In the name of GOD

Project Management

Project Time Management (Part #1)

Name: Dr. Seyed Farid Ghannadpour

Email: [email protected]
 Learning Objectives
• Understand the project schedules and good project time
management
• Describe how project managers use network diagrams and
dependencies to assist in activity sequencing
• Explain how various tools and techniques help project managers
perform activity duration estimating and schedule development
• Use a Gantt chart for schedule planning and tracking schedule
information
 Learning Objectives
• Understand and use critical path method (CPM) and Program
Evaluation and ReviewTechnique (PERT)
• Discuss how reality checks and people issues are involved in
controlling and managing changes to the project schedule
Project Time Management
Processes
 Project Time Management
Processes
(In Summary)
Project time management involves the processes required to ensure timely
completion of a project. Processes include:

– Activity definition
– Activity sequencing
– Activity Resource estimating
– Activity duration estimating
– Schedule development
– Schedule control
 1- Activity Definition
Project schedules grow out of the basic document that initiate a project

– Project charter includes start and end dates and budget information
– Scope statement and WBS help define what will be done

• Activity definition involves developing a more detailed WBS and supporting explanations to
understand all the work to be done so you can develop realistic duration estimates

activity identifier (ID), and activity label or name, activity description, predecessor
activities, successor activities, logical relationships

They have zero duration because milestones

represent a moment in time
 2- Activity Sequencing
Involves reviewing activities and determining dependencies
– Mandatory dependencies: inherent in the nature of the
work; hard logic
– Discretionary dependencies: defined by the project team;
soft logic
– External dependencies: involve relationships between
project and non-project activities
• You must determine dependencies in order to use critical path
analysis
 Task Dependency Types
Based on 4 fundamental relationships:
 Task Dependency Types
(Lead and Lag times)
A lag is the amount of time whereby a successor
activity will be delayed with respect to a predecessor
activity.

a technical writing team may begin editing the draft of a large SS=15
document 15 days after they begin writing it. SS+15

A lead is the amount of time whereby a successor

activity can be advanced with respect to a predecessor
activity.

on a project to construct a new office building, the landscaping FS=-2

could be scheduled to start two weeks prior to the scheduled FS-2
punch list completion.
 Project Network Diagrams

• Project network diagrams are the preferred technique for

showing activity sequencing

• A project network diagram is a schematic display of the logical

relationships among, or sequencing of, project activities

• Two classic formats:

– AOA: Activity on Arc (or Activity on Arrow)

– AON: Activity on Node
 Activity – On – Arrow (AOA)

• Also called Arrow Diagramming Method

(ADM)
• Activities are represented by arrows
• Nodes or circles are the starting and ending
points of activities
• Can only show finish-to-start
dependencies

AOA needs a dummy

activity (dotted line) to
make the dependency of
D from A explicit

Dummy activity: zero duration and

resource
 Activity – On – Node (AON)
• Also called Precedence Diagramming
Method (PDM)
• Activities are represented by boxes
• Arrows show relationships between activities
• Better at showing different types of
dependencies

AON has a more

“natural” representation
(but needs start and end
nodes)
 Activity – On – Node (AON)
{Precedence Network (PN)}
Activity Duration Predecessors
A 5 -----
B 4 FAFB+3

C 6 SBSC+2

D 9 B;SCSD+4
 Sample AOA and PDM

Put the activity letter or name and duration estimate in the box
 Basic Rules for Creating AOA Diagrams

Activity &
• Find all of the activities that start at node 1. i Duration
j

• Put the activity letter or name and duration estimate Event

on the associated arrow

• Arrows imply logical precedence only. the length of the arrow have any
significance.

• Before an activity may begin, all activities preceding it must be completed.

• Event numbers must not be duplicated in a network.

• Continuing drawing the network diagram, working from left to right.

• Smaller numbers to the left Each activity has its unique number
Basic Rules for Creating AOA Diagrams

Merge: Activity C depends upon the Burst: Activities B and C both depend
completion of both Activities A & B upon the completion of Activity A

A B
C
A
B
C

A C
Cross: activities C and D both
depend upon the completion of
B
Activities A and B D
Basic Rules for Creating AOA Diagrams
(Dummy Activities)
Sometimes it is necessary to insert dummy activities (duration & resource zero) in
order to maintain the clarity of the diagram and the precedence relationships
between activities.

A C
Activity C depend upon the
completion of Activities A and B, Dummy
and activity D depend upon the B D
completion of Activity B

Dummy A
Networks may have only one initial
event (with no predecessor) and
only one terminal event (with no B
successor).
 Basic Rules for Creating AOA Diagrams
(Dummy Activities)
Two tasks cannot share the same start and end node.
A A
Activity Predecessors
C A,B C
A -- 1 2 3 1 3 C 4
B -- B B
2 Dummy
Activity Predecessors
A -- 2
A
B
C
--
--
A 2
X ‫؟‬ X
1 B
X A 1 B Y 5 3 5 Y 6
Y A,B 3 C
C
Z B,C Z
Z
4
4
 Example: Draw AOA
Activity A B C D E F G H I J K L

Predecessors -- -- -- A A,B B,C -- G G D,E,F B,C,H H,I

2 2
D A D
A
E B E 6
1 B 6 1
3 3
C F C F
J J

4 4
G G
K
K 9 7 9
H 7 H
5 5
L L
I I 8
8
 Other Common Mistakes in Creating
AOA Diagrams
3
Loop Creating
1 2 5

Redundant Dummies 4

Activity Predecessors
A --
D
B -- 2 4
A G
C --
Remove F
D A B
E C 1 H J
5 7 8
F D
G D C
I
H A,B,C,F 3 6
I E E
J G,H,I
 Example: Find Mistakes

I 22
K 25
13
A N
P L M
12 B Q
14 30 50
T V
C R S
F 45
G 40 U 52
20 D
21 H
W
E
 A Comparison of AON and AOA
Network Conventions
Activity Meaning AOA AON

A comes before B, which

comes before C

A and B must both be

completed before C can
start

B and C cannot begin until A is

completed
 A Comparison of AON and AOA
Network Conventions
Activity Meaning AOA AON

C and D cannot begin until

both A and B are completed

C cannot begin until both A

and B are completed; D cannot
begin until B is completed.

B and C cannot begin until A is

completed. D cannot begin until
both B and C are completed.
 Exercise #1
E1-1: Draw AON and AOA
A B C D

Activity Predecessors Activity Predecessors Activity Predecessors Activity Predecessors

A -- A -- A -- A --
B A B A B -- B --
C -- C A C A,B C A
D B,C D B,C D A,B D A,B
E C E B,C E D,C E C
F D,E F C
G F G D
H D
J E
K E,F
L G,H
M H
N J,K
P L,M
 Exercise #1
E1-2: Draw AON and AOA

A B C D

Activity Predecessors Activity Predecessors Activity Predecessors Activity Predecessors

H -- A -- A -- A --
A -- B -- B -- B --
B D C A,B C -- C A
E D D B D B D A,B
C A,B E D,C E C,D E C
F H,A F A F C
D -- G A G D,E
K H H A H F,G
L K I G
M E,C J I,F,B
K F,B,E
 Exercise #1
E1-3: Draw AON and AOA
A Project includes Excavation (E), Leveling (L) and Pavement (P) in a distance of 300 km.
The defined dependencies as AON and AOA:

E L P
E L P

E2
To speed up the work, the distance is E1 L2
divided into two 150 km sections and
each group of works is done in each L1 P2
section
P1
Continue Exercise #1
E1-3: Draw AON and AOA
A)Please draw the AOA of previous PDM

B) Please draw the AOA and PDM if the distance is divided into
three100 km sections and each group of work is done in each
section
 Exercise #1
E1-4:Drawing Network

A: find Mistakes E
B F
J
J D
A G K M
H
K
A N
I L M L
N
C H
P
B
V
F I
C R T
S
U
D G

E
 Continue Exercise #1
E1-4:Drawing Network
B: Give Your Idea!!
As we learnt, AOA networks Can only show finish-to-start dependencies and AON
networks Better at showing different types of dependencies.

Please give your idea to apply the different types of dependencies on AOA networks and
draw the relevant AOA and AON for the following dependencies:

Activity Duration (Week) Predecessors

A A 12 --
B 7 SASB +4

Activity Duration (Week) Predecessors

B A 12 --
B 7 FASB -8
 Exercise #1
E1-5: Draw AOA

Final Product

Machine #1 for Manufacturing Part A

Machine #2 for Manufacturing Part B
Combined part 2
Part D Machine #3 for Manufacturing Part C & D

Combined part 1
Part C

Part B Part A
Continue Exercise #1
E1-5: Draw AOA
Production
Process: Activity Description
A Manufacturing Part A
Purchase Machine B Manufacturing Part B
C Manufacturing Part C
D Manufacturing Part D
manufacturing E Purchase Machine #1
F Purchase Machine #2
Activities:
G Purchase Machine #3
A1 Test Part A
Part Test B1 Test Part B
C1 Test Part C
D1 Test Part D
Assemble M1 Assemble Combined Part 1
M2 Assemble Combined Part 2
M Assemble final Product
Final Test t Final Test
 ‫‪Exercise #1‬‬
‫)‪E1-6: Draw AON (PN‬‬

‫در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اي‪ 2‬واﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﻗﺮار اﺳﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻻزم در ﻫﺮ واﺣﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح ذﻳﻞ اﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
 ‫‪Continue‬‬ ‫‪Exercise #1‬‬
‫)‪E1-6: Draw AON (PN‬‬
‫‪F6S7=0‬‬ ‫‪F1S2=0‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻗﺮار دادن ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي ﺑﺘﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﭘﺎك ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪F6S8=0‬‬ ‫‪F1S3=0‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﮔﺬاري ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ‪ 2‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ از اﺗﻤﺎم ﻗﺮاردادن ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي ﺑﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪F8F7+2‬‬ ‫‪F3F2+2‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﺑﺮﺳﺪ ) ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮان ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي آﺧﺮي را روي اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن و ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي‬
‫)‪(F7F8-2‬‬ ‫)‪(F2F3-2‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻗﺮار داد ( ‪.‬‬

‫‪S7S9+7‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﭘﺲ از ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ‪ 7‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ از ﺷﺮوع ﻗﺮاردادن ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي ﺑﺘﻦ و ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﮔﺬاري ‪S2S4+7‬‬
‫‪S8S9+7‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻴﻞ ﮔﺮد ﻫﺎي ﺑﺘﻨﻲ را ﺷﺮوع ﻛﺮد ‪ .‬اﻳﻨﻜﺎر ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ از ‪S3S4+7‬‬
‫اﺗﻤﺎم ﻗﺮاردادن ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي ﺑﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ اﺗﻤﺎم ﺑﺮﺳﺪ و ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ از اﺗﻤﺎم ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﮔﺬاري‬
‫‪F8F9=0‬‬ ‫‪F3F4=0‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﺗﻤﺎم ﺷﻮد‬
‫‪F7F9+1‬‬ ‫‪F2F4+1‬‬
‫‪F9S10+2‬‬ ‫‪F4S5+2‬‬ ‫‪-4‬ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺷﺮوع ﺑﺘﻦ رﻳﺰي ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ‪ 2‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺻﺮف ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﭼﻬﺎر ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ اول ﺷﻮد ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ‪ :‬ﭼﻮن ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ‪ 4‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ اول ﺗﻤﺎم ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﺳﭙﺲ ‪ 2‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ وﻗﻔﻪ ﺑﻴﻔﺘﺪ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ اﺳﺖ اﻳﻦ وﻗﻔﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻴﻞ ﮔﺮدﻫﺎ‬
‫) ﻛﻪ آﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ در ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 4‬ﺗﺎي اول اﺳﺖ ( و ﺷﺮوع ﺑﺘﻦ رﻳﺰي اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد ‪.‬‬
‫‪Continue‬‬ ‫‪Exercise #1‬‬
‫)‪E1-6: Draw AON (PN‬‬

‫‪F1S6=0‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﻛﺎرﮔﺮاﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﺎك ﻛﺮدن ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ و ﺷﻴﺐ ﺑﻨﺪي را اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫‪F4S9=0‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺎر ﺧﻮد را در ﻳﻚ واﺣﺪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ واﺣﺪ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮوﻧﺪ ‪ .‬اﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع در ﻣﻮرد ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻴﻞ ﮔﺮدﻫﺎي ﺑﺘﻨﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﻮد ‪ ،‬وﻟﻲ ﻗﺮاردادن‬
‫‪ F2S7-2‬ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي ﺑﺘﻦ در دو واﺣﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ‪ 2‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن ) ﻣﻮازي ( اﻧﺠﺎم‬
‫‪S2S7+10‬‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪ .‬در ﻣﻮرد ﻛﺎرﻫﺎي ﺑﺘﻦ رﻳﺰي ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺎ ‪ 2‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻧﻲ در دو واﺣﺪ‬
‫‪F5S10-2‬ﻳﺎ‬ ‫اﺷﻜﺎل ﻧﺪارد ‪ .‬اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﮔﺬاري ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ‪ 6‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ اﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪S5S10+2‬‬
‫‪ F3S8-6‬ﻳﺎ‬
‫‪S3S8+10‬‬