Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 1

01
Some Basic Concepts
of Chemistry
Quick Revision
1. All those things that have mass and a physical 2. Some Physical Quantities
appearance can be considered as matter. (i) Mass and weight Mass (m) is the
Matter amount of matter present in a substance.
Physical classification Chemical classification Weight (w) is the force exerted by gravity
on an object.
w =m × g
where, m = mass, g = gravity.
Solid Liquid Gas Pure substances Mixtures

Heterogeneous (ii) Volume The space occupied by matter

Homogeneous (usually by liquid or a gas) is called its
volume.
Elements Compounds
Volume = (length)3 = m 3
1m 3 = (100 cm)3 = 10 6 cm 3
Metals Non-metals Metalloids = 10 3 dm 3 = 10 3 L

(iii) Density It is defined as the amount or

Inorganic compounds
mass per unit volume and has units
Organic compounds
kg m −3 or g cm −3 .
(i) Mixture is formed by mixing two or more Density = Mass/Volume
substances together in any proportion. It (iv) Temperature It is defined as the degree
can be homogeneous (uniform composition of hotness or coldness. Its unit are °C, °F
throughout) or heterogeneous (different and K but its SI unit is K.
composition throughout). 5
(ii) Pure substances have fixed composition and ° C = ( ° F) − 32
9
non-variable properties. An element is a
9
substance that contains only one type of atoms, or ° F = ( ° C) + 32
whereas a compound is formed when atoms of 5
different elements combine in a fixed ratio. ° C = K − 273.15
3. Significant Figures 6. Different Masses, Mole Concept
These are the total number of digits in a number and Formula of Compounds
including the last digit whose value is uncertain. (i) Atomic mass
Mass of an atom
Rules for counting the number of significant =
figures are as follows : (1/12) × Mass of a carbon atom (12 C)
(ii) Average atomic mass
(i ) All digits are significant except zero at the
beginning of the number. Σ pi A i
=
(ii ) The zeroes to the left of the first non-zero 100
digit in a number are not significant. p1 A 1 + p 2 A 2 + …
(iii ) The zeroes to the right of the decimal point =
100
are significant.
where, pi is the percentage abundance of
(iv ) The above rules propose that, the numbers isotope having atomic mass A i .
are expressed in scientific notation. In this
term, every number is written as N × 10n . (iii) Gram atomic mass = Atomic mass expressed
where, in gram = gram atom
N = a number with a single non-zero (iv) Molecular mass is defined as the sum of
digit to the left of the decimal point atomic masses of all the elements present in
n = an integer a molecule.
Significant figures in operational calculation (v) Gram molecular mass or gram molecule
are as follows : = Molecular mass expressed in gram
● The result of an addition or subtraction (vi) Formula mass for an ionic compound
should be reported to the same number of = number of cations × its atomic mass
decimal places as that of the term with least + number of anions × its atomic mass
number of decimal places. (vii) Relation between molecular mass and
● The result of a multiplication or division vapour density of a gas
should be reported to the same number of Molecular mass = 2 × vapour density
significant figures as is possessed by the least (viii) Mole concept and molar masses
precise term used in the calculation. ● Number of moles of atoms
● If a calculation involves a number of steps, the
Given mass of element
result should contain the same number of =
significant figures as that of the least precise Atomic mass of element
● Number of moles of molecules
number involved other than the exact number.
Given mass of molecule
4. Accuracy and Precision =
(i) Accuracy is the agreement of a particular Molecular mass
● Number of moles of gases
value to the true value of the result.
Accuracy = Mean value − True value Volume of the gas (STP)
=
(ii) Precision refers to the closeness of various 22.4 L
measurements for the same quantity. ● 1 mole = 6.022 × 10 23 particles
Precision = Individual value = Gram atomic/molecular mass
− Arithmetic mean value ● Number of molecules
5. Dimensional Analysis = number of moles × N A ,
In calculations, sometimes it becomes
where, N A = Avogadro’s number
necessary to convert units from one system to
another. This is achieved by factor label = 6.022 × 10 23
method or unit factor method (CF) or ● Number of atoms = number of molecules
dimensional analysis. × atomicity (or number of atoms in
Information sought = Information given × CF molecule of an element of a compound)
 7. Percentage Composition ● the coefficients 2 for O 2 and H 2 O are called
Mass % of an element stoichiometric coefficients.
Mass of element in 1 mole ● Similarly, for CH 4 and CO 2 , stoichiometric
of compound × 100 coefficients are 1 only.
= ● According to the above chemical reaction,
Mass of 1 mole of compound
(i) One mole of CH 4 ( g ) reacts with two moles
Molecular mass
n= of O2 ( g ) to give one mole of CO 2 ( g ) and
Empirical formula mass two moles of H 2O ( g ).
Molecular formula = n × empirical formula (ii) One molecule of CH 4 ( g ) reacts with 2
8. Empirical and Molecular Formula molecules of O2 ( g ) to give one molecule of
CO2 ( g ) and 2 molecules of H 2O ( g ).
An empirical formula represents the simplest
whole number ratio of various atoms present in a (iii) 22.7 L of CH 4 ( g ) reacts with 45.4 L of O2 ( g )
compound, whereas the molecular formula to give 22.7 L of CO2 ( g ) and 45.4 L of
shows the exact number of different types of H 2O ( g ).
atoms present in the molecule of a compound. (iv) 16 g of CH 4 ( g ) reacts with 2 × 32 g of O2 ( g )
to give 44g of CO2 and 2 × 18 g of H 2O ( g ) .
Short Trick to Find Empirical and
Molecular Formula Limiting reagent The reactant which
consumed completely in a reaction is called
Step 1 Divide percentage composition by atomic
limiting reactant / reagent. It decides the
mass to obtain atomic ratio.
amount of other reactants reacted or the
Step 2 Divide atomic ratio by minimum value of amount of products formed.
atomic ratio to obtain simplest ratio.
10.Concentration Terms of Solutions
Step 3 Multiply simplest ratio by integer to
The concentration of the solution is usually
obtain simplest whole number ratio.
expressed in the following ways :
Step 4 Write symbols of various elements (i) Mass per cent
present with their respective whole Mass of solute
number ratio as a subscript to the lower Mass per cent = × 100
Mass of solution
hand corner of symbol to obtain empirical
formula (ii) Volume percentage Volume per cent of A
Volume of A
Step 5 Multiply empirical formula by n to obtain = × 100
molecular formula Volume of A + Volume of B
 Molecular mass  (iii) Part per million, (ppm)
n =  Mass of compound A
 Empirical formula mass  ppm of A = × 10 6
Total mass of solution
9. Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric (iv) Mole fraction In case of a solution of two
Calculation components A and B, mole fraction of A ,
The calculations involving the amount of Number of moles of A
reactants and products in a given chemical χA =
Total number of moles of solution
reaction is called the stoichiometry.
nA
The number before the formula unit or =
molecules used to balance the equation are nA + nB
called stoichiometric coefficients. (where, n A and n B are the moles of A and B
● In the balanced reaction, respectively).
● CH 4 ( g ) + 2O2 ( g ) → CO2 ( g ) + 2H 2O ( g ) , Also, remember that χ A + χ B = 1
 (v) Molarity ( M ) It is defined as the number of where, M 1 and V 1 are the molarity and
moles of the solute present in 1L of the volume before dilution and M 2 and V 2 are
solution. Thus, molarity the molarity and volume after dilution
Number of moles of solute respectively.
(M ) = (vi) Molality (m) It is defined as the number of
Volume of solution (in L)
moles of solute present in 1 kg of solvent. It
Mass of solute × 1000 is denoted by m.
or M =
Molar mass of solute ×V (in mL) Thus, molality
Number of moles of solute
The units of molarity is mol L−1 or (m ) =
Mass of solvent (in kg)
mol dm −3 . Mass of solute × 1000
or m=
% by weight × specific gravity × 10 Molar mass of solute × Mass of
M =
Molar mass solvent (in g)
In case of dilution, M 1V 1 = M 2V 2 The SI unit for molarity is mol kg − 1 .

Objective Questions
Multiple Choose Questions the true value of the result. A and B
respectively are
1. If measured temperature on Fahrenheit
(a) A→ significant figures, B → accuracy
scale is 200°F then the reading on
Celsius scale will be …… . (b) A→ accuracy, B → precision
(a) 40°C (b) 94°C (c) A→ precision, B → accuracy
(c) 93.3°C (d) 30°C (d) A→ significant figures, B → precision

2. Which one of the following data has 6. The least count of an instrument is 0.01
only four significant figures? cm. Taking all precautions, the most
(a) 6 .023 × 10 23
(b) 285 cm possible error in the measurement can
(c) 0.0025 L (d) 0.200 g be …… .
(a) 0.005 cm (b) 0.01 cm
3. The number of significant figures in
(c) 0.0001 cm (d) 0.1 cm
10.3406 g is ……
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 6 7. Given that, the true value for a result is
4. The result of which of the following 2.00 g. Three students A, B and C take
has/have least significant figure(s)? two measurements and report the
0.02856 × 298.15 × 0.112 result, data to illustrate precision and
(a) accuracy as given below.
0.5785
(b) 5 × 5.364 Measurement (in g)
(c) 0.0125 + 0.7864 + 0.0215 Student
1 2 Average (in g)
(d) All have same number of significant figures. Student A 1.95 1.93 1.940
5. A refers to the closeness of various Student B 1.94 2.05 1.995
measurements for the same quantity. B Student C 2.01 1.99 2.000
is the agreement of a particular value to
 Which of the following students got the 13. If 1 mL of water contains 20 drops then
values which are both precise and number of molecules in one drop of
accurate? water is …… molecules
(a) Student A (b) Student B (a) 6.023 × 1023 (b) 1.376 × 1026
(c) Student C (d) None of these (c) 1.344 × 1018 (d) 4.346 × 1020
8. Which of the following statements 14. In which case is the number of
about the molecular mass is correct? molecules of water maximum ?
(a) Molecular formula shows the exact number (a) 0.00224 L of water vapours at 1 atm and
of different types of atoms present in a 273 K
molecule.
(b) Molecular formula can be obtained from (b) 0.18 g of water
empirical formula if molar mass is known. (c) 18 mL of water
(c) Percentage composition of a compound (d) 10−3 mole of water
can be calculated from its molecular
formula. 15. Match the following Column I with
(d) All the above statements are correct. Column II and choose the correct
codes from the option given below.
9. The weight of one molecule of a
compound C 60 H122 is …… . Column I Column II
−20 −21 A. 46 g of Na 1. 0.01 mol
(a) 1.3 × 10 g (b) 5.01 × 10 g
(c) 3.72 × 1012 g (d) 1.4 × 10−21 g B. 6.022 × 1023 2. 2 mol
molecules of H 2O
10. In the standardisation of Na 2 S 2 O 3
using K 2 Cr2 O7 by iodometry, the C. 0.224 L of O2 at STP 3. 1 mol
equivalent weight of K 2Cr 2O 7 is D. 84 g of N 2 4. 6.022 × 1023
molecular weight atoms/molecules
(a)
2 E. 1 mole of any gas 5. 3 mol
molecular weight Codes
(b)
6 A B C D E
molecular weight (a) 2 3 1 5 4
(c)
3 (b) 1 2 3 4 5
(d) same as molecular weight (c) 4 2 1 3 4
(d) 5 4 3 1 2
11. One mole of any substance contains
6.022 × 10 23 atoms/molecules. What 16. The mass per cent of different
will be number of molecules of H 2 SO4 elements present in sodium sulphate,
present in 100 mL of 0.02 M H 2 SO4 (i.e. sodium, sulphur and oxygen)
solution? (NCERT Exemplar) respectively are (NCERT Exemplar)
(a) 12.044 × 1020 molecules (a) 32.37 ; 45.06 and 22.57
(b) 6.022 × 1023 molecules (b) 22.57 ; 32.37 and 45.06
(c) 1 × 1023 molecules (c) 45.06 ; 32.37 and 40.06
(d) 12.044 × 1023 molecules (d) 32.37 ; 22.57 and 45.06
12. The number of molecules in 18 mg of 17. What is the mass per cent of carbon in
water in terms of Avogadro number, carbon dioxide?
N A is …… . (a) 0.034% (b) 27.27%
(a) 10−3NA (b) 10−2NA (c) 10−1NA (d) 10 NA (c) 3.4% (d) 28.7%
18. The empirical formula and molecular 25. 1.0 g of magnesium is burnt with 0.56 g
mass of a compound are CH2 O and O 2 in a closed vessel. Which reactant is
180 g respectively. What will the left in excess and how much? (Atomic
molecular formula of the compound? weight, Mg = 24, O = 16)
(a) C 9 H 18 O 9 (b) CH2 O (a) Mg, 0.16 g (b) O2 , 0.16 g
(c) C 6 H 12 O 6 (d) C2 H 4 O2 (c) Mg, 0.44 g (d) O2 , 0.28 g

19. Find empirical formula of the 26. For a reaction,

compound if M = 68% (atomic mass N 2 ( g ) + 3H 2 ( g ) → 2NH 3 ( g ), identify
= 34) and remaining 32 % oxygen. dihydrogen ( H 2 ) as a limiting reagent in
(a) MO (b) M2O the following reaction mixtures.
(c) MO2 (d) M2O 3 (a) 56 g of N2 + 10 g of H2
(b) 35 g of N2 + 8 g of H2
20. An organic compound on analysis was
(c) 14 g of N2 + 4 g of H2
found to contain 10.06% carbon, 0.84%
hydrogen and 89.10% chlorine. What (d) 28 g of N2 + 6 g of H2
will be the empirical formula of the 27. If 0.5 mole of BaCl 2 is mixed with
substance? 0.20 mole of Na 3 PO 4 , the maximum
(a) CH2Cl2 (b) CHCl3 number of Ba 3 (PO 4 ) 2 that can be
(c) CCl4 (d) CH3Cl formed is …… .
(a) 0.70 (b) 0.50 (c) 0.20 (d) 0.10
21. Out of two oxides of iron, the first
contained 22% and the second 28. What volume of oxygen gas (O 2 )
contained 30% of oxygen by weight. measured at 0°C and 1 atm, is needed
The ratio of weights of iron in the two to burn completely 1 L of propane gas
oxides that combine with the same (C 3 H 8 ) measured under the same
weight of oxygen is …… . conditions?
(a) 3 :2 (b) 2 :1 (a) 7 L (b) 6 L (c) 5 L (d) 10 L
(c) 1 :2 (d) 1 :1
29. How many moles of lead (II) chloride
22. Stoichiometric ratio of sodium will be formed from a reaction between
dihydrogen orthophosphate and sodium
6.5 g of PbO and 3.2 g of HCl?
hydrogen orthophosphate required for
the synthesis of Na 5 P3 O10 is (a) 0.044 (b) 0.333
(c) 0.011 (d) 0.029
(a) 1.5 : 3 (b) 3 : 1.5
(c) 1 : 1 (d) 2 : 3 30. 1 g of a carbonate (M 2 CO 3 ) on
treatment with excess HCl produces
23. What is the stoichiometric coefficient of
Ca in the reaction? 0.01186 mole of CO 2 . The molar mass
of M 2 CO 3 in g mol −1 is …… .
Ca + Al 3+ → Ca 2+ + Al
(a) 1186 (b) 84.3 (c) 118.6 (d) 11.86
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4
31. How many grams of concentrated nitric
24. In the reaction of oxalate with acid solution should be used to prepare
permanganate in acidic medium, the 250 mL of 2.0 M HNO 3 ? The
number of electrons involved in concentrated acid is 70% HNO 3 .
producing one molecule of CO 2 is …… . (a) 45.0 g conc. HNO 3 (b) 90.0 g conc. HNO 3
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 1 (d) 10 (c) 70.0 g conc. HNO 3 (d) 54.0 g conc. HNO 3
32. The mass of potassium dichromate 40. The density of 2 M aqueous solution of
crystals required to oxidise 750 cm 3 of NaOH is 1.28 g/cm 3 . The molality of
0.6 M Mohr’s salt solution is (Given, the solution is ……
molar mass : potassium dichromate [Given that, molecular mass of
= 294, Mohr’s salt = 392) NaOH = 40 g mol –1 ]
(a) 0.49 g (b) 0.45 g (a) 1.20 m (b) 1.56 m (c) 1.67 m (d) 1.32 m
(c) 22.05 g (d) 2.2 g
41. A sample of nitric acid is 69% by mass
33. The normality of 10% (w/V ) of acetic and it has a concentration of 15.44
acid is …… moles per litre. Its density is ……
(a) 1 N (b) 1.3 N
(a) 1.86 g/cc (b) 1.41 g/cc
(c) 1.7 N (d) 1.9 N
(c) 2.60 g/cc (d) 1.02 g/cc
34. If 500 mL of a 5 M solution is diluted to 42. Mole fraction of the solute in a 1.00
1500 mL, what will be the molarity of molar aqueous solution is ……
the solution obtained? (NCERT Exemplar)
(a) 0.0177 (b) 0.0344
(a) 1.5 M (b) 1.66 M
(c) 1.7700 (d) 0.1770
(c) 0.017 M (d) 1.59 M
43. 8 g of NaOH is dissolved in 18 g of H 2 O.
35. The number of molecules in 100 mL of Mole fraction of NaOH in solution and
0.02 N H 2SO 4 is …… molality (in mol kg −1 ) of the solution
(a) 6.023 × 1022 (b) 6.023 × 1021 respectively are ……
(c) 6.023 × 1020 (d) 6.023 × 1018 (a) 0.2, 11.11 (b) 0.167, 22.20
36. The molarity of one litre solution of (c) 0.2, 22.20 (d) 0.167, 11.11
22.2 g of CaCl 2 will be …… 44. Match the items of Column I with
(a) 0.4 M (b) 0.2 M Column II and choose the correct
(c) 0.8 M (d) 0.6 M codes from the options given below.
37. Dissolving 120 g of urea (mol. wt. 60) in Column I Column II
1000 g of water gave a solution of A. Mole fraction 1. M 2 × V 2
density 1.15 g/mL. The molarity of the
B. Molarity 2. The solution of higher
solution is …… concentration.
(a) 1.78 M (b) 2.00 M
C. Molality 3. It is defined as the
(c) 2.05 M (d) 2.22 M number of moles of
solute present in 1 kg of
38. What is the concentration of sugar solvent.
(C12 H 22O11 ) in mol L−1 if its 20 g are
D. M 1 × V1 4. It is the ratio of number of
dissolved in enough water to make a moles of a partial
final volume up to 2 L in mol L −1 ? component to the total
number of moles of the
(a) 0.0592 (b) 0.0292 solution.
(c) 0.0375 (d) 0.0711
E. Stock solution 5. It is defined as the number
of moles of the solute in 1
39. What will be the molality of the L of the solution.
solution containing 18.25 g of HCl gas
in 500 g of water? (NCERT Exemplar) Codes
A B C D E A B C D E
(a) 0.1 m (b) 1 M (a) 1 2 3 4 5 (b) 4 5 3 1 2
(c) 0.5 m (d) 1m (c) 1 2 5 4 3 (d) 3 2 1 4 5
 45. Match the following physical quantities 48. Assertion 1.231 has three significant
with their units and choose the correct figures.
codes from the options given below. Reason All numbers right to the
Column I Column II decimal point are significant.
(Physical quantity) (Unit)
49. Assertion Equivalent weight of Cu in
A. Molarity 1. mol CuO is 31.8 and in Cu 2O is 63.6.
B. Mole fraction 2. Unitless Reason Equivalent weight of an element
C. Mole 3. mol L−1 Atomic weight of the element
D. Molality 4. mol kg−1
=
Valency of the element
Codes 50. Assertion The empirical mass of
A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 2 1 4 3 ethene is half of its molecular mass.
(c) 3 2 1 3 (d) 1 2 4 3 Reason The empirical formula
represents the simplest whole number
Assertion-Reasoning MCQs ratio of various atoms present in a
Directions In the following questions compound. (NCERT Exemplar)
(Q.No. 46-60) a statement of Assertion
followed by a statement of Reason is
51. Assertion Molar volume of gases
change considerably with temperature
given. Choose the correct answer out of
and pressure.
the following choices.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
Reason Molar volume of a substance is
statements and Reason is the correct the volume occupied by 1 mole of that
explanation of the Assertion. substance.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
statements, but Reason is not the correct
52. Assertion The balancing of chemical
explanation of the Assertion. equations is based on law of conservation
(c) Assertion is correct, but Reason is incorrect of mass.
statement. Reason Total mass of reactants is equal
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct to total mass of products.
statement.
46. Assertion Significant figures for 0.200 53. Assertion One atomic mass unit is
is 3 where as for 200 it is 1. defined as one twelfth of the mass of
Reason Zero at the end or right of a one carbon-12 atom.
number are significant provided they Reason Carbon-12 isotope is the most
are not on the right side of the decimal abundant isotope of carbon and has been
point. (NCERT Exemplar) chosen as standard. (NCERT Exemplar)

47. Assertion A number 138.42 can be 54. Assertion Atomicity of oxygen is 2.

written as 1.3842 × 10 2 in scientific Reason 1 mole of an element contains
notation.
6.023 × 10 23 atoms.
Reason In scientific notation, a number
is generally expressed in the form of 55. Assertion Number of g-molecules of
N × 10 n , where N is a number between SO 2Cl 2 in 13.5 g of sulphuryl chloride
1.00 ... and 9.999 ... and n is an exponent. is 0.2.
 Reason Gram-molecules is equal to specific measure of the number of atoms or
those molecules which are expressed molecules in a bulk sample of matter.
in gram. A mole is defined as the amount of
substance containing the same number of
56. Assertion One mole of SO 2 contains discrete entities (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.)
equal the number of molecules present
as the number of atoms in a sample of pure
in one mole of O 2 . 12
C weighing exactly 12g. One Latin
Reason Molecular weight of SO 2 is half connotation for the word "mole" is “large
to that of O 2 . mass” or “bulk,” which is consistent with its
use as the name for this unit.
57. Assertion Molecular weight of a
The mole provides a link between an easily
compound is 44 if its vapour density
measured macroscopic property, bulk mass,
is 22.
and an extremely important fundamental
Reason Vapour density × 2 = Molecular property, number of atoms, molecules and
weight. so forth.
58. Assertion Combustion of 16 g of The number of entities composing a mole
methane gives 18 g of water. has been experimentally determined to be
6.02214179 × 10236.02214179 × 1023, a
Reason In the combustion of methane, fundamental constant named Avogadro's
water is one of the products. number (N A ) or the Avogadro constant in
(NCERT Exemplar) honor of Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro.
59. Assertion A reactant that is entirety This constant is properly reported with an
consumed when a reaction goes to explicit unit of “per mole,” a conveniently
completion is known as limiting reaction. rounded version being 6.022×1023/mol
Reason The amount of limiting reactant 6.022×1023/mol.
limits the amount of product formed. Consistent with its definition as an amount
60. Assertion Molarity of a solution unit, 1 mole of any element contains the
represents its concentration. same number of atoms as 1 mole of any
other element. The masses of 1 mole of
Reason Molarity is the number of different elements, however, are different,
moles of solute per litre of solution. since the masses of the individual atoms are
drastically different.
Case Based MCQs
The molar mass of an element (or
61. Read the passage given below and compound) is the mass in grams of 1 mole
answer the following questions : of that substance, a property expressed in
The identity of a substance is defined not units of grams per mole (g/mol).
only by the types of atoms or ions it The following questions (i-iv) are multiple
contains, but by the quantity of each type choice questions. Choose the most
of atom or ion. The experimental appropriate answer :
approach required the introduction of a (i) A sample of copper sulphate
new unit for amount of substances, the pentahydrate contains 8.64 g of oxygen.
mole, which remains indispensable in How many grams of Cu is present in the
modern chemical science. The mole is an sample ?
amount unit similar to familiar units like (a) 0.952g (b) 3.816g
pair, dozen, gross, etc. It provides a (c) 3.782g (d) 8.64g
 (ii) A gas mixture contains 50% helium The substances which react among
and 50% methane by volume. What is themselves to bring about the chemical
the per cent by weight of methane in changes are known as reactants whereas, the
the mixture? substances which are produced as a result of
(a) 19.97% (b) 20.05% the chemical change, are known as
(c) 50% (d) 80.03% products.
(iii) The mass of oxygen gas which Reactants and products of a chemical
occupies 5.6 litres at STP could be equation are separated by arrow pointing
(a) gram atomic mass of oxygen towards the products.
(b) one fourth of the gram atomic mass of
Quantitative information conveyed by a
oxygen
chemical equation is as follows :
(c) double the gram atomic mass of oxygen
● The relative number of reactant and
(d) half of the gram atomic mass of oxygen
(iv) What is the mass of one molecule of product species (atoms or molecules)
yellow phosphorus? (Atomic mass of taking part in the reaction.
phosphorus = 30) ● The relative number of moles of the

reactants and products.

(a) 1.993 × 10−22 mg
● The relative masses of the reactants and
(b) 1.993 × 10−19 mg
products.
(c) 4.983 × 10−20 mg
● The relative volumes of gaseous reactants
(d) 4.983 × 10−23 mg
and products.
Or The reactant which is present in the lesser
The number of moles of oxygen in 1L amount and gets consumed after sometime,
of air containing 21% oxygen by i.e. which limits the amount of product
volume, in standard conditions is formed is called the limiting reagent.
(a) 0.186 mol (b) 0.21 mol The reactant other than the limiting
(c) 2.10 mol (d) 0.0093 mol reagent, which is in somewhat excess is called
62. Read the passage given below and the excess reagent. The remaining amount of
answer the following questions : excess reagent is calculated by subtracting the
available amount of limiting reagent from the
A chemical reaction is a change in which amount of the excess reagent.
one or more substance(s) react(s) to form
Remember that in stoichiometric
new substance(s) with entirely different
calculations, it is very important to choose
properties.
the limiting reagent.
A chemical equation is a brief
The following questions (i-iv) are multiple
representation of a chemical reaction in
choice questions. Choose the most
terms of symbols and formulae of
appropriate answer :
substances involved in it, e.g. the reaction
of silver nitrate with sodium chloride to (i) What will be the volume of the mixture
give silver chloride and sodium nitrate can after the reaction?
be represented as NH3 (g ) + HCl(g ) → NH4 Cl(s )
1L 1.5 L
AgNO 3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO 3
1442 443 1442443 (a) 1.5 L (b) 0.5 L
Reactants Products (c) 1 L (d) 0 L
 (ii) For the formation of 3.65 g hydrogen In these questions (i-iv) a statement of
chloride gas, what volume of hydrogen Assertion followed by a statement of
gas and chlorine gas are required at Reason is given. Choose the correct answer
NTP conditions? out of the following choices :
(a) 1.12 L, 1.12 L (a) Assertion and Reason both are correct
(b) 1.12 L, 2.24 L statements and Reason is correct
(c) 3.65 L, 1.83 L explanation for Assertion.
(d) 1 L, 1 L (b) Assertion and Reason both are correct
(iii) A gas mixture contains 50% He and statements but Reason is not correct
explanation for Assertion.
50% CH 4 by volume. What is the
percentage by weight of methane in (c) Assertion is correct statement but Reason is
incorrect statement.
the mixture ?
(a) 19.97% (b) 20.05% (d) Assertion is incorrect statement but Reason
(c) 50 (d) 80.03% is correct statement.

(iv) AgNO 3 will react with 5.85 g NaCl to (i) Assertion 22.4 L of N 2 at NTP and
produce 14.35 g of AgCl and 8.5 g of 5.6 L of O 2 at NTP contain equal
NaNO 3 . Than mass of AgNO 3 will number of molecules.
be …… . Reason Under similar conditions of
(a) 1.7 g (b) 17.0 g temperature and pressure, all gases
(c) 170 g (d) 0.17 g contain equal number of molecules.
Or (ii) Assertion A reactant that is entirely
The percentage of nitrogen in urea is consumed when a reaction goes to
(a) 46% (b) 85% completion is known as limiting
(c) 18% (d) 28% reagent.
63. Read the passage given below and Reason The amount of limiting reactant
limits the amount of product formed.
answer the following questions :
(iii) Assertion Both 44 g CO 2 and 16 g CH 4
Stoichiometry is a section of chemistry that
have same number of carbon atoms.
involves a calculation based on chemical
equations. Chemical equations are Reason Both contain 1 g atom of
governed by laws of chemical carbon which contains 6.023 × 10 23
combination. carbon atoms.
The mass of reactants is equal to the mass (iv) Assertion As mole is the basic chemical
of products. The compound obtained from unit, the concentration of the dissolved
different methods contains the same solute is usually specified in terms of
elements in the fixed ratio by mass. A number of moles of solute.
mole is a counting unit, equal to Reason The total number of molecules
6022
. × 10 23 particles. of reactants involved in a balanced
One mole is also equal to molar mass chemical equation is known as
expressed in grams. molecularity of the reaction.
One mole of every gas at STP has a Or
volume equal to 22.4 L. Assertion One mole of NaCl contains
The reacting species which are consumed 6023
. × 10 23 molecules of sodium
in the reaction completely is called limiting chloride.
reagent which decides the amount of Reason 58.5 g of NaCl also contains
products formed. 6.023 × 10 23 molecules of NaCl.