delay gratification if necessary and never feel it‟s necessary to “win at any cost.” They
realize they are as they choose to be, every day.

3. FAIRNESS

This pillar of good character involves issues of equality, impartiality, proportionality, openness
and due process. It is unfair to handle similar matters inconsistently, and to impose
punishment that is not commensurate with the offense.

10
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

The basic concept seems simple, even intuitive, yet applying it in daily life can be surprisingly
difficult. Fairness is another tricky concept, probably more subject to legitimate debate and
interpretation than any other ethical value. Disagreeing parties tend to maintain that there is
only one fair position (their own, naturally). But essentially fairness implies adherence to a
balanced standard of justice without relevance to one‟s own feelings or inclinations.

Unfair person does not scrupulously employ open and impartial processes for gathering and
evaluating information necessary to make decisions. In contrast, fair people do not wait for
the truth to come to them; they seek out relevant information and conflicting perspectives
before making important judgments. They make decisions objectively without favoritism or
prejudice. They don‟t take advantage of the weakness or ignorance of others.

4. CARING

Caring is the heart of ethics, and ethical decision-making. It is scarcely possible to be truly
ethical and yet unconcerned with the welfare of others. That is because ethics is ultimately
about good relations with other people.

It is easier to love “humanity” then to love people. People who consider themselves ethical
and yet lack a caring attitude toward individuals tend to treat others as instruments of their
will. They rarely feel an obligation to be honest, loyal, fair or respectful except insofar as it is
prudent for them to do so, a disposition which itself hints at duplicity and a lack of integrity. A
person who really cares feels an emotional response to both the pain and pleasure of others.

The highest form if caring is the honest expression of benevolence, or altruism. This is not to
be confused with strategic charity. Gifts to charities to advance personal interests are a fraud.
That is, they aren‟t gifts at all. They‟re investments or tax write-offs.

5. CITIZENSHIP

This pillar of good character includes civic virtues and duties that prescribe how we ought to
behave as part of a community. The good citizen knows the laws and obeys them. He
volunteers and stays informed on the issues of the day, the better to execute his duties and
privileges as a member of a self-governing democratic society.

11
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

CHARACTER TRAITS

1. Alertness- being aware of what is taking place around.

2. Attentiveness – showing the worth of a person or task by giving undivided

concentration.

3. Availability – making own schedule and priorities secondary to the wishes of those being
served.

4. Benevolence – giving to others basic needs without the motivation for acquiring personal
rewards.

5. Boldness- confidence that what is say or do is true, right, and just.

6. Cautiousness – knowing how important right timing is in accomplishment right actions.

7. Compassion- investing whatever is necessary to heal the hurts of others.

8. Contentment- realizing that true happiness does not depend on material conditions.

9. Creativity- approaching a need, a task, or an idea from a new perspective.

10. Decisiveness- the ability to recognize key factors and finalize difficult decisions.

11. Deference- limiting freedom so not to offend the tastes of others.

12. Dependability- fulfilling what is consented to do, even if it means unexpected

sacrifice.

13. Determination- purposing to accomplish right goals at the right time, regardless of
the opposition.

14. Diligence- investing time and energy to complete each task assigned.

15. Discernment- understanding the deeper reasons why things happen.

16. Discretion- recognizing and avoiding words, actions, and attitudes that could bring
undesirable consequences.

12
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

17. Endurance- the inward strength to withstand stress and do the best.

18. Enthusiasm – expressing joy in doing and accomplishment each task.

19. Faith- confidence that actions rooted in good character will yield the best outcome,
even when it‟s not personally observed.

20. Flexibility- willingness to change plans or ideas according to the direction of the
authorities.

21. Forgiveness- clearing the record of those who have wronged and not holding a
grudge.

22. Generosity- carefully managing resources to be capable of freely giving to those in

need.

23. Gentleness – showing consideration and personal concern for others.

24. Gratefulness – letting others known by one‟s words and actions how they have
benefited one‟s life.

25. Honor- respecting those in leadership because of the higher authorities they
represent.

26. Hospitality- cheerfully sharing food, shelter, or conversation to benefit others.

27. Humility- acknowledging that achievement results from the investment of others in one‟s
life.

28. Initiative- recognizing and doing what needs to be done before being asked to do it.

29. Joyfulness – maintaining a good attitude, even when faced with unpleasant conditions.

30. Justice- taking personal responsibility to uphold what is pure, right, and true.

31. Loyalty- using difficult times to demonstrate commitment to those being served.

32. Meekness- yielding personal rights and expectations with a desire to serve.

13
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

33. Obedience- quickly and cheerfully carrying out the directions of the superior.

34. Orderliness- arranging self and surroundings to achieve greater efficiency.

35. Patience- accepting a difficult situation without giving a deadline to remove it.

36. Persuasiveness- guiding vital truths around another‟s mental roadblocks.

37. Punctuality- showing esteem for others by going the right thing at the right time.

38. Resourcefulness- finding practical uses for that which other would overlook or discard.

39. Responsibility – knowing and doing what is expected.

40. Security- structuring one‟s life around that which cannot be destroyed or taken away.

41. Self- control- rejecting wrong desires and doing what is right.

42. Sensitivity- perceiving the true attitudes and emotions of others.

43. Sincerity- eagerness to do what is right with transparent motives.

44. Thoroughness- knowing what factors will diminish the effectives of one‟s work or
words if neglected.

45. Thriftiness- allowing oneself and others to spend only what is necessary.

46. Tolerance- realizing that everyone is at varying levels of character development.

47. Truthfulness- earning future trust by accurately reporting past facts.

48. Virtue- the moral excellence evident in one‟s life as consistently doing what is right.

49. Wisdom- seeing and responding to life situations from a perspective that transcends
current circumstances.

14
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

CHAPTER 1

FILIPINO INFLUENCES TRAITS AND CHARACTERISTICS

Leaning Objectives

At the end of this chapter the students should be able to;

1. Recognize and compare positive and negative Filipino traits.

2. Identify and appreciate Filipino values orientation.

The Philippines is a meeting point for cultures from all over Asia and the Pacific because it has
been a crossroads between east and west and the merging of cultures reflects the country‟s culture
and its people. It comes from various ethno-linguistic groups that are native to the islands or
migrants from various Asia-Pacific regions, Filipinos are the people who are naturally born to or
recognized with the Philippine country.

China, the United States, and Spain mainly influence the modern Filipino identity. Through
Filipinos are racially similar to Malays but in terms of culture they are more like the Spaniards. Thus,
it could be claimed that Filipinos are the most hot-bloodied and brave citizens in the tropical Asian
cultures. Like other countries, the Philippines has its opposing values and labels, it is believed by the
Filipinos that the country have labels, it is believed by the Filipinos that the country have the best
values in the world. Though it has experienced colonization by several countries, but the core values
it has gained from the Filipino ancestors remained intact and are still honored today like the
bayanihan or spirit of kinship and camaraderie implanted by Malay ancestors and close family ties
inherited by the Chinese ascendants.

15
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

THE MOST WELL-KNOWN TRAITS AND ATTITUDES OF THE FILIPINO

POSITIVE TRAITS________________________________________

1. Hospitality

Hospitality is a trait displayed by every filipino, characterized by heart-warming generosity and

friendliness exhibited to foreigners and locals alike.

Filipinos are well-known for being hospitable. This is one of the most popular qualities of Filipinos.
Most foreigners who have gone to the Philippines fell in love with the warm hospitality the have
experienced while staying in the country. This is a kind of value system which has existed in the
country thousand of years ago. Good thing is that the hospitality of the Filipinos is not only
shown to the foreigners but to its fellow Filipino as well.

Hospitality of Filipinos is shown in the following sample situations:

a. When a person visits a friend‟s house, the host greet him or her with a very warm welcome.
The host will immediately let their visitor sit down and will prepare a meal or a snack plus
drinks for the visitor. The host will insist that the friend not leave the house with an empty
stomach. A host will always make sure you had a great time visiting them.

b. People offer their guest room to visitors if they‟re going to spend the night.

c. Meal offered to guests are very special. A host always finds a way to prepare great tasting
food that her visitor wants to eat.

2. Respect

This is often observed – not just by the younger people – but also by people of all ages. In
the Philippines, respect for one‟s elders is a s tradition.

a. Po and Opo – These words are spoken by the Filipinos when talking to elders, or in order
to show respect to persons in authority. These Filipino words mean “yes”, when answering
or talking to the elders.

16
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

b. Pagmamano – Another way or showing respect to the elders when greeting them. This is
done by putting their elders‟ hands on their foreheads.

c. Filipinos also show respect at work by making a bow to their employers.

3. Strong Family Ties and Religions

Filipinos value their families so much that they tend to keep families intact through the
generations. Families go to church and pray together because their religion is important and creates
a strong bond, marking God as the center of their lives. Filipinos believe in only one God and
majority of the Filipinos to pray before eating, going to bed, before the start of the meeting,
conferences of program, gathering, etc.

On weekends, most filipino families make sure to have quality time together by watching
television or eating a family meal, watch movies or going to beach resorts.

4. Generosity and Helpfulness

Aside from being hospitable, Filipinos are also well-known for being generous. They share what
they have to the people around them even when they only have title.

These could be felt during birthdays, weddings or fiesta (party). When visitors came to celebrate
great tasting, special foods are specially prepared for everyone. It is shared by friends, families or
even strangers.

When you will be in trouble, Filipinos cannot refuse to help you. They are always willing to assist
you or lend a hand.

5. Strong Work Ethics

Another good thing most Filipinos have is being hardworking people. They are always willing to
work almost the whole day to provide the needs of their families. Filipino farmers through earning so
little but they work harder with not much compensation.

Aside from their regular work, Filipinos always find creative ways to look for other sources of
income like creating a small business from their home where they sell foods and other items for the
convenience of their neighbors.

17
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

6. Loving and Caring

Because of their generosity, hospitality and religiosity, Filipinos are found to be the sweetest and
most loving people in the world.

It is expressed by both foreigners and filipinos women that most Filipino men are so sweet and
romantic when it comes to love. They will send their beloved flowers, bring her to a very romantic
place, text her sweet quotes and tell often how special she is to them. Filipinos women are also
romantic and very caring, which often makes some foreigners want to marry them. Women tend to
prepare dinner before their husband come home. They love, and value the relationship, always
staying faithful to their husbands. They love deeply and sincerely.

NEGATIVE TRAITS OF FILIPINOS__________________________________

1. Fatalism (“Bahala Na” or “Come What May” Attitude)

When filipinos are facing difficulties and shortcomings they have this attitude of leaving it up to God
to sort things out. An attitude of “What Goes Around Comes Around.” Filipinos have a tendency to
surrender the future to luck. They have that strong confidence that everything will work out in his
interest without doing anything. Filipinos often accepts bad news or circumstances without trying to
stop or change them. This can sometimes be helpful in adversity, but it can also keep us from
finding ways out of situations. Also, constantly expecting the worst can get pretty depressing.

2. Ma ̃ana Habit (Procrastination)

True blooded Filipinos have the attitude of causing delays in accomplishing things or making
transactions. When not interested or not in the mood, they wait or reserve until tomorrow or the
next day to finish what they are doing or meeting their transactions. However, there are some
Filipinos nowadays who take their time in doing things or in making decisions promptly. There are
some who are habitually late or not showing up at all. There are few Filipinos who are punctual for
social meetings. In fact, it is not expected of them to arrive exactly on time especially at a party.

The “bahala na” attitude is the outcome of the “ma ̃ana habit” when the tasks are left undone. This
is usually shown and even expressed by people who do not care much of what lies ahead and just
leave everything in fate.

18
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

3. Crab Mentality

This is an attitude of some Filipinos where they tend to push each other down to clear the way for
their own gain. Filipinos people with this kind of mentality or attitude try their best to ruin each
other, either by making issues against the other for him to turn out bad to the public or to the
company or organization so that people will gradually put distance and loss their confidence and
trust that eventually result to their replacement.

4. Hypocrisy

This is a trait of the Filipino where criticisms to others‟ failure to live with the moral standards of the
society are inevitable. In the Philippines morality is highly valued, most of us try to live up to the
standards set by the traditional society. However, as no one is prefect, many of us are not actually
able to sustain these standards.

The fear of being an outcast has forced a lot of people to live a double standard life. To hide our
failure in following a norm, we tend to be condemning those who are caught red handed. A perfect
example could be the criticisms faced by those who become pregnant outside marriage. The said
fact behind this scenario is that some of these critics could have actually engaged in premarital sex
too-only that no proof is visible.

5. Ningas Cogon

Most Filipinos ae very good at the start when doing something. Nevertheless, after a few hours or
days, that excitement to do or accomplish something is lost we and become too lazy to finish what
were have started.

6. Tardiness (Filipino time)

Only in the Philippines that we have the so-called “Filipino time” but not exactly referring to the
Philippine standard time, but then again, we use it to refer to the “tardiness” of the persons that we
are waiting or who keeps on coming late to the set time schedule of events. Instead of being
something to be proud of, “Filipino time” brings a negative impression to our people. When the
invitation says the program will start at 7pm, it is expected to begin at 9pm. This has not only
caused conflicts in relationships, it also discourages others including foreigners from getting involved
in supposedly productive activities as too much time can be wasted on waiting.

7. Gossiping
19
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

Filipinos are fond of talking about others‟ business. It is not true that only women are into gossiping.
Even men can also be nosy on other people‟s lives. Secrets are brought out; failures and flaws are
emphasized; and relationships are destroyed. Worse, as gossips are passed around, they tend to be
twisted until the final story becomes too far from the original-thus, causing more damage.

8. Blaming

Filipinos can sometimes be too self-righteous. When mistakes happen, we do not want to take the
blame, we lack humility to accept our failures, and instead we point at others. This shows how
irresponsible we are on our actions. This attitude destroys team work, and reliability becomes an
issue.

9. Selfishness

Most Filipinos are insensitive to the needs and situations of others. This could be an outcome of
having too many problems that Filipinos are facing and the tendency is to focus on their own needs
first before others.

10. Disobedience to Simple Rules and Instructions

Some Filipinos, despite of the understanding of the purpose of laws and ordinances have inability to
observe and follow them. Consequently, crime victimization and accident rate in the Philippines are
constantly rising, poverty is getting more rampant and lifestyle development is relaxed.

11. Attention Taker

Filipinos are fun and people loving race. Thus, attracting attention is natural for them. Nevertheless,
it is a different thing to be an epal or kapalmuks - simply, being an attention grabber.

Sometimes, in our desperate need to be the center of attention, we do things that are already
embarrassing like butting in conversations as a know-it-all or by being scandalous. This habit is also
common to our politicians. Instead of prioritizing their duty to give the best services to the people,
they rather prioritize their thick faces to grab attention that will bring them more chance of winning
in the next election. But thanks to our vigilant netizens, this kind of politicians earns more shame
than fame.

20
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

12. Being onion-skinned or too sensitive

Another habit or attitude that we need to change is our being too proud which usually results to
being oversensitive. If we think highly of ourselves, then we have the tendency to put a wall around
us and that a signboard on our forehead saying, “I must be respected.” Therefore, when someone
makes a joke or a not respected and we get offended. If all people in the country do not know how
to accept constructive criticism, then we can never expect unity.

13. Living beyond their means (social climbing)

One of the reasons why a lot of Filipinos live in poverty is because of overspending. Since most
people want to live an elite lifestyle, many resort to social climbing or living beyond their means.
Sometimes, some of us think that as long as we wear designer clothes and shoes, and we send our
children to the most expensive schools, it is alright to be swimming in credits and loans.

14. Passivity (lack of leadership)

Filipinos‟ lack of initiative for change is also one reason why our country does not progress. We keep
on complaining against the government and other societal issues. However, we do not do anything
about them. One of our excuses is the lack of faith that our small actions can bring change.
However, the worse reason for this could be our lack of care for what is happening around us.
Common Filipinos also lack courage and confidence. If you can notice it, in classrooms, churches, or
conference rooms, most of us don‟t like to sit in the front seat.

15. Other Negative Traits

Some Filipino women give birth at an early age 16 (Teenage Pregnancy). Some just don‟t mind their
own business. Some have many bad habits, like drinking, smoking, etc. Some poor teenagers
engage in prostitution. There are many broken families. A lot of bad words to choose from which
Filipinos just can‟t avoid saying those. Most Filipinos tend to be with friends most of the time than to
be with their parents.

21
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

FILIPINO CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY

THREE MAIN TRAITS UNDERSCORING FILIPINO VALUES

1. Personalism

Filipinos valued interpersonal relationship. It is firmly believed that harmonious personal relationship
is the key to successful endeavors. Amicable settlement of dispute is the primary means of restoring
broken relationships and face to face open forum is considered once conflict is recognized in an
organization or the community.

2. Familialism

Filipinos are family-oriented. Development programs and projects in the community are concentrated
on the family. Decision on matters is centered on the welfare and best interest of the family rather
than on the betterment and interest of some individuals. The mistakes committed by a family
member affects the credibility and of the immediate members of the family and relatives.

3. Particularism

Displayed behaviour by the individuals may it be good and bad is blamed against the family. It is
based on the principle that home is the cradle of human personality and character that is, the
product of goodness is always good and those who are moulded in wickedness, will always show-off
badness. Individuals strive to promote their own and their family‟s interests over community
interests.

On the other hand, knowing how to entertain people (marunong umasikaso ng kapwa) is important.
Conformity to proper codes of conduct reaps the rewards of cooperation and assistance; non-
conformity is punished by withdrawal of support.

FILIPINOS VALUES ORIENTATION

Values Orientation- is the approach that may influence work or social relationships by persons
relating to objects, events and ideas.

22
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

THREE MAIN OBLIGATIONS UNDERLYING FILIPINO VALUE ORIENTATION___

The relationship or face to face interactions and their resulting responsibilities are called
interpersonal obligations. This is in relation to the value in Filipino cultural orientation, the
personalism. Pakikiramay, pakikisama, bayanihan, and galang are the nature of interpersonal
relationships that are inherent to the pure-blooded Filipino people.

1. Pakikiramay

It is in the Filipino value of going out of the way to help, without being asked, i.e., unsolicited
help.

2. Pakikisama (smooth interpersonal relations)

Regardless, whether someone‟s views are agreeable or not, filipinos are capable of getting
along with it. Camaraderie, trust, confidence, and loyalty are enhanced and developed by this
Filipino value.

3. Bayanihan

As mentioned in the preceding topics, Filipinos are able to render services and generous
enough to extend help without compensation. Somebody can request help in time of need
from those to whom it is extended.

4. Galang (Respect)

Filipinos are basically oriented to revere to the opinions of elders, peers, or those in authority,
during important discussions during social encounters. Verbal clash or any signs of extreme
familiarity in public meetings is a sign of disrespect to elders or persons in authority.

23
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

CHAPTER II
NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM

Learning Objectives

At the end of this chapter the students should be able to;

1. Differentiate nationalism from patriotism and recall their concepts and types.

BASIC CONCEPTS OF NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM

NATIONALISM

Nationalism is an ideology and movement defined by promoting the interests of a

particular nation, in particular with the aim of acquiring and maintaining the nation‟s sovereignty
over its country of origin (Smith, 2010). Nationalism claims that each nation should regulate itself,
free from outside intervention, that a nation is a natural and ideal political basis, and that the nation
is the only legitimate source of political authority (Finlayson, 2014).

It also aims to build and maintain a single national identity, based on shared social
characteristics such as culture, language, religion, politics and belief in a distinctive shared history,
and to promote national unity or solidarity (Yack, 2012). Nationalism therefore seeks to preserve and
encourage a nation‟s traditional culture, and cultural revivals have been connected to nationalist
movements. It is also foster pride in domestic accomplishments and is strongly associated with
patriotism (Triandafyllidou, 1998). Nationalism is often paired with other ideologies, for instance
conservatism or socialism (Finlayson 2014).

24
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

TYPES OF NATIONALISM

Nationalism can be expressed along civil, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines.
These self-definitions of countries are used to classify distinct kinds of nationalism, although these
categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine to differing degrees
some or all of these components.

1. Ethnic Nationalism (Ethnonationalism)

The country is described from prior generations in terms of ethnicity and descent. It also involves
the concept of a shared culture among group members, and generally a shared language.

The nation‟s membership is hereditary. The state derives political legitimacy from its status as the
ethnic group‟s homeland and from its obligation to safeguard the partially domestic group and as a
group to promote its family and social life.

In contrast to western opinions of a country defined by its geographic territory, theorist Anthony
D. Smith utilizes the word „ethnic nationalism‟ for non-Western notions of nationalism.

The word “ethnonationalism” is usually used only in relation to nationalists who support an
explicit ideology along these lines; the more generic word is “ethnic nationalism” and is used by
nationalists who hold such views in an informal, instinctive, or unsystematic manner.

The pejorative type of both is “ethnocentric nationalism‟ or “tribal nationalism” although tribal
nationalism may have a non-pejorative significance when debating African, Native American or other
nationalisms that publicly claim a tribal identity.

2. Civic Nationalism (civil nationalism)

The state derives political legitimacy from its citizen „active involvement and the extent to
which it reflects the “will of individuals.” Civic nationalism, but it is contrasted with ethnic
nationalism as a type of nationalism.

Civic nation membership is regarded to be voluntary. The growth of representative democracy

in nation such as the United States and France was affected by civil-national values.

25
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

State nationalism, often coupled with ethnic nationalism, is a version of civic nationalism. It
means that the country is a community of those who contribute to the state‟s maintenance
and strength, and that there is the person to contribute to the objective.

The country is supposed to be a community of those who contribute to the state‟s

maintenance and strength, and where the person exists expressly in the society to contribute
to that objective. This often results in fascism – generally characterized by authoritarianism
and nationalism, fascism is a political ideology.

3. Expansionist Nationalism
A radial form of imperialism that includes independent, patriotic feeling with a faith in
expansionism, generally through military aggression. The word was coined in the late 19th
century as European powers indulge in the „Scramble for Africa‟ in the name of domestic
glory, but was most closely linked with militarist governments in the 20 th century, including
Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, the Japanese Empire, and the Balkan nations of Albania (Great
Albania), Bulgaria (Greater Bulgaria), Croatia (Greater Croatia), Hungry.

Nations are not believed to be equivalent to their right to self-determination; some countries
are believed to possess features or qualities that make them superior to others. Therefore,
expansionist nationalism argues the right of the state to expand its boundaries at the cost of
its neighbors.

4. Romantic Nationalism

It is otherwise known as organic nationalism and identity nationalism. Is the form of ethnic
nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy as a result and expression of the
nation‟s natural. It is based on the presence of a historical ethnic culture that meets the
romantic ideal.

It expressed Romanticism‟s values and opposed the rationalism of Enlightenment. A historical

culture that meets the Romantic Ideal was emphasized by romantic nationalism; folklore
evolved as romantic nationalist notion.

5. Cultural Nationalism

The country is described bye shared culture, not solely civic or ethnic. Chinese nationalism is
an instance of cultural nationalism, partially due to China‟s many national minorities.
Membership inn the nation is neither completely voluntary nor hereditary.

However, a traditional culture can be more readily integrated into the lives of any person,
particularly if the person can obtain his or her abilities at an early point of his or her own lives.

26
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

(Conversi,2008). Cultural nationalism has been defined as variety of non-civil or ethnic

nationalism (Nielsen,1999).

6. Third World Nationalism

Nationalist feelings are the outcome of opposition to colonial rule to survive and maintain a
domestic identity.

7. Liberal Nationalism

Is a kind of nationalism lately defended by political philosophers who think that a non-
xenophobic form of nationalism compatible with liberal values of liberty, tolerance, equality
and individual rights can exist (Tamir,1993, Kymlicka,1995, Miller,1995). It is asserted that in
order to lead meaningful independent life, people need a national identity and those liberal
democracies need domestic identity to work correctly.

Liberal nationalists often defend the importance of domestic identity by stating that people
need a domestic identity to lead meaningful, independent life (kymlicka,1995) and that liberal
democratic politics need domestic identity to work correctly (David, 1995, Arash, 2002).
Ernest Renan, author of “Qu‟est-ce qu‟une nation?” and John Stuart are often thought to be
early liberal nationalists.

8. Religious Nationalism

Nationalism‟s connection to a specific religious faith, church or affiliation. It can be seen that a
shared religion contributes to a sense of domestic unity and a mutual bond between the
nation‟s people. This connection can be divided into two dimensions; religion‟s politicization
and religion‟s converse effects on politics. In the former aspects, it can be seen that a shared
religion contributes to a sense of domestic unity; a common bond between the nation‟s
people. The support of a national identity, comparable to a shared ethnicity, language or
culture, is another political element of religion. More ideological is the impact of religion on
politics, where present interpretations of religious concepts inspire political activism and
action; for instance, legislation are enacted to encourage stricter religious adherence
(Juergensmeyer, 1996).

9. Pan- Nationalism

Ethnic or cultural nationalism refers to a country that is itself a cluster of associated ethnic
and cultural communities (such as Turkish peoples).
27
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

10. Diaspora Nationalism

Diaspora is an ethnic population residing outside their traditional homelands. In this type of
nationalism, there is a nationalist sense, e.g. the Irish in the United States, the Jews in the
United States and elsewhere, etc.

11. Stateless Nationalism

On nationalist basis (e.g. the Catalans and Basques in Spain) an ethnic or cultural minority
within a nation-state aims independence.

12. National Conservatism

A political term, mainly used in Europe, to describe a version of conservatism that focuses
more on domestic interests than conservatism, while not being unduly nationalist or pursuing
a far-right agenda.

13. Revolutionary nationalism

Revolutionary nationalism is an ideological theory that calls for a domestic group united by a
shared sense of intent and destiny, also known as radical nationalism. It was first ascribed
and strongly promulgated by Benito Mussolini to followers of revolutionary syndicalism. In
France and Italy at the start of the 20th century, this intellectual synthesis of “radical
nationalism and dissident society” was created.

14. Left-wing Nationalism

Left-wing nationalism, also sometimes referred to as socialist nationalism, relates to any

political with nationalism. Notable examples include the 26 July Movement of Fidel Castro,
which launched the Cuban Revolution in 1959 to oust the American-backed Fulgencio Batista,
Ireland‟s Sinn Fein, Israel‟s Labor Zionism and the African National Congress.

PATRIOTISM____________________________________________

Patriotism or national pride is a sense of love, dedication and attachment to a country

and an alliance with other people who share the same impression. This attachment can be a mixture
28
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

of many distinct emotions, including ethnic, cultural, political or historical elements, related to one‟s
own country. It is a predominant virtue linked to a nation‟s love, with greater emphasis on values
and beliefs. One who is patriotic will be willing to offer any sacrifice of his life. For no other reason
than being a citizen of that nation, patriotism is a dedication to one‟s nation. In essence, patriotism
is a sense of attachment and dedication to a country, nation, or political community or just country
love.

The English word patriot is first known in the Elizabethan period; it originated from
th
Latin (6 century) patriota via Middle French, meaning “countryman,” finally from Greek, meaning
from the same nation(patris), meaning “fatherland” (Liddell & Scott, 2013). The abstract noun
patriotism appears in the early 18th century.

By adhering to a national religion, patriotism can be reinforced. This is the reverse of

the church-state separation requested by the Enlightenment intellectuals who saw patriotism and
religion as analogous and opposing forces. Michael Billig and Jean Bethke Elshtain both asserted that
it is hard to discern the distinction between patriotism and faith and depends heavily on the attitude
of the person who does the label (Billig, 1995).

KINDS OF PATRIOTISM

1. Patriotism of Duty

This includes fidelity to one‟s nation through materials acts. This is military service patriotism
and other selfless sacrifice types. This is where patriotism becomes embodied and its ideals
take praiseworthy particular actions.

2. Patriotism of Affection

This is the patriotism of the heart. It is about one‟s internal desire for his country‟s well-being.
The patriotism of affection can be seen in the patriotism of duty, but it does not necessarily
result in it; one can truly love his country and yet be a coward, just as one can theoretically
fulfill a patriotic duty and yet feel apathetic about the country‟s welfare.

3. Patriotism of Manners

This is customs patriotism, written and unwritten. The patriotism of manner is to place one‟s
hand over the heart during the national anthem. It can be performed by anyone without
actually needing affection or duty patriotism. While the above types of patriotism show, at
29
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

least in part, the real beliefs and hopes of a person, the patriotism of manners establishes
mostly a set of protocols.

TYPES OF PATRIOTISM

1. Personal Patriotism- is emotional and voluntary such as respect for the flag or the
honoring of veterans. Other expressions of personal patriotism include enlisting in the army,
public service, and participation in the political process through voting or other forms of
activism.

2. Official Patriotism- promoted by the government which has a high symbolic and
ceremonial content. It is a logical consequence of the state itself, which derives legitimacy
from being the expression of the common good of the political community.

National monuments, and veteran days and commemoration ceremonies are typical
examples. Often official patriotism is highly regulated by protocol, which specific methods for
handlings flags, or specific pledges and displays of allegiance.

Officials patriotism relies heavily on symbolic acts, such as displaying the flag, singing the
national anthem, saying a pledge, participating in a mass rally, placing a patriotic bumper
sticker on one‟s vehicle, or any other way of publicly proclaiming allegiance to the state.

3. Symbolic Patriotism- in wartime is intended to raise morale, in turn contributing to the war
effort.

4. Peacetime Patriotism- cannot be so easily linked to a measurable gain for the state, but
the patriot does not see it as inferior.

Levels of patriotism vary across time, and among political communities. Typically, patriotic
intensity is higher communities. Typically, patriotic intensity is higher when the state is under
external threat.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM___________

While the terms patriotism and nationalism were once regarded as synonymous, distinct,
connotations were assumed. While both are people‟s feelings of affection for their nation, the values
on which they are based are very distinct. Patriotism feelings are based on the country‟s positive
values-like liberty, justice, and equality. The patriot thinks that both their country‟s state system and
individuals are inherently good and working together to achieve a better quality of life.

30
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

On the other hand, nationalism emotions are based on the belief that one‟s nation is superior
to all others. It also holds a connotation of other countries distrust or disapproval, leading to the
premise that other states are competitors. While patriots do not degrade other countries
automatically, nationalists do, sometimes to the point of calling for the global dominance of their
country. Nationalism is the polar opposite of globalism by its protectionist beliefs.‟

Historically, both positive and negative have been the impacts of nationalism. While it has
motivated movements of autonomy, such as the Zionist movement that formed contemporary Israel,
it was also a main factor in the increase of the German Nazi Party and the Holocaust (Longley,
2019).

According to Sydney J. Harris, the patriot is proud of his nation for what it does, and the
nationalist is proud of his nation whatever it does; the first approach generates a sense of
accountability and the second a sense of blind stupidity leading to war.

31
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

CHCHAC
CHAPTER III
CC

FILIPINO NATIONALISM

“Nationalism is nourished by a sense of history. It is of its essence to know profoundly the past, so
thar we may be in complete openness with the men who made that history and in intimate
communion with their thoughts, their deeds and their noble lives”.
-Claro M. Recto Jr.

Filipino nationalism started in the Philippines in the 1800s with an upsurge of patriotic feelings and
nationalistic ideals resulting from more than two decades of Spanish rule. This served as the
backbone of, and continues to this day, the first nationalist revolution in Asia, the Philippine
Revolution of 1896 (Joaqs, 1990). These nationalistic feelings have resulted to a comprehensive
campaign in the Philippines for political, social and economic liberty.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

The Philippines had been split into various principalities known as “barangays” in the years
before the 11th century, a name originating from Malayan ships called “balangays”. Datus, rajahs or
sultans governed these tiny political units (Halili, 2004). In 1565, when Spanish explorer Miguel
Lopez de Legazpi arrived from Mexico and established the first European colonies in Cebu,
European colonization started in earnest.

Starting with only five ships and five hundred men accompanied by Augustinian monks and further
strengthened by two hundred soldiers in 1567, he was able to repel competing Portuguese
colonizers and lay the foundations for the Spanish colonization of the archipelago. The Spanish
occupied the kingdoms of Maynila and Tondo in 1571 and founded Manila as the capital of the
Spanish East Indies (Kurlansky,1999). This Spanish colonization united the archipelago of the
Philippines into one political unit.

32
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

The Beginning of Filipino Nationalism

Originally, the word “Filipino” referred to the Philippines “Spanish criollos”. The Spanish
leaders described the natives as Indians during their 333-year rule over the Philippines (Royeca,
2012). The Spaniards born in the Philippines, more known as insulars, criollos, or creoles, were also
called “Filipinos” during the colonial era as well. Spanish-born Spaniards or Philippine-based
continental Spaniards were referred to as Peninsulars. Those of blended heritage have been called
Mestizos. Despite being considered inferior by the Peninsulars, the Creoles had enjoyed numerous
roles of state and church, and composed most of the bureaucracy of government. The feeling of
domestic awareness originated from the Creoles, who now consider themselves “Filipino”. Three
significant factors, economy, education, and parish secularization brought it to its emergence.

These factors led to the Filipino Nationalism‟s birth. The Philippines opening to global or world
trade, the increase of the upper class, and the influx of Europe‟s liberal thoughts were just a few
instances of how the Philippines became a stable nation. “The first manifestation of Philippine
nationalism followed in the 1880s and 1890s with a reform or propaganda movement carried out both
in Spain and in the Philippines with the aim of “propagandizing” the circumstances of the Philippines
in the hopes that the social, political and financial life of the Philippines would be changed by
peaceful means (History of the Philippine Revolution 2015).”

OTHER CONCEPTS
OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

Nationalism is the secular identification and engagement of our people with the Filipino nation
and engagement of our people with the Filipino nation and domestic community, the Philippines as
our country and homeland. It goes beyond our family, clan, tribe, village, city, province, religion, local
culture and religion. First and foremost, it is being pro-Filipino; believing that we belong to one body,
mind, soul, and spirit. It‟s a pride to be a Filipino; self-respect as a Filipino; pride in our national
cultural heritage and manner of life, with their constraints being realized. It involves pride in our
heroes, pride in our flags, national anthem and other symbols of our nationhood; national pride and
dignity inspired by the willingness to serve our nation alone and with dedication, and to sacrifice for it,
if necessary, with our own lives.

It is a tool of change and reform; it aims our moral and spiritual regeneration, our liberation
from ignorance, bigotry (intolerance towards those who hold distinct views of themselves),
parochialism (narrow-mindedness), feudalism (a system in which higher ranking individuals gave
land and protection and worked and fought for them in exchange); colonial mentality (the internalized
attitude of people‟s racial or cultural inferiority as a consequence of colonization), bribery and
distorted elitism (an elite‟s advocacy or presence as a dominant component in a scheme or
community). In other words, as Filipinos, it has a powerful national identity send and a high-minded
intent.

FILIPINO NATIONAL IDENTITY BASED IN PART ON OUR INDIGENOUS VALUES

a. Pagsasarili (self-reliance)
b. Pakikisama (equitable sharing and partnership)
c. Pagkabayani (patriotism)
33
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

d. Pagkakaisa (national unity, national consensus and discipline)

e. Pakikitungo (consideration)
f. Pakikipagkapwa-Tao (human solidarity based first of all on developing our nation),
g. Pagkakapantay-pantay (equality and equity).

DIFFERENT WAYS TO SHOW FILIPINO SENSE OF NATIONALISM

Filipinos had already shown their own way of nationalism in the Spanish-colonial period. Some
fought with their pens and tongue, while others used their arms and weapon authority. Everyone had
their own way of showing our country their love and respect. Some even died and were able to get
back our country‟s freedom that we enjoy nowadays.

But have we ever noticed how some Filipinos demonstrate their feeling of nationalism
nowadays? You could read some thoughts in this portion about how some Filipinos show our nation
their nationalism.

To show our sense of Filipino nationalism, everyone must: WORK- ACT- PARTICIPATE-
RESPECT- STAND PROUD- LOVE.

Let us work on our own Act today, and participate in the government. Respect everyone
including other‟s raise. Stand proud for who you are. Love everyone as how you expect they would
love you back.

1. Respect the Philippine Flag and Value Filipino Identity

Being Filipino, we should respect our Philippine flag and its purpose. The history and
value of this flag are connected to the freedom we have today. Encourage our fellowmen to
participate and respect our flag and its anthem and even our different symbols. They provide
us our identity as Filipinos or citizens of the beautiful Republic of the Philippines.

2. Be Productive

Do not rely on everything and then blame our government but instead make yourself
productive and helpful to the nation. Because some of the Filipinos are blaming the
government for any adverse things our nation would strike. True, there are some corrupt
political position holders. But they‟re not all. The only issue here is that we rely too much on
our government then blame them afterwards. We should learn to stand on our own feet and
be productive and helpful not only for ourselves, but also for everyone.

3. Be Aware of the Issues in our Country

We must be aware and updated on the significant issues happening in the country.
Extend help to the needy fellowmen, especially the victims of disaster like typhoons, flooding
and the like.

Naturally, all of us use media in our daily life. We could already demonstrate our
nationalism to our nation by using this media. Some of our fellow Filipinos used the authority
34
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

of the press to extend their assistance to others in the past calamities that hit our nation. They
published some data about how other individuals might be able to assist disaster-affected
individuals.

4. Stand Proud For Every Achievement

Filipinos are competitive in many ways around the world. They are proud to be Philippines
and to be brought to the nation for the awards. For their accomplishments they unite every
Filipino. We can be proud of Filipinos like Manny Pacquiao, the Football Team of Azkals, the
Basketball Team of Gilas Pilipinas and many more.

5. Patronize and Support our Own Products

The Philippines has rich resources to create quality goods and products. The manpower
services we provide also globally competitive. Our economy will improve more if we ourselves
patronize our own products which characterize our creativity, resourcefulness, and industry.

In spite of Filipinos migration all over the globe, nationalism is also a self-evident. Millions
Filipinos now support goods and products made by the Philippines outside the Philippines.
Everything is feasible with the emergence of a world economy based on information driven by
free trade, market economy, and open capital markets. The Philippine products live up to the
standard of quality in all modesty.

6. Preserve the Filipino culture

Philippines is rich in various colourful cultural elements. They are our identity. Be proud
and preserve the culture we have for they are our treasure. We have to keep them for the
future generation.

Migrant Filipinos who have practically grown most of their life overseas almost always
return to the Philippines to explore our lovely beaches and the nature attractions a nation with
7,107 islands offers. Filipinos maintain a periodic TFC (The Filipino Channel) subscription to
get in contact with every Filipino, forget about homesickness while overseas, and instil the
Filipino values that we see on their television.
7. Respect Everyone And Value Our Traditions

Filipinos are very courteous and respectful. You will acknowledge a Filipino individual
everywhere you go because he or she has always been respectful of the elders and others
using the common but certainly classic “ho”, “oho”, “po” and “opo”. Even in the modern times,
many Filipinos show and value their noble norms and traditions. Although Filipinos overseas
have held themselves as the peak of their interest in the prism of their domestic uniqueness
with a passionate approach to political social and economic liberty. Filipinos may have plurality
in terms if divided islands, language, religion, and ethnicity, but they share a common country
love and vision for a better Philippines.

8. Speak Out Our Own Language

Using our own language is manifesting and preserving our national identity. It is our unique
means of communicating and interacting with our fellowmen. Our language is an important tool to
achieve further unity and national development.
35
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

9. Remember and commemorate our heroes sacrifices for our country

They were many Filipinos who died for our democracy, freedom, and independence. Some
fought using their pens and tongues, while some used the power of their arms and weapons.
Each had their own way of showing their love and respect to our country. In today‟s generation,
let us value and treasured our heroes sacrifices and devotion for our country.

10. Love Our Family, Our Neighbours, and our Countrymen

The essence of life for most Filipinos is to create their family and nation a part of their
enduring engagement. They may even express their dedication to unpopular choices born to the
advantage of the majority. We are strongly committed to our obligations. Filipinos create an all-out
effort to work and make private sacrifices around the clock over the weekend hard work. These
values, combined with an abundant reservoir of patience, have been inculcated by our beloved
parents to our youthful minds.

Bravery of Filipino workers abroad is an ideal evidence of human sacrifice for family love
and nation love. Being away from home and dealing with the problems of life in a nation you knew
no one and risking yourself into many foreboding dangers are exemplary, particularly when
serving a well-formulated task of sending remittances that, in turn, would help increase the
economy of the nation and make it more financially stable through monetary asset.

PHILIPPINE SYMBOLS THAT PROMOTES A SENSE OF NATIONALISM

Symbols are very, very important to people in quite a lot of countries, especially if these symbols are
related to a sense of nationalism. The officially recognized national symbols of the Philippines are:

1. The Philippine Flag with the red, white, and blue colours and a yellow sun representing the
provinces of the country.
2. Coat of Arms of the Philippines also featuring the yellow sun with 8 rays depicting the
original provinces in the Philippines.
3. Lupang Hinirang (chosen land)- The Philippine National anthem
4. Sampaguita (Jasmine Sambac)- The National flower of the Philippines; symbolizing purity
and simplicity, the flower is small, white, and pleasant fragrant.
5. Narra (Pterocarpus)- The national tree of the Philippines; also known as Rosewood, it is
strong, sturdy, and durable- a common rainforest tree.
6. Philippine Eagle- (Phithecophaga jefferyi)- the Philippines national bird. It is acknowledged
to be severely endangered. The Philippine Eagle is protected by law in the country and there
is extreme punishment for any harm done to them.
7. Dr. Jose P. Rizal- the National Hero of the Philippines.
8. Cariñosa or Tinikling- The Philippine national dance. Gracefulness is symbolized by the
dance.
9. Carabao (water buffalo)- The Philippine national animal. It symbolizes industriousness and
hard work due to its use on many farms in the country.
10. Bangus (milk fish)- The Philippines national fish. It symbolizes versatility, because of the
many ways in which it can be cooked.
11. Mango- The national fruit. Philippine mangoes are considered the sweetest fruit in the world.

36
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

12. Barong- The Philippine national costume or clothing style for men (untucked shirt of thin fabric
displaying Chinese, Indo-Malayan tropical and Hindu influences) for Women: Baro‟t Saya
(skirt and blouse with no collar)
13. “Bayan Ko” and “Pilipinas Kong Mahal” are the Philippibne national songs.
14. Arnis- The Philippine national sport (stick fighting).
15. Anahaw (Livistona rotundifolia)- The Philippine national plant. This plant is often used as
hat, umbrella, or fan symbolizing the Filipino‟s respourcefulness.
16. Nipa Hut- The Philippine national house, typically a small bamboo house with a thatched roof.

IMPORTANT DATES, EVENTS AND PERSONS IN THE RISE OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

The Opening of the Philippines to World Commerce

On 1834, Manila was officially part of the World Commerce after reviewing different economic
policies 1834-1873. This is the period of the development of agriculture in the country because
foreigners shared their agricultural ideas. Various ports opened in 1855 in Sual, Pangasinan, Iloilo
and Zamboanga, in 1860 in Cebu and in 1873 in Tacloban.

Consequently, strong financial activity in the colony was stimulated that made the lives of the
Filipinos prosperous. Modern farming techniques were introduced and the means of transportation
and communication were that boost financial advancement, boost tobacco, sugar and abaca
manufacturing.

How some Filipino Become Illustrados?

The middle class or the “Illustrados” were the educated Filipinos who, by writing essays,
articles, novels or publication in news journal called “La Solidaridad”, campaigned for reform in the
colony in a peaceful way. They were made up of the “principalia” or those belonging to the Spanish
or Chines mestizos indigenous to Filipino or upper class. Their families were “inquilinos” who leased
property to the friars. Agricultural production evolved during Philippine‟s opening to world trade,
which led them to become rich. They were able to improve their social status and send their children
to European schools. They later clamoured for reforms and equality, and their children became
propaganda movement members.

Influx of Liberal Ideas

Suez Canal‟s opening shortened the distance between the Philippines and Spain. This paved
the way for liberalism to enter the nation. Europe brought liberal concepts such as equality, freedom
and brotherhood and the establishment of the Spanish Republic; more Spaniards came to our nation
and imparted liberal thoughts to the Philippines. They carried liberal books and magazines with them.
Not only in Manila, but also in the provinces that occupied positions in municipal government, the
amount of Spaniards is increasing. With only a concern to improve material wealth and gain social
prestige by gaining authority in society, more friars are increasing. Colonizers keep the Filipinos
tightly protected.

37
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

Secularization Movement

The transfer of parishes to the Filipino priest from the Spanish friars was one of the effects of
Europe‟s spreading of liberal ideas.

There are Two Types of Priests:

1. Regular Priests or Friar Curates- they belong to specific religious orders like Dominicans,
Jesuits, Augustinians, Franciscans, and Recollects. Only Spanish priests could be regular
priests.
2. Secular Priest or Parish Priest- These priests were not religious orders and were under the
archbishop‟s oversight.

1565
Religious orders took control of the parishes in the Philippines these are the Augustinian,
Recollects, Dominican, and Franciscan.

Council of Trent
It was stated that Secular priests should control the parishes relates the deacons and priests
who are not monastics or members of a religious institute. But few secular priests are accessible
because some of them have been sent to America.

Father Pedro Pelaez (1862)- Exposes the discrimination of Filipino clergys and the racial and
national conflict with the Friars.

19th Century- Majority of the Filipino Priest were qualified as Secular Priests.

Gov. General Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada- he was the one who boost and inspired
the Secularization movement and leads a Liberal Regime in Spain.

Rafael De Laquierdo (1870-73)

A Governor-General of the Spanish Republic who is an autocratic and oppressive ruler;

replaced Gov. Dela Torre. He boasted that he ruled with a crucifix in one hand and a sword in the
other. He decide to restor old order and repealed the exemption of the Filipino‟s from Polo y Servicio
(force labor of Filipino men in 1580) and tribute (tax) that the Cavite workers had been enjoying.

January 20, 1872

Two hundred Filipino troops and employees, led by Sgt. Fernando La Madrid, who took
control of the arsenal in Cavite, mutinied against Spaniards. Gov. Izquierdo sent troops forthwith to
quench the rebellion. The ring leaders were murdered and persecuted by La Madrid, accusing the
GOMBURZA as the Rebellion‟s mastermind.

Francisco Zaldua- a Bicolano soldier who testified against GOMBURZA.

February 17, 1872- the day of execution of the three priests at Luneta (Bagumbayan)
GOMBURZA- refers to the three martyrs:

38
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

Father Mariano Gomez, a Chinese-Filipino, born in Cavite who held the most senior position of the
three as Archbishop‟s Vicar in Cavite. He was truly nationalistic and accepted the death penalty
calmly as though it were his penance for being pro-filipinos.

Father Jacinto Zamora, was of Spanish descent, born in the Philippines. He was the parish priest of
Marikina and was known to be unfriendly to and would not countenance any arrogance or
authoritative behaviour from Spaniards coming from Spain. He once snubbed a Spanish Governor
who came to visit Marikina.

Issues On the Three Priests

1. Fr. Gomez- Participated in secularization but no longer active in 1872 and he was already
more than 80 years old.
2. Fr. Burgos- Involved in the issue of secularization.
3. Fr. Zamora- Victim of mistaken identity since the warrant of arrest was addressed to a certain
Jose Zamora, a known critic of Spanish Government at that time.

GOMBURZA Execution

The parishes were assigned to regular priests because of the death of secular priests in the
19th century. The Spaniards wanted the secular priests to be silenced. Thus, Father Jose Burgos,
Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora- were executed in February 17, 1872 by Garrote after being
implicated as master minds in Cavite Mutiny. At the death of the three priests the crowd paid respect
when they removed their hats and knelt down. The bells rang all over the City upon the order of
Archbishop Melito Martinez.

Garotte- is an execution technique previously practiced in Spain where a tightened iron collar is used
to strangle or break a convicted person‟s neck. It is said to be the form of execution performed to the
three priests.

The Importance of 1872, GOMBURZA Execution

It is considered as the beginning of Filipino Nationalism in the Philippine history because the
three priests were innocent yet accepted the brutal punishment for the nation.

Propaganda Movement or Reform Movement

Also known as Junta De Propaganda, Cuerpo de Compromisarios and La Solidaridad, was

founded in 19th century by the illustrados, to improve the lives of low Indios thru reforms or changes
implemented in the colony. The founders were Dr. Pedro Paterno and Gregorio Sanciangco, Doctors
of law who laid the foundation of the movement in Madrid.

Propaganda refers to the systematic efforts to spread opinion and beliefs by means of pen and
tongue; literally means the propagation of a given opinion.

39
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

Propaganda or Reformists

These were the Filipino reformers who fled the country to escape persecution in 1872. They
didn‟t have the intention of achieving social changes through armed struggle and revolution rather
they campaign for reform or change by way of writing. They advocated reform by writing books,
pamphlet and newspapers. They were popularly known as Illustrados (Intellectuals) in Spain,
England and France.

The Goals of Propaganda Movement

1. To make the Philippines the province of Spain

2. Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes (legislatives branch in Spanish government)
3. Equality between Spaniards and Filipino
4. Secularization or granting Filipino priests the right to hold parishes
5. Gaining freedom of speech, expression and assembly.

Major Causes for the Establishment of the Propaganda Movement

The following causes the creation of the Propaganda Movement:

1. Emergence of Middle Class

2. The Liberal Administration of Gov. General Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada
3. Execution of GOMBURZA
4. Resulted to the deportation of patriotic Filipinos

Three leading Reformists in 19th Century

1. Dr. Jose P. Rozal

2. Graciano Lopez Jaena
3. Marcelo H. Del Pilar

DR. JOSE P. RIZAL

Regarded as the conscience of the movement and the most prolific writer among the
Propagandists. His pen names are Dimasalang and Laong laan commonly known as acclaimed as
the “Father of Philippine Nationalism” due to his intellectual and idealistic support for Philippine
Independence. For him Spanish colonial system itself shoulb be blamed for the unfortunate
state of the Filipinos and the colony.

Dr. Jose P. Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in Calamba Laguna. At the age of 3, he learned
his alphabet, at the age of 8, he wrote a poem entitled “Sa Aking mga Kabata” (To My Fellow
Children) a poem that talks about love for one‟s language. At the age of 9, he was sent to private
tutor Don Justiniano Aquino Cruz. In 1872, changed his family name from Mercado to Rizal because
Mercado was closely identified to Fr. Burgos who was executed by Spanish Authorities. In 1877, he
graduated Bachelor of Arts in Ateneo, Municipa. He enrolled in University of Sto.Tomas, took up
medicine while taking up agrimensura (surveying) in Ateneo. Rizal‟s poem A La Juventud Filipina (To
the Filipino Youth) won the first prize in literacy contest sponsored by Licero Literario Artisticio.

The Councils of the God only won 2nd prize after the judge learned that it was written by
Filipino. In 1882, he sailed for Spain without the knowledge of his parents and finished medicine in
40
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

Universidad Central de Madrid in June 1885. Filipinas Dentro De Cien Anos (The Philippine Century
Hence) his written essay, where he showed how the ancient civilization of Filipinos was ruined by the
Spaniards. Sa mga Kababaihan ng Malolos (The Young Women of Malolos). He commended the 20
Women of Malolos who bravely disobeyed their parish priest by establishing a night school where
they could learn the Spanish language.

He wrote Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) a novel about social reality in the Philippines in the
th
19 century. On February 1888, he was forced to leave Manila, he went to Hong Kong, Japan,
Macau, US and England causing him to learned numerous language. On July 3, 1892 he founded
the La Liga Filipina in Tondo Manila, to foster cooperation among Filipinos, to help each other in
times of needs, to promote education and agriculture. In 1892 to 1896, Rizal spent his life as an exile
in Dapitan. He became a teacher to a little boys, he built artesian well for more effective irrigation
system, and he served as a doctor, and met Josephine Bracken. He was requested to go to Cuba to
serve military doctor, but he was arrested for allegedly being connected with revolution which broke
out in the Philippines in 1896. He was imprisoned at Fort Santiago for sedition, rebellion and illegal
association. On December 30,1896, he was executed in Bagumbayan (Luneta). His last poem given
to his sister Mi Ultimo Adios, secretly hid inside the cocinilla de alcohol (cooking lamp).

MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

Marcelo H. Del Pilar was regarded as the greatest journalist of Reform Movement. Born on
August 30, 1850 in San Nicolas, Bulacan. He used his grandmother‟s surname based on Gov.
General Narciso Claverias decree in 1849- “Filipinos should adopt a Spanish Supreme”.

He studied Latin in Manila, and successfully obtained the degree in Bachelor of Arts at
Colegio de San Jose. He took up law at University of Sto.Tomas but unable to finish it because he
was suspended when he inquired the increase in baptismal fee. He was also imprisoned for 30 days
for this offense. He married his second cousin Marciana del Pilar where they have 7 children but only
2 survived, Sofia and Anita. He was passionate in his campaign against frailocracy. He delivered
speeches in baptismal, fiestas and even in cockpit arenas to exposed the abuses of the friars and the
injustices his family experienced form them.

Marcelo H. Del Pilar was a journalist who mastered the use of satire (the use of humor, irony,
exaggeration, ridicule to expose and criticize people‟s stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of
contemporary politics and other topical issues). He was the co-founder of the first bilingual
newspaper in the Philippines “Diariong Tagalog” where he published his nationalistics article
including the Tagalog translation of Jose Rizal‟s “El Amor Patrio”. His other writings were:

a. Caingat Cayo- he defended here the Noli Me Tangere of Jose Rizal.

b. Dasalan at Toksohan- Collection of revised Catholic Prayers where he exposed the true
nature of the friars.
c. He change Ama Namin to Amain Namin, Aba Ginoong Maria into Aba Ginoong Barya,
d. Sampung Utos ng Diyos to Sampung Utos ng Prayle.
e. Pasiong Dapat Ipag-alab nang Puso ng taong babasa
f. La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas (Monastics Supermacy in the Philippines)
g. La Frailocracia Filipina (The Frailocracy in the Philippines)

41
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

Marcelo H. Del Pilar was the brother-in-law of Deodata Arellano, a propagandist and first president of
the Katipunan. He organized the 1st political group in the Philippines known as the “Junta de
Propaganda”. His pseudonyms are, Dolores Manapat, Piping dilat, V. Garcia and Plaridel.

GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA

He was born in Jaro, Iloilo on Dec 18, 1856. His parents encourages him to become a priest.
However, Graciano wanted to become a doctor. He left the seminary and enrolled in the school of
Medicine in University of Sto.Tomas but due to financial difficulties he wasn‟t able to finish his
medical degree and forced to go back in Iloilo. The poor people of Iloilo consulted him for medical
problems. He started the campaign for freedom in 1874 by writing “Fray Butod” (La Hija de Fraile)
means “Big Belled Friar”. In his work he revealed the gluttony, indolence and greediness of friars as
represented by Fray Butod.

He went to Negros Occidental to avoid arrest in 1880, and then he went to Valencia Spain and
continues his medical degree but later shifted to journalism in Madrid. Graciano was a former staff of
LOS DOS MUNDO- News organ in Iloilo and was acclaimed as the “Prince of the Filipino Orators”
and the great orator of the Reform Movement. His pen name was Diego Laura and he founded the
La Solidaridad (Solidarity) which becomes the mouthpiece of the Propaganda. In Madrid, he wrote
articles campaigning for reforms in the Philippines. He became a member of the freemasonry and
founded masonic lodge for Filipinos in 1889.

For him and Marcelo H. Del Pilar, frailocracy or monastic supremacy was the root cause of the
impoverishment of the Filipinos under Spanish colonialism. He has a habit of eating sardines straight
from the can, wiping his hands at his coat and still wear at the next day without being laundry.

OTHER FILIPINO REFORMISTS

DR. PEDRO PATERNO

A doctor of law who wrote the novel entitled “Ninay” the 1 st Filipino Novel that shows the
Filipino‟s developed culture.

ANTONIO LUNA

Some of his works are Noche Buena, a biographical sketch that depicts the actual life in the
Philippines. La Maestra de mi pueblo describe defects of the educational system for women. His pen
name was Taga-Ilog.

ANDRES BONIFACIO

Known to be “Supremo of Katipunan” was one of the founders of Katipunan. He wrote poem,
letters, essays, and dialogue while his writing are:

● Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa- wherein he discussed the importance of loving motherland.

● Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas sa Inang Espanya.
● Ang Dapat Mabatid ng Tagalog- explained how Philippines entered an era of darkness under
the Spaniards.

42
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

● He explained in essay the meaning of word Tagalog- it did not only refer to particular ethnic
group but to all inhabitants who lived near bodies of water (tags-ilog). Everybody should be
rightfully called Tagalog.

His pseudonym was Agapito Bagumbayan. He prepared a Decalogue to serve as guide for
Katipuneros “Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan” but later adopted the “kartilla
ng Katipunan” of Emilio Jacinto.

EMILIO JACINTO

Regarded as the “Brain of the Katipunan”. Born on Dec. 15,1875 in Trozo, Manila. He took
up Bachelor of Arts from the Colegio de San Juan de Letran. He took up law from University of
Sto.Tomas but he was not able to finish it because of revolution. He joined Katipunan in 1894 under
the name of Pingkian. He wrote Kartilla ng Katipunan that served as moral and ethical guide for
Katipuneros. His other works are Liwanag at Dilim and La Patria.

He became an editor in chief of Kalayaan, an official newspaper of Katipunan. He assigned to

rescue Rizal while waiting the ship going to Cuba but Rizal refused to be rescued. He fought with
cazaderos or Spanish riflemen in Maimpis, Magdalena Laguna, where he was wounded on the knee.
He died due to malaria on April 6, 1899 in Sta Cruz Laguna.

THE FOUNDING AND RELEVANCE OF KATIPUNAN

the reform movement‟s failure paves the way for a movement that advocates armed struggle
to achieve liberty.

KKK (Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangan na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or Katipunan).

This was founded on July 7, 1892, same day that news about Rizal‟s exile to Dapitan.
Deodata Arellano was the first President of Katipunero followed by Roman-Basa then by Andres
Bonifacio. The KKK members were divided when it increased more than one hundred Katipon,
Kawal, Bayani. Each category has its own password and members undergo blood compact.

Katipuneros refers to the sons of the people, used triangle method to recruit members, where
every member should recruit two new members who would only know each other after passing the
initiation rites.

CHAPTER IV
FILIPINO CORE VALUES

BASIC CONCEPT OF VALUES

Core values are a person‟s or organization‟s fundamental beliefs.

These guiding priciples dictate conduct and can assist individuals to know the distinction
between right and wrong. It also assist organizations by establishing an unwavering guide to
43
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

determine if they are on the correct track and fulfil their objectives. Values are essential because they
assist us to grow. They assist us build the future that we want to experience.

Hundreds of choices are made every day by every person and everuy organization.
The choices we make reflect our values and beliefs and are always aimed at a particular purpose.
That aim is our person or collective (organizational) needs to be satisfied. When we make choices
using our values, we create a conscious decision to concentrate on what matters to us. They create
inner cohesion within a group when values are shared.

FILIPINO VALUES SYSTEM

Race strains and cultural components such as Aeta have derived Filipino values.
Indonesians, Malayan, Hindu and Chinese who created our moral scruples core. Cultural individuality
combined with Spain-derived cultural components. The U.S. and the contemporary planetary society
(Panopio and Rolda 2000). You can find Filipinos in almost every part of the globe. We rejoice at the
sight of other co-Filipinos when we‟re in a foreign nation as if there‟s something that connects us.
Sometimes, if we don‟t know a person‟s nationality, but he or she looks like a Filipino, we often ask,
“Filipino ka ba?” and we are happy when he or she answered “yes”. However, if someone fails to
satisfy our expectations in the manner they answer questions or in the manner they act, we say in
frustration, “kapwa Filipino pa naman”.

Landa Jocano, a famous sociologist says that “there are no negative Filipino values, only the
wrong use of values”. Values slowly alter, but it depends on how powerful families are to preserve,
promote and pass on our cultural values from one generation to the next.

Here in the Philippines, values are really of importance and should be respected. As we grow
older, our parents shaped us different values. From the time we are born. Pagkalinga, pag-aaruga at
pakialam (care) were given by them. This values shapes our real Filipino culture, showing that we
are conscious of others.

The Filipino values system relates to the set of values or the value system relates to the set of
values or the value system that has historically been held by a majority of Filipinos in their life. This
system of Philippine values involves the distinctive combination of coherent ideologies, moral codes,
ethical procedures, cultural etiquette and private values promoted by the Philippine society. However,
as with any culture, the values held sacred by any person may vary on the grounds of religion,
education, and other variables.

As a general description, Filipinos separate value system is mainly rooted in private alliance
systems, particularly those based on kinship, duty, friendship, religion. (especially Christianity) and
business interactions.

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION OF FILIPINO VALUES

For the most part, Filipino values are focused on preserving social harmony, mainly driven by
a group‟s willingness to be accepted. The primary sanction against diverging from these values are
“Hiya” ideas, approximately translated as “a sense of shame”, and “Amor proper” or “self-esteem”.
Social approval, group recognition, and group membership are significant issues. Caring for what
others believe, say or do is a powerful influence on Filipinos social behaviour.

44
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

The Filipino philosophy is basically non-dualistic, according to anthropologist Leonardo

Mercado. He concludes, based on his linguistic analysis of Filipino value terms such as “loob”
(Cebuano buot), that Filipinos desire harmony, not only in interpersonal relationships, but also in
nature and religion, while remaining non-dichotomous. The Filipino wants to harmonize the object
and the subject while keeping both as distinct at the same time.

MODELS OF THE FILIPINO VALUES

1. Exogenous Model or The Foreign Model

A “legal and formal” model is defined as the international model. Filipinos from Western
cultures, particularly from the Spaniards and the Americans, inherited the foreign model. An example
of foreign or exogenous impact is the bureaucracy displayed in the Philippine government.

2. Indigenous Model or the Traditional Model

Described as a “traditional and non-formal” model or guide, the indigenous model is deeply
integrated in the Filipinos subconscious.

STRUCTURES AND ELEMENTS OF FILIPINO VALUES

The Filipino value system is known to possess significant key components based on research,
surveys, observations, anecdotes and other literatures developed by scholars and researchers in
relation to Filipino social values or core values, together with the Filipino character or identify of a
person or individual known as the Filipino.

One may notice how Hiya (ownership/dignity), Pakikisama (companionship/esteem), and

Utang Na Loob (gratitude/solidarity) are simply Surface Values- readily seen and appreciated by
many Filipinos. These three values are deemed branches of a single origin- Filipino Personality‟s real
core value- Kapwa.

It implies totality, referring to society, or not doing stuff alone. Ibang Tao (other people) and
Hindi Ibang Tao (not other people) are two types of Kapwa. The surface Values spin off the Core
Value through Pakikiramdam‟s Pivotal Aspect of mutual internal perception (feeling for someone
else).

Other notable elements or motivations are optimism about the future, pessimism about current
circumstances and activities, concern and concern for other individuals, the presence of friendship
and friendliness, the habit of being hospitable, spiritual nature, respect for oneself and others,
respect for the female members of society, fear of god, and abhorrence of cheating and other acts.

The values of the Filipinos specifically uphold the following elements: family unit solidarity,
security of the Philippine economy, orientation towards small-groups, personalism, the concepts of
“loob” or “kalooban” (meaning “what‟s inside the self, the “inner self” or the “actual personal feelings
of the self”), existence and maintenance of smooth interpersonal relationships, and the sense of the
self.

In a broader image, these values are categorized into particular clusters or “macroclusters”:
45
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

1. Cluster of Relationships
2. Social Cluster
3. Cluster of Livelihood
4. Cluster of Inwardness
5. Cluster of Optimism

THE FIVE CORE FILIPINO VALUES

Based on Dr. Ramirez‟s study “The Filipino Worldview and Values” and her perspectives as a
phenomenological sociologist from centuries of practice, here are the Five Core Filipino Values
based on a Filipino‟s Based Aspirations.

Mapagpasalamat

This is based on the aspiration of Filipinos to “Pamumuhay” (Life) and “Pananalig sa Diyos at
Kapwa” (God and People Faith). Filipinos understand how life can be enjoyed. We have plenty of
vacations, celebrations, occasions, and meetings. Filipinos are cheerful and sociable of course. Even
in depressing circumstances, we wear smiles on our faces. That‟s because we‟re always looking at
life‟s bright side.

We always have a positive outlook because, even in the smallest things, we always find
things, we always find things to be grateful for. We would always say “Salamat sa Diyos” (Thank
God) whenever excellent things occur because Filipinos would attribute the blessings of life to the
Higher Being from whatever religion. We also recognize other people‟s excellent acts towards us and
do our utmost to return the favor.

Matatag

Filipinos, being in a nation susceptible to natural disasters, have adjusted and learned to be
powerful in moments of need and in difficult circumstances that life throws at us. This power is
derived from our love for our family and our belief in the greater being. This is based on Filipino‟s
“Kaayusan” (Order) aspiration.

Masigasig

We do everything we can to get it when Filipinos dream of something. We‟re doing it for our
loved ones and relatives. This is based on the “Kasaganaan” (Abundance) and “Ginhawa”(Relief)
aspiration of Filipinos. Not for himself but for his family, a Filipino aspires to abundance. Masaganang
Bagong Taon (Bountiful New Year) is the Filipino translation for Happy New Year because we match
happiness and celebration with abundance.

“Ginhawa” in Bisaya implies breath. And the soft breath flow is the soft life flow we call
“Ginhawa”. “Ginhawa” is the feeling of well-being in a Filipino, according to lay theologian Dr. Jose de
Mesa. Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) would be an instance of enduring being away from home
to offer their families a healthy life abundance and relief from hardships.

Mapagmalasakit

46
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

It is because of our family love extended to friends, neighbors and others that naturally
sympathetic Filipinos. This compassion allows us to assist others without in exchange asking for
anything. This is based on the aspiration of Filipinos to “Loob at Damdamin” and “Kapwa” (Other
People). “Loob” is the seat of the dignity of the Philippines. Filipino‟s personality is expressed in his
“kalooban”. Filipinos tune in the “kalooban” of each other by checking the situation of each other and
talking about the life of each other.

Filipinos use “kapwa” to refer not only to a stranger, but to a relative, a neighbor next door, a
distant relative, or a friend because of our family culture. Our characteristics of “Mapagmalasakit”
makes it simple for us to promote the spirit of Bayanihan to unite and assist one another during
calamities and to celebrate together on unique occasions.

Magalang

The use of po, opo, and pagmamano (hand kissing) are separate methods of regards for
Filipino people. We say these phrases and use this gesture to demonstrate our respect and love to
elderly. The Filipino‟s respect is not just limited to the elderly but also to other people‟s properties,
emotions, and ideas. We are polite people. Our language is also respectful because it has no sex
bias. For example, the phrases “kapatid” (brother/sister) or asawa (husband/wife) or “biyenan” (father
in law/mother in law) or “anak” (son/daughter) do not show gender differences. These words are
certainly sex friendly Filipino uniquely. Our respect for other people is an integral part of our culture
and our language. This is based on our “Lakas ng Loob” or “Kagandahang Loob” aspiration.

THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE CORE VALUES

Being a noble profession the police service demands from its members specialized
understanding and abilities, as well as great standard of ethics and morality.

The members of the Philippine National Police must therefore conform to and internalize the
key principles of:

● Love of God
● Respect for Authority
● Respect for Women
● Respect for sanctity of marriage
● Stewardship over material things
● Responsible dominion
● Truthfulness

The Police service in the Philippines is expressed in the acronym SERVICE. The acronym SERVICE
stands for:

SERVANT HOOD

As police affirm its unconditional service and love for the nation and individuals, police value a
supportive and professional role serves and protects its clientele and community with honesty,
utmost devolution and commitment above private concern.

47
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

EXCELLENCE

Police are committed in doing and making things occur effectively and efficiently in all of their
efforts as they strive to accomplish more consistently and outstandingly with tangible outcomes and
far beyond their best.

RESPONSIBILITY WITH ACCOUNTABILITY

Police carry out and execute their responsibilities and tasks as their moral duty is to serve the
public with due diligence and always bearing in mind that they are accountable and duty bound to
promote the public interest.

VALUING PEOPLE AND RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS

Police always maintain their fellow human beings dignity whenever they cater their needs and
are delicate and cautious in serving and protecting them with compassion and utmost regard for their
human rights.

INTEGRITY

Police take an uncompromising and coherent position in the fulfilment of their obligation to live
an honest, upright and dignified life according to the highest ethical and moral norms where their
advocacy, values and convictions are compatible with their words and actions.

COURAGE

From their moral strength police draw their collective and individual power of approach to
always accept difficult duties, and they are courageous enough to speak out against temptation,
anomalies, corruption and exploitation and stand firm.

EMPOWERMENT

Police reach out and create bridges of collaboration, nurture volunteerism and operate in
harmony with their clientele by training individuals for a better and safer society in the process.

48
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

CHAPTER V

RELATED PHILIPPINE LAWS THAT PROMOTES NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM

1. REPUBLIC ACT NO.10086-An act strengthening peoples‟ nationalism through Philippine

history by changing the nomenclature of the National Historical Institute into the National
Historical Commission of the Philippines, strengthening its powers and functions , and for other
purposes; also known as the Philippine Cultural Heritage Act of 2010.
2. REPUBLIC ACT 8044- Also known as the Youth in Nation-Building Act; an act creating the
National Youth Commission, establishing a National Comprehensive and Coordinated Program
therefore , and for other purposes.
3. Republic Act No.1425- An act to include in the curricula of all public and private and private
schools , colleges and universities courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal,
particularly his novels Noli Me tangere and El Filibusterismo, authorizing the printing and
distributing thereof, and for other purposes
4. THE 1987 Constitution
5. Republic Act No. 10390- An act amending republic act no 7306 , entitled “ an act providing for
the establishment of the people‟s television network , incorporated , defining it‟s powers and
functions , providing for it‟s sources of funding and for other purposes ; also known as “ An act
Revitalizing the People‟s Television Network , Incorporated”.
6. Republic Act No. 9512- Approved last December 12 , 2008; also known as an act to promote
environmental awareness through environmental education and for other purposes or the
Nation Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008.

It is an act to promote environmental awareness through Environmental Education and

covers the integration of EE in the school curricula at all levels, be it public or private, including
day care, preschool, non-formal , technical , vocational , indigenous learning , and out -of-
school youth courses or programs.

Section 6 of the act says that the DepEd , CHED, TESDA ,DENR ,DOST and other
relevant agencies , in consultation with experts on the environment and the academe , shall
lead in the implementation of public education and awareness programs on environmental
protection and conservation through collaborative inter-agency and multi-sectoral effort at all
levels. It also declares November as the Environmental Awareness Month in the Philippines.

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

Philippine Commission on Women defined Gender and Development as the
development perspective and process that is participatory and empowering, equitable , sustainable,
free from violence, respectful of human rights , supportive of self-defense determination and
actualization of human potentials.

49
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

Gender and Development or GAD approach focuses on the socially constructed basis
of differences between men and women and emphasizes the need to challenge existing gender roles
and relations.

GAD was developed in the 1980‟s an alternative to the women in Development or WID
approach. Unlike WID, the GAD approach is not concerned specifically with women , but with the
way in which a society assigns roles , responsibilities and expectations to both women and men.
GAD applies gender analysis to uncover the ways in which men and women work together,
presenting results in neutral terms of economics and efficiency.

The World Bank was one of the first international organizations to recognize the need
for Women in Development appointing a WID adviser in the 1977. In women‟s issues. In 1994 the
bank issued a policy paper on Gender and Development, reflecting current thinking on the subject.
This policy aims to address policy and between the genders and thus limit the effectiveness of
development programs.

Gender and Development or GAD is concerned with women and her specific roles,
responsibilities and expectations in the society. It also analyzes the nature of women‟s contribution
within the context of work done both inside and outside the household and reflects the public/ private
dichotomy that undervalues the work done by women in the home.
GAD focuses on the principle that development is for all. Everyone in society, female or
male , has the right to equal opportunities to achieve a full and satisfying life.
It does not define the following;
1. Not a war of the sexes
2. Not anti- Male
3. Both women and men are victims although women more than men.
4. Both have a stake in the struggle for gender equality

Gender and Development related laws and issuances in the Philippines

Philippine Plan for Gender and Development ,1995-2025

National plan that addresses provides and pursues full equality and development
for men and women. Approved and adopted by former President Fidel V. Ramos as Executive No.
273, on September 8, 1995, it is the successor of the Philippine Development Plan for women ,
1986-1992 adopted by Executive No.
348 of February 17, 1989.

Republic Act No. 9710 Magna Carta of Women

Approved on August 14, 2009, which mandates for non-discriminatory and pro-
gender equality and equity measures to enable women‟s participation in the formulation,
implementation and evaluation of policies and plan for national, regional and local development.

50
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

Memorandum Circular No.2011 dated 21, 2011

Addressing to all Government Departments including their attached agencies,

offices, bureaus, state universities and colleges/SUC‟s, Government -Owned and controlled
corporations (GOCCs) and all other government instrumentalities as their guidelines and procedures
for the establishment, strengthening and institutionalization of the Gender and Development
(GAD) Focal Point System (GFPS).

Republic Act 7877 -Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995

It is an “ Act Declaring Sexual Harassment Unlawful in the Employment ,
Education or Training Environment, and for other purposes “was approved on February 14, 1995 and
became effective on March 5, 1995.

Republic Act-9262 -Anti Violence against Women and Children Act 2004.

It protects the family and its members particularly women and children from
violence and threats to their personal safety and security.”

Republic Act 7192 -Women in Development and Nation Building Act.

The Act provides guidance and ,measures that will mobilize and enhance
participation of women in the development process in ways equal to that of men.

Memorandum Circular No.48 Series of 2013

Directing all concerned government agencies to adopt the Gender Equality Guidelines
in the development of their respective Media Policies and Implementing Programs in order to
promote gender mainstreaming.

Republic Act 10354

The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 or the RH Law in
the Philippines, which guarantees Universal access to methods on contraception, fertility control,
sexual education, and maternal care.

1987 Philippine Constitution (Article II Sec.14)

The State recognizes the role of women in nation building and shall promote the
FUNDAMENTAL EQUALITY before the law of women and men.

SEX AND GENDER: HOW DO THEY DIFFER?

“ An extremely important part of an individual‟s identity and one that begins at least at birth is
gender.‟‟
DR. Kenneth Cusher, 2012

51
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

It is more than just knowing that you are male or female. Identification of sex is usually clearly
internalized by the age of 3 but begins around the age of 18 months.

Gender Refers to the specific set of characteristics that identifies the social behaviour of women and
men but the relationship between them and the way it is socially constructed. Since gender biases
exist and these biases prevent people from attaining their full potentials , development it‟s imposed.

SEX Gender
Categorized as male or female Masculinity and Femininity
Biological Socially, Culturally and historically
determined
Fixed at birth Learned through socialization
Does not change across time and space Varies over time and space
Equally valued Unequally valued (masculinity as the
norm)

Gender identity/gender role includes knowledge of a large set of rules and expectations
for what boys and girls should wear , how they should speak and act , and their place in the over all
structure of the society.
It can be affected by:

1. Race - Each of the major divisions of humankind having distinct physical characteristics.
2. Ethnicity- The fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural
tradition.
3. Social Class - A division of a society based on social and economic status; upper class, new
money , middle class, working class, working poor , and poverty level
4. Religion - a particular system of faith and worship.
5. Geographical Region - a demarcated area of the earth.
6. Common Myths about Gender
1) If a father does the household work, he is considered as “ under the saya”.
2) Men are better leaders and administrators than women.
3) It is the woman‟s fault if she is being harassed sexually when she is wearing skimpy clothing.
4) It is not proper for a girl to say “ I love you” first to a boy.
5) The mother should be the only one responsible for child-rearing and parenting.
TERMS RELATED TO GENDER
1. Socialization- is the process by which social norms,roles and expectations are learned and
internalized
2. Gender Socialization - is the process by which norms and expectation in the relation to gender
are learned by women and men.

52
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

3. Gender stereotype - a form of prejudgment,bias or limitation given to roles and expectations of

males and females. These may affect the gender equality and inequality in the society.
4. Gender equality -Refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their
gender.
GENDER STEREOTYPE INVOLVES THE DIFFERENTIATIONS
Attributed by a given culture to women and men,in the following aspects:
1) Social Roles
2) Capacities
3) Traits and Characteristics
1. Gender Stereotype in SOCIAL ROLES between men and women
MEN WOMEN
Provides financially for the family Takes care of the house and children
Works as managers,construction builders Works as a nurse,teacher,secretary
or engineers
Portrayed as leaders Portrayed as followers

2. GENDER STEREOTYPE IN CAPACITIES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN

MEN WOMEN
Good in math and Science Good in arts and less intellectual pursuits
Physically Strong Physically weaker and fragile
Firm decision makers Wishy - washy or frickle minded in
decision making

3. GENDER STEREOTYPE IN TRAITS AND CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN MEN AND

WOMEN

MEN WOMEN
Active Passive
Aloof Loving
Aggressive Peaceful
Independent Dependent
Brave Fearful

AREAS OR CHANNEL OF SOCIALIZATION

According to Dr.Ralph G,Perrino ( 2000) ,family ,school,peers,mass media,public opinion and
religion play a major role in the socialization and,ultimately,the education process.Each of us

53
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

proceeds through life in control and influence . It seems logical that the actions we take and the
impact of those actions is based upon a by choice ,not chance.
Although this seems a reasonable manner in which to assess one‟s lot in life,it is far
from reality,particularly in the area of education is that of the socialization process.
1) Family
2) Church
3) Mass Media
4) School
5) Peers
FAMILY
In the context of human society , a family (from latin: familia) is group of people related
either by consanguinity ( by recognized birth ),affinity ( by marriage or other relationship), or co-
residence ( relatives, and servants ). It is also known as the basic unit for raising children .In most
societies, the family is the principal institution for the socialization of children.
(family.lovetoknow.com)
TWO TYPES OF FAMILY
1. Immediate Family- may include spouses, parents ,brothers,sisters,sons, and daughters.
2. Extended Family - May include grandparents,aunts,uncles,cousins,nephews, nieces and
siblings- in- law.Sometimes these are also considered members of the immediate
family,depending on a individual‟s specific relationship with them.
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF FAMILY STRUCTURES
1) Matrifocal Family - This kind of family of family occurs commonly where women have the
resources to rear their children by themselves or where men are more mobile than women;
opposite of patrifocal family.
2) Patriarchal family - is a family in which the father is considered head of household; this is true
regardless of which parent is the primary breadwinner ( in a household with a working mom and
stay-at-home dad; also known as father- centered family or father dominated family opposite
of matriarchal family.
3) Conjugal Family / Nuclear family /Single Family - a traditional form of family that includes
only the husband,the wife,and unmarried children who are not of age.
4) Avuncular Family- a family composed of a grandparent,a brother,his sister and her children
5) Childless Family - is sometimes the “ forgotten family”, as it does not meet the traditional
standards set by society.Childless families consist of a husband and wife living and working
together.Many childless families take on the responsibility of pet ownership or have extensive
contact with their nieces and nephews as a substitute for having their own children
6)Extended Family-family that extends beyond the nuclear family ,including
grandparents,aunts,uncles, and other relatives,who all live nearby or in one household or in one
household.
7)Family of Choice/ chosen Family- is common within the LGBT community , both in academic
literature and in colloquial vocabulary. It refers to the group of people in an individual‟s life that
satisfies the typical role of family as support system.
8.)Blended family or step family - describes families with mixed parents: one or both parents
remarried,bringing children of the former family into the new family.
9)Monogamous Family- In this case,an individual has only one (official) partner during their lifetime
or at any one time family.
10)Polygamous Family - a family composed of a marriage that includes more than two partners
(Polygamous).
54
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

a) Polygamy - a man is married to more than one wife at a time which is common in some parts of
Middle East and Africa and is often associated with islam;
b) Polyandry - when a woman is married to more than one husband at a time;traditionally practiced
in areas of the Himalayan mountains, among Tibetans in Nepal,in parts of China and in parts of
northern India.
c) Fraternal Polyandry - where two or more brothers are married to the same wife
d) Polyamory - If a marriage includes multiple husbands and wives ; group or conjoint marriage.

PROCESSES INOLVED IN GENDER SOCIALIZATION

IN THE FAMILY ( RUTH HARLEY)
1. Manipulation - means that people handle girls and boys differently as infants.
a) Mothers tend to use more physical stimulation on male infants and more verbal stimulation on
female infants.
b) Boy babies are tossed in the air.
c) Girl babies get more delicate handling.
2. Canalization - means that people direct children‟s attention to gender -appropriate object.
a) Choice of toys ,boys are given toy cars and machines;
b) Girls are given dolls and tea sets.
c) Toys teach children what thier prescribed roles in life will be
3. Verbal appellation - Telling children what they are and what is expected of them.
4. Activity exposure- familiarizing children to their gender appropriate tasks.
a) Girls help their mother with housework.
b) Boys are encouraged to play outside the house

B.CHURCH / RELIGION
It is a collection of cultural system ,belief system, and worldviews that relate humanity
to spirituality and moral values . The practice of a religion may also include rituals,
sermons,commemoration or veneration of a deity,Gods or Goddesses ,
sacrifices,festivals,feasts,trance,initiations,funerary
Services,matrimonial services,mediation,prayer ,music ,art ,dance, public service or other aspects of
human culture.
Gender roles in Christianity vary considering today as they have during the last two
millennia.This is especially true with regards to marriage and ministry.
Effects of Religion
1. Regular attendance at religious services is linked to healthy , stable family life,strong
marriages,and well -behaved children
2. Religious worship also lends to a reduction in the incidence of domestic abuse , crime
,substance abuse and addiction.
3. In addition,religious practice can increase physical and mental health,longevity, and education
attainment.

MASS MEDIA
These are diversified media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience
by mass communication.It has an immense impact on young minds.With the advent of the internet,
Television now has a partner in the role of visual stimulant of young minds. The culture portrayed by
the mass media emphasizes glamour,sexual satisfaction and promiscuity ,comedic vulgarity,violence
,and immediate gratification of needs.
The organizations that control these technologies, such as television stations or
publishing companies,are also known as the mass media.

55
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

EFFECTS OF MASS MEDIA IN SOCIALIZATION

1. Media‟s sexualization of young female celebrities
2. Video games that promote violence and negative stereotypes.
3. Music lyrics and music videos that promote negative stereotypes and violence
4. Sex stereotypes in kind‟s TV program
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MASS MEDIA
1) Broadcast Media - such as radio ,recorded music, film and television transmit their information
electronically.
2) Print Media -use a physical object such as a newspaper,book pamphlet or comics,to distribute
their information.
3) Outdoor media - is a form of mass media that comprises billboards,signs or placards placed
inside and outside of commericial buildings,sports stadiums, shops and buses.Other outdoor
media include flying billboards (signs in tow of airplanes), blimps, and skywriting
4) Public speaking and event organising -can also be considered as forms of mass media.
5) Digital Media - comprises both internet and mobile mass communication. Internet media
provides many mass media services ,such as email,websites,blogs and internet based radio and
televison

SCHOOL
It is an institution for educating children,any institution at which instruction is given in a
particular discipline,a group of people.It is as an artificial institution set up for the purpose off school
can be regarded as a formally constituted community as opposed to mutual communities.

HOW THE SCHOOL PERFORMS THE FUNCTION OF SOCIALIZATION?

1. Through the curriculum, the school in a formal way provides the child with:
A. Knowledge of basic intellectual skills such as reading ,writing ,verbal expression,quantitative and
other cognitative abilities,
B. Education teaches languages and allows people communicate with each other according to
positions in society.
C. Cultural achievements of one‟s society.
D. Opportunities to acquire social and vocational abilities which are necessary in order to make
one a social,useful and economically productive member of the society.
E. Gender roles as percieved as suitable roles by the society.
2. Educational system socialize students to become members of society to play meaningful roles in
the complex network of independent positions.
3. Education helps in shaping values and attitudes to the needs of the contemporary society.
4. Education widens the mental horizons of pupils and teaches them new ways of looking at
themselves and their society.
5. Education offers young people opportunities for intellectual ,emotional and social growth.
6. Informally and especially through social clubs, the school enables the child to learn a number of
other social roles and skills which are also important to his/her overall development as a member
of society.

A . Education teaches the laws, tradition the norms of community, the rights that individuals will
enjoy and the responsibilities that they will undertake.
B . Education teaches how one is to behave one is to behave towards his/her play-mates and
adults.
C . Education teaches how to share things and ideas.
D . Education teaches how to compete responsibly.
E . Schooling teaches how to cooperate.
56
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

F . Schooling instils the community pattern of respect thus how to relate to others well and obey
rules.
G . Schooling enables to internalize the cultures of ones society.
H. Education leads toward tolerant and humanitarian attitudes. For example,college graduates
are expected to be more tolerant than high school graduates in their attitudes towards the ethnic
and social groups.
E . PEER GROUPS
These are both social groups and primary group of people who have similar interest
(homophily, age, background or social status. The members of these groups are likely to influence
the person beliefs and behaviour. Peer groups contain hierarchies and distinct patters of behavior.

POSITIVE EFFECTS OF PEER GROUPS

1. Serve as a source of information
2. Teaches gender roles
3. Serve as a practicing venue to adulthood.
4. Teaches unity and collective behaviour in life.
5. Identity formation - is a development process where a person acquires a sense
of self.

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF PEER GROUPS.

1. Peer pressure- often used to subscribe instances where an individuals feels
indirectly pressured into changing his/her behaviour to match that of his/her peers.
Taking up smoking and underage drinking are two of the best known example.
2. Future problems.
3. Risk behaviors.
4. Aggression and pro- social behaviour.
5. Sexual promiscuity.

57
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

CHAPTER VI

CITIZENSHIP

Citizenship is a term denoting membership of a citizen in a political society, a duty of

allegiance on the part of the member and duty of protection on the part of the state.

Citizen is a person having a title of citizenship. He is the member of a democratic community

who enjoy full civil and political rights, and is accorded protection inside and the outside territory of
the state.

MEANING OF SUBJECT AND ALLIEN

A citizen is a member of a democratic community who enjoys full civil and political rights. In
monarchial State, He is often called subject.
An ALLIEN is a citizen of a country who is residing or passing through another country. He is
popularly called „‟foreigner‟‟ . He is not given full of rights to citizenship but is entitled to received
protection as to his person or property.

GENERAL WAYS OF ACQUIRING CITIZENSHIP

1. INVOLUNTARY METHOD- By birth, because of blood relationship or place of birth.
2. VOLUNTARY METHOD- By naturalization, except in the case collective naturalization
of the inhabitants of a territory which takes place when it ceded by one state to another as
result of a conquest or treaty.

MODES IN ACQUIRING PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP

1. Filipino by Birth -
A. Jus Soli- (right of soil‟ which is legal principle that a person nationality at birth is
determined by the place of birth.
B. Jus Sanguinis- right of blood which is legal principle that, at birth an individuals
acquires the nationality of his/her natural parent. The Philippine adheres to this
principle.
2. Filipino by Naturalization - Which is the judicial act of adopting a foreigner and
clothing him with the privileges of a native-born citizen. It implies the renunciation of a former
nationality and the fact of the entrance into a similar relation towards a new body.

CLASSIFICATION OF FILIPINO CITIZEN

(Article IV, Section1, Philippine Constitution*
1. Those who are citizens of the Philippine at the time of adoption of this Constitution;
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippine.
3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching the age of majority; and
4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
58
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

THREE WAYS OF ACQUUIRING BY NATURALIZATION

1. By judgement of the court - The foreigner who wants to become a Filipino citizen must
apply for naturalization with the proper Regional Trial Court/ Court of first instance. The
Revise Naturalization Act is the present naturalization law. Such law shall also continue in
the pursuant to the transitory provision of the Constitution (Art. XVIII, Sec3;

2. By direct act of Congress - In this case our law- making body simply enacts an act directly
conferring citizenship to a foreigner.

3. By administrative proceeding - Under RA No. 9139 , known as the administrative

Naturalization Law of 2000,; aliens born and residing in the Philippine may be granted
Philippine citizenship by administrative proceedings before a special committee on
naturalization . The petition for citizenship shall be filled with the committee which has the
power to approve, deny or reject application as provided in the law.

WHO MAY QUALIFY AS PHILIPPINE CITIZEN BY NATURALIZATION UNDER THE REVISED

NATURALIZATION ACT? Research and read Section 2, CA 573 or the Revised Naturalization Law.

WHO ARE NOT QUALIFY TO APLLY FOR NATURALIZATION OF THE REVISED

NATURALIZATION LAW? Research and read Section of 4 Revised Naturalization Law.

LOSS OF CITIZENSHIP
A Filipino citizen may lose his citizenship in any of the following ways:
1. Voluntarily
A. By Naturalization in a foreign country.
B. By express renunciation of citizenship.
C. By subscribing to an oath of allegiance to support the constitution and law of foreign country.
D. By rendering service to or accepting commission in the armed forces of a foreign country.

The voluntary loss or renunciation of ones nationality is called EXPATRIATION.

2. INVOLUNTARY
A. By cancellation of his certificated of naturalization by the court.
B. By having been declared by the competent authority a deserter of the Philippine armed
forces in times of war.

WHAT ARE THE GROUNDS FOR REACQUIRING LOST OF PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP

1. By naturalization
2. By REPATRIATION- affected by merely taking the necessary oath of allegiance to the Republic of
the Philippines and registering the same in proper civil registry.
3. By direct act of congress.

59
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

RENTENTION AND ACQUISITION OF CITIZENSHIP.

Under R.A. 9225 otherwise known as the “CITIZENSHIP RETENTION AND RE-
ACQUISITION ACCT OF 2003, natural born citizenship by reason of naturalization as citizens of a
foreign country are deemed to have reacquired Philippine citizenship upon taking an oath of
allegiance to the Philippine Republic.

OATH OF AN ALLEGIANCE
“I ___________ , solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and depend the Constitution of
the Republic of the Philippines and obey the laws and legal orders promulgated by the duly
constituted authorities of the Philippine; and I hereby declare that I recognize and accept the
supreme authority of the Philippines and will maintain true faith and allegiance thereto; and that I will
impose this obligation upon myself without mental reservation in the purpose of evasion.
The natural-born citizen of the Philippines who, after the effectivity of the Act, become citizen
of a foreign country shall retain their Philippine Citizenship upon taking the aforesaid oath.

DERIVATED CITIZENSHSHIP
The unmarried child, whether legitimate or illegitimate or adopted , below 18 years of age , of
those who require Philippine Citizenship upon effectivity of the Act shall be deemed citizens of the
Philippines.

CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES

Those who shall retain or re-acquire Philippine citizenship under the act shall enjoy full civil
and political rights and be subject to all attendant liabilities and responsibilities under existing laws of
the Philippines and the following condition;

1. Those intending to exercise their right of suffrage must meet the requirement under
Section 1, Article V of the Philippine Constitution, RA 9189 Otherwise known as „‟ The
Overseas Absentee Voting Act of 2003 and other existing laws.
2. Those seeking elective public office in the Philippines shall meet the qualification for
holding such public office as required by the Constitution and Existing laws and, at the time of
the filing of the certificate of candidacy, make a personal and sworn renunciation of any and all
foreign citizenship before any public authorized to administer oath.
3. Those appointed to any public shall subscribe and swear to an oath of allegiance to the
Republic of the Philippines and its duly constituted authorities prior to their assumption of
office. They must renounced their oath of allegiance to the foreign country where they took
oath.
4. Those intending to practice their profession in the Philippine shall apply with the proper
authority for a license or permit to engaged in such practice.
5. The right to vote or be elected or appointed to any public office in the Philippines
cannot extended to those who;
A. Are candidates for or are occupying any public office in the country of which they
are naturalized citizenship; and or
60
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

B. Are in active service as commissioned or non-commission officers in the armed

forces of the country of which they are naturalized.

WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF MARRIAGE OF A CITIZEN TO AN ALIEN?

1. Under Section 4, a Filipino citizen who marries an alien does not automatically lose his or her
citizenship, even if his or her nationality was granted by his or her husband‟s or wife‟s country.

2. Only by their act or omission are they deemed under the law to have renounced their
citizenship such as taking an oath of allegiance to a foreign country.

3. If a Filipino woman marries an alien and acquires her husband‟s citizenship, she will possess
two citizenships, Philippine citizenship and that of her husband.

WHAT IS AN ALLEGIANCE?

Allegiance is loyalty owed by a person to his state. Section 5 prohibits more particularly
naturalized Filipinos from practicing what is called “dual allegiance” declaring it inimical to national
interests. Note that what section 5 prohibits is not dual citizenship but dual allegiance of citizens.

Dual Citizenship refer to the possession of two citizenships by an individual, that of his
original citizenship by an individual, that of his original citizenship and that of the country where he
became a naturalized citizen. It arises because our laws cannot control laws of other states on
citizenship but dual allegiance can be a matter of personal choice or decision.

WHAT ARE THE DUTIES AND OBLIGATION OF THE CITIZENS?

1. To be loyal to the republic

Loyalty implies faith and confidence in the republic and love and devotion to the country.
The citizen must be proud of his country, its customs, traditions, language, and institutions. He
must share in its glories and feel sad in its misfortunes. It is the “home of our people, the seat of
our affections and the source of our happiness and well-being”.

2. To defend the State

Men may differ and do differ on religious beliefs and creeds, government policies, the wisdom
and validity of laws, even the correctness or judicial decisions and decrees, but in field of love of
country, national unity, and patriotism, they can hardly afford to differ for these are matters in which
they are mutually and vitally interested, for to them they mean national existence or survival as a
nation or national extinction.

3. To contribute to the development and welfare of the state.

61
 A Module Exclusive to Criminology Students of SDSSU Theories of Crime Causation |

The development and welfare of the state should be the concern of every citizen for he will be
the first to enjoy the benefits thereof. Anything that affects him individually and personally. He is
affected by its ills and disorder, growth and stability.

4. To uphold the constitution and obey the laws.

It is the shrine for all the hopes and visions for our nation. Laws are enacted in accordance
with it for the good of all. It is therefore the duty of every citizen to defend and respect the
constitution and obey the laws. If the people would disregard them, the government would
collapse, and this would mean lawlessness and the disintegration of the social order. The
constitution contains provisions designed to insure that is the accord.

5. To cooperate with the duly constituted authorities

The larger interest of the group and the nation that he must serve necessarily involve his own.
And he would be recreant to the claims of the interest if he did not actively concern himself
with the affairs of his government. It is not enough for example that a citizen should take care
that in his daily life he does not violate any of the multitudinous rules.

6. To exercise rights responsively with due regards to the rights of others.

Society is composed of men, each with interest of his own. In the course of life, the interest of
man conflict with those of many others. Amidst the continuous clash on interest, the ruling
social philosophy should be that, in the ultimate social order, the welfare of every man
depends upon the welfare of all.

7. To engage in gainful work

Employment is not the obligation solely of the state. Every citizen should consider it his own
responsibility and should strive to become a useful an productive member of society to assure
not only himself but, perhaps more important, his family a life worthy of human dignity.

8. To register and vote

Suffrage is both a privilege and a duty which every qualified citizen must perform. It is through
suffrage that he will of the people is expressed. The quality of public official of the government,
depend, direct or indirectly, upon the voters.

References/Sources.

Books:

Caballero, N. & Barican, L. (2020). Character Formation 1 Nationalism and Patriotism

62