MC2: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - helps us appreciate the interrelationships of

body structures, such as how muscles, nerves,

LESSON 1: THE HUMAN BODY blood vessels, and other structures work
 Anatomy together to serve a particular body region.
- is about structure SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
 Physiology
- is about function - study of the structures that make up a discrete
- includes observation, both with the naked body system—that is, a group of structures that
eye and with microscopes, as well as work together to perform a unique body
manipulations and measurements. function.
- study of the muscular system would consider all
- usually depend on carefully designed
of the skeletal muscles of the body.
laboratory experiments that reveal the
functions of the many structures and HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
chemical compounds that make up the
human body. - scientific study of the chemistry and physics of
the structures of the body and the ways in
HUMAN ANATOMY which they work together to support the
functions of life.
- Scientific study of body structures and
functions. HOMEOSTASIS
- Some of these structures are very small and can
only be observed and analyzed with the - state of steady internal conditions maintained
assistance of a microscope. Other larger by living things.
structures can readily be seen, manipulated,
measured, and weighed. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE
- Ana means " apart" Tomy means "to cut", and HUMAN BODY
Anatomy comes from a Greek root that means
“to cut apart.” - often is discussed in terms of six distinct levels
- First studied by observing the exterior of the of increasing complexity, from the smallest
body and observing the wounds of soldiers and chemical building blocks to a unique human
other injuries. organism.

GROSS ANATOMY ATOMS

- study of the larger structures of the body, those - smallest unit of any of these pure substances
visible without the aid of magnification. (elements) is an atom.
- is also referred to as macroscopic anatomy. - made up of subatomic particles such as the
- Macro - means “large,” Micro - means “small” proton, electron and neutron.

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY MOLECULES

- study of structures that can be observed only - chemical building blocks of all body structures.
with the use of a microscope or other - Two or more atoms combine to form a
magnification devices. molecule
- includes cytology, the study of cells and CELL
histology, the study of tissues.
- smallest independently functioning unit of a
REGIONAL ANATOMY living organism
- study of the interrelationships of all of the
structures in a specific body region, such as the
abdomen.
ORGANELLES LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

- flexible membranes that enclose cytoplasm, a - Returns fluid to blood

water-based cellular fluid together with a - Defends against pathogens
variety of tiny functioning units
RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS
TISSUE
- Removes carbon dioxide from the body
- group of many similar cells (though sometimes - Delivers oxygen to blood
composed of a few related types) that work
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
together to perform a specific function.
- Processes food for use by the body
ORGAN
- Removes waste from undigested food
- an anatomically distinct structure of the body
URINARY SYSTEM
composed of two or more tissue types.
- Each organ performs one or more specific - Controls water balance in the body
physiological functions. - Removes wasted from blood and excretes them
ORGAN SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- group of organs that work together to perform - Produces sex hormones and gametes
major functions or meet physiological needs of - Delivers gametes to female
the body.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

- Produces sex hormones and gametes

THE ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY - Supports embryo/fetus until birth
- Produces milk for infant
INARGUEMENTARY SYSTEM

- Encloses internal body structures

- Site of many sensory receptors ORGANISM LEVEL
SKELETAL SYSTEM - the highest level of organization.
- Supports the body ORGANISM
- Enables movement (with muscular system)
- living being that has a cellular structure and that
MUSCULAR SYSTEM can independently perform all physiologic
functions necessary for life.
- Enables movement (with skeletal system)
- consumes (ingest) energy and molecules in the
- Helps maintain body temperature
foods you eat, convert some of it into fuel for
NERVOUS SYSTEM movement, sustain your body functions, and
build and maintain your body structures.
- Detects and processes sensory information
- Activates bodily responses ORGANIZATION

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - A human body consists of trillions of cells

organized in a way that maintains distinct
- Secretes hormones
internal compartments.
- Regulates bodily processes

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

- Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues

- Equalizes temperature in body
COMPARTMENTS MOVEMENT

- keep body cells separated from external - includes not only actions at the joints of the
environmental threats and keep the cells moist body, but also the motion of individual organs
and nourished. and even individual cells.
- separate internal body fluids from the countless
DEVELOPMENT
microorganisms that grow on body surfaces,
including the lining of certain passageways that - all of the changes the body goes through in life.
connect to the outer surface of the body.
 Body’s largest organ system is the DIFFERENTIATION
integumentary system - unspecialized cells become specialized in
METABOLISM structure and function to perform certain tasks
in the body
- ability to use energy
- sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that GROWTH
take place in the body. - the increase in body size.
Types: REPRODUCTION
ANABOLISM - formation of a new organism from parent
- synthesis of larger molecules organisms.
- process whereby smaller, simpler molecules are OXYGEN
combined into larger, more complex
substances. - key component of the chemical reactions that
keep the body alive, including the reactions that
CATABOLISM produce ATP.
- breakdown of larger molecules NUTRIENT
- process by which larger more complex
substances are broken down into smaller - substance in foods and beverages that is
simpler molecules. essential to human survival.
- Catabolism releases energy. - three basic classes of nutrients are water, the
energy-yielding and body-building nutrients,
and the micronutrients (vitamins and minerals).
 Every cell in your body makes use of a chemical - most critical nutrient is water
compound, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), to
store and release energy. The cell stores energy HOMEOSTASIS
in the synthesis (anabolism) of ATP, then moves
the ATP molecules to the location where energy - Homeo- sameness, Stasis= stand still
is needed to fuel cellular activities. Then the - "The existence and maintenance of the
ATP is broken down (catabolism) and a balance"
controlled amount of energy is released, which - Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body
is used by the cell to perform a particular job. continuously monitor its internal conditions.
From body temperature to blood pressure to
RESPONSIVENESS levels of certain nutrients, each physiological
- ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its condition has a particular set point.
internal and external environments. - VARIABLE- factor being regulated
- SET POINT- physiological value around which
the normal range fluctuates.
FEEDBACK SYSTEM

RECEPTOR

- monitors a physiological value.

CONTROL CENTER

- compares the value to the normal range.

EFFECTOR

- causes a change to reverse the situation and

return the value to the normal range.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

- mechanism that reverses a deviation from the

set point.
- maintains body parameters within their normal
range.

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

- causes a change to reverse the situation and

return the value to the normal range.
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY DEEP - a position farther from the surface of the body.
The brain is deep to the skull.
STANDARD ANATOMICAL POSITION

- the body standing upright, with the feet at INTERMEDIATE - in between

shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. The
INSPILATERAL - same side
upper limbs are held out to each side, and the
palms of the hands face forward. Using this
CONTRALATERAL - opposite side
standard position reduces confusion. It does not
matter how the body being described is
CRANIAL - skull
oriented, the terms are used as if it is in
anatomical position. FACIAL - face
PRONE
CEPHALIC - head
- describes a face-down orientation
FRONTAL - forehead
SUPINE

- describes a face up orientation TEMPORAL - temple

REGIONAL TERMS ORBITAL/OCULAR - eye

BRACHIUM – upper arm
OTIC - ear
ANTEBRACHIUM – forearm or lower arm
BUCCAL- cheek
FEMUR – thigh
NASAL- nose
CRUS – leg

DIRECTIONAL TERMS ORAL- mouth

ANTERIOR (VENTRAL) - front MENTAL- chin

POSTERIOR (DORSAL) - back CLAVICLE- neck

SUPERIOR (CRANIAL) - above or higher than another STERNAL- breastbone

INFERIOR (CAUDAL) - below or lower than another part AXILLARY- armpit

LATERAL - the side or direction toward the side of the DIGIT/PHALANGEAL- finger
body
PUBIC- pubis
MEDIAL - the middle or direction toward the middle of FEMORAL- thigh
the body
PATELLAR- front of knee
PROXIMAL - a position in a limb that is nearer to the
CRURAL- leg or shin
point of attachment or the trunk of the body
TARSAL- ankle
DISTAL - a position in a limb that is farther from the
point of attachment or the trunk of the body. DIGITAL- toe

PEDAL- foot
SUPERFICIAL - a position closer to the surface of the
body. The skin is superficial to the bones. DORSUM- top of foot
HALLUX- great toe BODY PLANES

THORACIC- chest SECTION

MAMMARY- breast - two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional

structure that has been cut
BRACHIAL - arm
PLANE
ANTECUBITAL- front of elbow
- imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes
ANTERBRACHIAL- forearm
through the body
ABDOMINAL- abdomen
SAGITAL PLANE
UMBILICAL- navel
- divides the body or an organ vertically into right
COXAL- hip and left sides

INGUINAL- groin MIDSAGITAL/MEDIAN PLANE

PELVIC- pelvis - vertical plane runs directly down the middle of

the body
POLLEX- thumb
FRONTAL PLANE
MANUAL- hand
- divides the body or an organ into an anterior
PLAMAR/VOLAR- palm (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion
CARPAL- wrist - often referred to as a coronal plane.

OCCIPITAL- base of skull TRANSVERSE PLANE

SCAPULAR- shoulder blade - divides the body or organ horizontally into

upper and lower portions
VERTEBRAL- spinal column - produce images referred to as cross sections.
DORSAL- back BODY CAVITIES AND SEROUS MEMBRANES
LUMBAR- loin - contain and protect delicate internal organs,
SACRAL- between hips and the ventral cavity allows for significant
changes in the size and shape of the organs as
OLECRANAL/CUBITAL- back of elbow they perform their functions.
GLUTEAL- buttock

PERINEAL- region of anus & external organs  POSTERIOR (DORSAL) CAVITY

DORSUM- back of hand CRANIAL CAVITY - houses the brain
POPLITEAL- hollow behind knee SPINAL CAVITY - encloses the spinal cord
SURAL- calf CEREBROSPINAL FLUID - colorless fluid produced by the
brain, which cushions the brain and spinal cord within
PLANTAR- sole
the posterior (dorsal) cavity.
CALCANEAL- heel
  ANTERIOR (VENTRAL) CAVITY

THORACIC CAVITY

- it is enclosed by the rib cage

- contains the lungs and the heart, which is
located in the mediastinum.
- The diaphragm forms the floor of the thoracic
cavity and separates it from the more inferior
abdominopelvic cavity.

ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

- largest cavity in the body

- useful to distinguish between the abdominal
cavity
- houses the digestive organs, and the pelvic
cavity, the division that houses the organs of
reproduction.

MEMBRANES OF THE ANTERIOR (VENTRAL) BODY

CAVITY

SEROUS MEMBRANE

- also referred to a serosa

- lines the pericardial cavity and reflects back to
cover the heart
- one of the thin membranes that cover the walls
and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic
cavities.

PARIETAL LAYERS OF THE MEMBRANE

- covers the organs (the viscera)

 Between the parietal and visceral layers is a

very thin, fluid-filled serous space, or cavity.

3 SEROUS CAVITIES & THEIR ASSOCIATED MEMBRANES

Information Relay - the ability to sense changes in the environment
and then react to them
- Control center
OCHN
Metabolism
- 95%
- chemical reactions that take place in an
organism ATOM

Normal Physiologic process w/positive feedback loop - Smallest unit

- Childbirth Glucose

Anatomical position - Organic compound that brain cells primarily rely

on for fuel
- the person is standing upright and facing
forward with the legs parallel to one Another. Amino
Upper limbs, or arms, hang at either side and
- Bb of protein
the palms face forward
Suspension
Nutrients
- Batter
- all classes of nutrients are essential to human
survival Specificity
Oxygen - Enzyme’s active sites to bind only substrates of
compatible shape and charge
- essential to humans
Monosaccharides
Organ
- Primary purpose is for energy that is needed
- collection of similar tissues that performs a
immediately
specific function
Nucleotides
Midsagittal plane
- Bb of nucleic acids
- halves that gives a left and right side
Water as inorganic compound
Regional anatomy
- Due to absence of carbon
- focuses on studying all of the structures of the
ankle and the foot Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium can be found lining
the TRACHEA
d
Fibroblasts
Mediastinum cavity
- Forms fibers in connective tissues
- division of thoracic cavity that contains the
heart etc. Tendon
Renal physiology - Tissue that contains a large amount of
extracellular collagen organized as the parallel
- studies kidneys
fibers
Histology
Reticular Fibers
- study of tissues
- Extremely delicate fibers that make up the
- umbilicus is caudal to the chin
framework for organs such as liver, spleen and
Responsiveness lymph nodes
Fibrocartilage Effect of aging on the skin

- Found in intervertebral discs - Decline in the activity of the sebaceous glands

Mucus membranes Skin color

- The digestive, respiratory, urinary and - Product of all of the above

reproductive tracts are lined with
Stratum basale
- Lines walls of hollow oragans like the urinary
tract - Is where cell divisions occur
Stratum Basale Reticular layer
- The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely - Contains interwoven bundles of collagen fibers
associated with which layer of the epidermis and the protein elastin, which is responsible for
the strength of the skin
Structure
- The decrease of glandular activity is not part of
- Collagen contribution on skin aging

The dermal layer of the skin in composed mainly of Synthesis of vitamin C

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- Not an integumentary system
Stratum Corneum
Carotene
- Keeps one from drying out
- Yellow-orange pigment
Langerhans cells
Trachea
- Cells that phagocyte after having a bacteria
- Lined with pseudostratified columnar
enter the wound
epithelium
Eccrine gland
Fascia
- Present in skin throughout the body and
- Loose connective tissues
froduce watery sweat
Leukocytes
Vitamin d synthesis
- White blood cells
- Exposure of skin to the sun
Cartilage
Skin Cancer
- Slowest regeneration tissue
- Can be reduced by limited sun exposure
Stratum corneum
Peritoneum
- Not part of integumentary system
- Serosa lines the abdominal cavity and covers its
organs Melanocyte
Papillary dermis - Cells that produce the most pigment molecules
- To be cut in order to bleed Stratum basale
Dermis - Stratum germinativum
- Blood vessel location Jaundice
- Serous membranes are characterized by lining
body cavities that lack openings - Depositions of bile pigments
It is false that the medulla is surrounded by bulky cortex

Lanugo

- Downy coat of colorless hair

Environmental assaults

- Affects skin integrity during adolescence

Carotene

- Converted into vitamin A

Dehydration

- Desiccation

Callus

- Thickening of corneum

Synthesis of vitamin c

- Not a function

Sebaceus gland

- Discharge oily secration

Melanin

- Decreases in concentration win cells during

exposure to sun

Endocrine glands

- Secrete hormones

Albino indiv

- Lacks ability to produce melanin

Fibroblasts

- Produces collagen
-