Human Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)

BSN-1108 (Week 2)
ANATOMY  Consists of bones, cartilages, and joints.
Anatomy  Supports the body and provides a framework that the
skeletal muscles use to cause movement.
 Study of Structure and shape of the body and its parts and Muscular System
their relationships to one another.
 Tomy – Cut, Ana – Apart.  Muscles of the body have only one function: to contract, or
Gross Anatomy shorten. When this happens, movement occurs.
Nervous System
 Study of visible structures of organisms without the aid of a
microscope.  Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory
Microscopic Anatomy receptors. Acts as the body’s fast-acting control system.
 Sensory receptors detect changes in temperature, pressure,
 Study of body structures that are too small to be seen with or light, and send messages to the central nervous system.
the naked eye using a microscope. so that it is constantly informed about what is going on.
PHYSIOLOGY Endocrine System
Physiology
 Controls body activities, but it acts much more slowly.
 Study of how the body and its parts work or function.  Body functions controlled by hormones are many and
 Physio - nature, Logia - study or knowledge. varied, involving every cell in the body.
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION  Endocrine glands are not connected anatomically in the
Chemical Level same way that the parts of other organ systems are. In
common is that they all secrete hormones, which regulate
 Tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules other structures.
such as water, sugar, and proteins, like those that make up Cardiovascular System
muscles.
Cellular Level  Delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances
to, and picks up wastes such as carbon dioxide from, cells
 Molecules, in turn, associate in specific ways to form near sites of exchange.
microscopic cells, the smallest units of all living things.  The primary organs of the cardiovascular system are the
heart and blood vessels. The heart propels blood out of its
Tissue Level
chambers into blood vessels to be transported to all body
tissues.
 Consist of groups of similar cells that have a common
Lymphatic System
function.
 There are four basic tissue types (epithelial, connective,
muscle, and nervous tissue) and each plays a definite but  Organs include lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other
different role in the body. lymphoid organs such as the spleen and tonsils.
 The simplest living creatures are composed of single cells,  Lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs help to cleanse
but in complex organisms such as human beings, the the blood and house white blood cells involved in
structural ladder continues on to the tissue level. immunity.
 When fluid is leaked into tissues from the blood, lymphatic
Organ Level
vessels return it to the bloodstream so that there is enough
blood to continuously circulate through the body.
 At this level of organization, extremely complex functions
Respiratory System
become possible.
 The organ is a structure composed of two or more tissue
types that perform a specific function for the body.  Keep the body supplied with oxygen and remove carbon
dioxide.
Organ System Level
 Respiratory system consists of the nasal passages, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
 Group of organs that work together to accomplish a
Digestive System
common purpose.
 Organs of the digestive system include the oral cavity
ORGAN SYSTEM (mouth), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines,
and rectum plus a number of accessory organs (liver,
Integumentary System
salivary glands, pancreas, etc.)
 Basically, a tube running through the body from mouth to
 External covering of the body, or the skin, including the
anus.
hair and fingernails.
 Their role is to break down food and deliver the resulting
 Waterproofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper
nutrients to the blood for dispersal to body cells. The
tissues from injury.
breakdown activities that begin in the mouth are completed
 Excretes salts in perspiration and helps regulate body in the small intestine.
temperature.
Urinary System
Skeletal System
Human Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)
BSN-1108 (Week 2)
 Often called the excretory system, is composed of the  Includes breaking down complex substances into simpler
kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. building blocks (as in digestion), making larger structures
 Removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood from smaller ones, and using nutrients and oxygen to
and flushes them from the body in urine. produce molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the
 A normal part of healthy body function is the production of energy-rich molecules that power cellular activities.
waste by-products, which must be disposed of. Excretion
Reproductive System
 Process of removing excreta, or wastes, from the body.
 Role is to produce offspring.  The digestive system rids the body of indigestible food
 Male testes produce sperm. Other male reproductive system residues in feces, the urinary system disposes of nitrogen-
structures are the scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and the containing metabolic wastes in urine, the skin disposes of
duct system, which carries sperm to the outside of the body. various waste products as components of sweat.
 Female ovaries produce eggs, or ova; the female duct Reproduction
system consists of the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina.
Organismal Level  Production of offspring, can occur on the cellular or
organismal level.
 Organ systems make up the living human being, or the  Reproduction of the human organism is the task of the
organism, which represents the highest level of structural organs of the reproductive system, which produce sperm
organization, the organismal level. and eggs.
 The sum total of all structural levels working together to Growth
keep humans alive.
Necessary life functions  Can be an increase in cell size or an increase in body size
that is usually accomplished by an increase in the number
 Organ systems do not work in isolation; instead, they work of cells.
together to promote the well-being of the entire body.
NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS
Maintaining Boundaries

 Every living organism must be able to maintain its

boundaries so that its “inside” remain distinct from its
“outside.”
 The human body as a whole is also enclosed by the
integumentary system or skin. The integumentary system
protects internal organs from drying out (which would be
fatal), from pathogens, and from the damaging effects of
heat, sunlight, and an unbelievable number of chemical
substances in the external environment.
Movement

 Includes all the activities promoted by the muscular system,

such as propelling ourselves from one place to another (by
walking, swimming, and so forth) and manipulating the
externa environment with our fingers.
 Skeletal system provides the bones that the muscles pull on
as they work.
Responsiveness

 The ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment

and then to react to them.
 Nerve cells are highly irritable and can communicate
rapidly with each other via electrical impulses, the nervous
system bears the major responsibility for responsiveness.
Digestion

 Process of breaking down ingested food into simple

molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood.
 Nutrient-rich blood is then distributed to all body cells by
the cardiovascular system, where body cells use these
simple molecules for energy and raw materials.
Metabolism

 Broad term that refers to all chemical reactions that occur

within the body and all of its cells.