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Continuity Vs Discontinuity

There are three major issues debated in developmental psychology: 1) The influence of nature vs nurture - whether development is more influenced by genetics or environment. Most psychologists believe it is an interaction of both. 2) The importance of early experiences vs later experiences. Psychoanalytic theorists believe early childhood is most influential, while others have found later experiences can also shape development. 3) Whether development is continuous or discontinuous - if changes are gradual or occur in stages. Theories include both gradual quantitative changes or sequential stages of development.

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Ariefianto Nugraha
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14K views

Continuity Vs Discontinuity

There are three major issues debated in developmental psychology: 1) The influence of nature vs nurture - whether development is more influenced by genetics or environment. Most psychologists believe it is an interaction of both. 2) The importance of early experiences vs later experiences. Psychoanalytic theorists believe early childhood is most influential, while others have found later experiences can also shape development. 3) Whether development is continuous or discontinuous - if changes are gradual or occur in stages. Theories include both gradual quantitative changes or sequential stages of development.

Uploaded by

Ariefianto Nugraha
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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There are a number of important issues that have been debated throughout the history of developmental psychology.

The major questions include the following: Is development due more to genetics or environment? Does development occur slowly and smoothly, or do changes happen in stages? Do early childhood experiences have the greatest impact on development, or are later events equally important? Nature vs. Nurture The debate over the relative contributions of inheritance and the environment is one of the oldest issues in both philosophy and psychology. Philosophers such as Plato and Descartes supported the idea that some ideas are inborn. On the other hand, thinkers such as John Locke argued for the concept of tabula rosaa belief that the mind is a blank slate at birth, with experience determining our knowledge. Today, most psychologists believe that it is an interaction between these two forces that causes development. Some aspects of development are distinctly biological, such as puberty. However, the onset of puberty can be affected by environmental factors such as diet and nutrition. Early Experience vs. Later Experience A second important consideration in developmental psychology involves the relative importance of early experiences versus those that occur later in life. Are we more affected by events that occur in early childhood, or do later events play an equally important role? Psychoanalytic theorists tend to focus upon events that occur in early childhood. According to Freud, much of a childs personality is completely established by the age of five. If this is indeed the case, those who have experienced deprived or abusive childhoods might never adjust or develop normally. In contrast to this view, researchers have found that the influence of childhood events does not necessarily have a dominating effect over behavior throughout the life. Many people with less-thatperfect childhoods go on to develop normally into well-adjusted adults. Continuity vs. Discontinuity A third major issue in developmental psychology is that of continuity. Does change occur smoothly over time, or through a series of predetermined steps? Some theories of development argue that changes are simply a matter of quantity; children display more of certain skills as they grow older. Other theories outline a series of sequential stages in which skills emerge at certain points of development. Most theories of development fall under three broad areas: 1. Psychoanalytic theories are those influenced by the work of Sigmund Freud, who believed in the importance of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences. Freuds contribution to developmental theory was his proposal that development occurs through a series of psychosexual stages. Theorist Erik Erikson expanded upon Freuds ideas by proposing a stage theory of psychosocial development. Eriksons theory focused on conflicts that arise at different stages of development and, unlike Freuds theory, Erikson described development throughout the lifespan.

2. Learning theories focus on how the environment impacts behavior. Important learning
processes include classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning. In each case, behavior is shaped by the interaction between the individual and the environment.

3. Cognitive theories focus on the development of mental processes, skills, and abilities.
Examples of cognitive theories include Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Abnormal Behavior vs. Individual Differences One of the biggest concerns of many parents is whether or not their child is developing normally. Developmental guidelines chart the age at which certain skills and abilities emerge, creating concern when a child falls slightly behind the norm. While developmental theories have historically focused upon deficits in behavior, focus on individual differences in development is becoming more common. Psychoanalytic theories are traditionally focused upon abnormal behavior, so developmental theories in this area tend to describe deficits in behavior. Learning theories rely more on the environment's unique impact on an individual, so individual differences are an important component of these theories. Today, psychologists look at both norms and individual differences when describing child development.

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