FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

MATERIAL AND STRUCTURE LABORATORY

SUBJECT CODE DRA2941

SUBJECT ENGINEERING LABORATORY 11

EXPERIMENT TITTLE TENSILE TEST

DATE OF EXPERIMENT 20 OCTOBER 2023

GROUP NUMBER 11

SECTION A22LB

1.MUHAMMAD ILMAN HAKEEMI BIN

MD AZRUL (RA22138)
GROUP MEMBER ID & NAME
2.NUR SYABANIAH BINTI KHIPLI
(RA22190)

3.MUHAMMAD ZAMIR HADI BIN MOHD

ZAILAN (RA22259)

4.YASHIKA A/P BALACHANDRAN

(RA22307)
PERSON IN CHARGE LECTURER DR.AIZAT ALIAS
TECHNICAL M. HAFIZ AL KASAH
REMARKS

ENDORSEMENT
NO CONTENT PAGE

1 Introduction 1-2

2 Objective 3

3 Apparatus/Equipment 4-6

4 Procedures 7

5 Results 8-11

6 Discussion/Analysis 12-18

7 Conclusion 19-20

8 Appendix 21

9 Reference 22
INTRODUCTION
Tensile characteristics are employed in material selection for a variety of
applications. To ensure quality, material requirements frequently include minimum
tensile characteristics. Tensile testing must be performed to determine that
materials meet these requirements. Tensile stress-strain curves can be used to
anticipate the behaviour of a material under loading conditions other than uniaxial
tension.

This is one of the most often used mechanical testing methods. It is used to
determine how strong a material is as well as how far it can be stretched before
breaking. The yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, ductility, strain hardening
properties, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio are all determined using this test
method.[1]

Stress is a direct force applied across a cross-section, and the internal forces that
are created are also distributed uniformly. Depending on the force applied, the
stress might be compressive or tensile. Tensile stress is usually positive, while
stress from compression is negative. The formula can be used to compute stress.

Stress= force/area

σ = 𝑓/𝐴
Derivation of the Stress Formula
σ = refers to the amount of stress on the object
F = refers to the force that is acting on the object.
A = refers to the cross-sectional area
1

When the steel bar has load above it, it may change in length. The strain of steel
bar can be produced from formula:

Figure 1:Typical stress-strain curve(ductile materials)

2
OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the experiment is to learn and apply the principle of the
capabilities of Universal Testing Machines (UTM) and to define the necking
process and fracture characteristics of a steel bar when they are subjected to an
axial tensile load.This test also help to determine and understand how to evaluate
yield stress,tensile stress and Young modulus of the high steel bar,fracture
stress,percentage reduction and modulus of toughness.From this tensile test,we
also can observe the type,strength and behaviour of the breakage.

3
 APPARATUS/EQUIPMENT

EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS FUNCTION

UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (UTM) To test the tensile strength and compressive
stress of a material subjected to an axial
loading

STEEL BAR SPECIMEN To provide additional strength to the

reinforcement of structure and to hold the
concrete tension.

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VERNIER CALLIPER To accurately measure the distance between
the fractured objects.

RULER To measure the length of steel bar and

gauge length of 600 mm (5D).

MARKER PEN
To mark the gauge length of 600 mm (5D)
at each portion of the steel bar,before
testing.

DIGITAL BALANCE To determine the steel bar’s weight

5
 6

PROCEDURES
 7

RESULTS
 Table 1 :Tensile test data for BRC B size 6 mm
No Load Cell Reading Stoke Reading Stress (N/mm2) Strain (mm/mm)
Change in Length Change in Length
(Kn) (mm)
1 0.00039 0 0.0138 0
2 0.00039 0 0.0138 0
3 0.00039 4.17E-05 0.0138 8.94135×10−8
4 0.00039 0.0002 0.0138 0.00046
5 0.00039 0.0006 0.0138 0.00002
6 0.00037 0.0013 0.0131 0.00004
7 0.00037 0.0021 0.0131 0.00007
8 0.00037 0.0029 0.0131 0.00010
9 0.00037 0.0038 0.0131 0.00013
10 0.00037 0.0047 0.0131 0.00016
11 0.01876 0.0055 0.6636 0.00018
12 0.02785 0.0064 0.9851 0.00021
13 0.03749 0.0073 1.3261 0.00024
14 0.04751 0.0081 1.6806 0.00027
15 0.05747 0.0089 2.0329 0.00030

1.Specimen diameter,∅ ¿ 6 mm
2.Cross sectional area, A ¿ 28.27mm2
3.Specimen Gauge Length,L ¿ 30 mm

Calculation
2
πd
A=
4
2
π (6)
¿
4
2
¿ 28.27 m m

¿ 0.00039 ×1000 Kn
8

¿ 0.39 N
 Load , p
Stress, σ =
Cross−sectional area ,a
0.39
¿
28.27
¿0.0138 N/mm2
Change∈ Length
Strain , ε=
Original Length , L
0
¿
466
¿0 mm/mm

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 Table 2 :Tensile test data for mild-bar size G250 6mm
No Load Cell Reading Stoke Reading Stress (N/mm2) Strain (mm/mm)
Change in Length Change in Length
(Kn) (mm)
1 0.00193 0 0.0683 0
2 0.00195 0 0.0690 0
3 0.00195 2.08E-05 0.0690 5.144×10−8
4 0.00195 0.0001 0.0690 0.000003
5 0.00195 0.0004 0.0690 0.000013
6 0.00197 0.0010 0.0697 0.000033
7 0.00197 0.0020 0.0697 0.000067
8 0.00197 0.0030 0.0697 0.000100
9 0.00197 0.0034 0.0697 0.000113
10 0.00197 0.0043 0.0697 0.000143
11 0.01468 0.0052 0.5193 0.000173
12 0.02400 0.0061 0.8490 0.000203
13 0.03277 0.0070 1.1592 0.000233
14 0.04140 0.0080 1.4644 0.000267
15 0.05085 0.0091 1.7987 0.000303

1.Specimen diameter,∅ = 6 mm
2.Cross sectional area, A = 28.27mm2
3.Specimen Gauge Length,L = 30 mm

Calculation
2
πd
A=
4
2
π (6)
¿
4
2
¿ 28.27 m m
¿ 0.00193 ×1000 Kn
¿ 1.93 N
Load , p
Stress, σ =
Cross−sectional area ,a
1.93
¿
28.27

10
¿ 0.0683 N/mm2

Change∈ Length
Strain , ε=
Original Length , L
0
¿
40.5
¿0 mm/mm

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DISCUSSION/ANALYSIS
1. Determination of the Young Modulus (Elastic Modulus)
a.Plot the stress against strain curve from the data obtained from Table 1.

G250
max

400 Yield point

b. Mark 350
and
state 300 the
values 250 for
200
upper and
150
lower 100
yield 50
point, 0
6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
-50 22 44 66 89 111 133 155 177 199 221 243 265 287 310 332 354 376 398 420 442 464 486 508 531 553 575 597 619
point of
-100

G250

maximum load and breakage point at the graph plotted.

c. Determine the slope of the graph and the point where the graph starts to be non
linear
2 1
σ −σ
modulus of elasticity= 2 1
ε −ε

d. From the graph determine:

Upper yield limit = 321 N/mm2
Lower yield limit = 289 N/mm2

e. Determine the ultimate tensile stress of the bar specimen using the data as
follow:
 Maximum load = 10.5523kN
maximum load , P
UltimateTensileStress = Initial Area , A
12
 10.5523
¿
28.27

f.Calculate Reduction in Area:

 Original Area (A) = 28.27 mm2

 Area at Breakage (A1) = 19.87 mm2
initial area , Ai−final area , Af
 Percentage reduction in an area¿ ×100 %
initial area , Ai
28.27−19.87
¿ ×100
28.27
¿ 29.71 %

g. Calculate the Proof Stress at 0.1%:

Proof load 0.1 %
 Proof stress 0.1% =
initial area , Ai

321
¿
28.27
2
¿ 11.35 N /mm

Graph Explanations:
a. Explain and give a comment(s) on the stress vs. strain curve graph material. Show the term
below:
Tensile strength elasticity
 After deformation, it returns to its original shape. It measures how a material responds to
a force, specifically in terms of linear deformation. Elasticity is measured in Pascals (Pa)
or gigapascals (GPa).
Ultimate tensile strength
 This is the maximum stress that a material can bear when being stretched or pushed
before breaking. It is a significant quality for building and engineering materials.
Plasticity
 The material behaves elastically, meaning it deforms under the applied load but
returns to its original shape when the load is removed. The slope of this region is
Young's Modulus (E), which represents the material's stiffness.
Young’s modulus (slope of the curve in the elastic region)

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  measure of a material's stiffness or its ability to return to its original shape after
deformation.

BRC DISCUSSION
1. Determination of the Young Modulus (Elastic Modulus):

900 BRC B
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
8 456 904 135218002248269631443592404044884936538458326280672871767624

BRC B

a. Plot the stress against strain curve from the data obtained from Table 1.
b. Mark and state the values for upper and lower yield point, point of maximum load
and breakage point at the graph plotted.
c. Determine the slope of the graph and the point where the graph starts to be non
linear.
Elastic Modulus, (E) =2575N/mm2

Young modulus/modulus of elasticity = 2575MPa

(680-0)/(2641-0)

d. From the graph determine:

Upper yield limit =780N/mm2

Lower yield limit =770N/mm2

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According to Hooke’s Law, ‘Strain is proportional to the stress causing it, providing that the
limit of proportionality has not been exceeded’. Therefore it can be summarized as:

Stress ( )  Strain ( ) Stress 

constant  Strain therefore,

Stress ( )
Constant (E) 
Strain ( )

The constant of proportionality, E is called the Elastic Modulus or sometimes referred as

Young’s Modulus. For the steel the average around 200 GPa.

2. Determination of Tensile Stress:

The present data obtained from Table 1, determine the ultimate tensile stress of the bar
specimen using the data as follow:

a. Maximum load = 21.9075

b. Ultimate Tensile Stress maximum load
Initial area

21.9075/28.27=0.77

3. Calculate Reduction in Area:

a. Original Area (A)= 60mm2

b. Area at Breakage (A1) =28.27mm2
c. Percentage reduction in an area

= ((60-28.27)/60)X100

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 = 52.88%

4. Calculate the Percentage of Elongation, e (for 50mm):

d. On the 50mm Gauge Length (l) =50 mm

e. Gauge Length at Breakage (Lo) =33.14mm
f. Percentage elongation, e

= ((50-33.14)/50)X100

=33.72%

5 ) Calculate the Proof Stress at 0.1%

Proof stress 0.1% = proof load 0.1%

Initial area A

=(780(0.1x100))/28.27
=275.91

6.Graph Explanations:

g. Explain and give a comment(s) on the stress vs. strain curve graph

material. Show the term below:

i. Tensile strength elasticity

• After deformation, it returns to its original shape. It measures how a
material responds to a force, specifically in terms of linear deformation.
Elasticity is measured in Pascals (Pa) or gigapascals (GPa).

ii. Ultimate tensile strength

16
 • This is the maximum stress that a material can bear when being stretched
or pushed before breaking. It is a significant quality for building and
engineering materials.

iii. Plasticity
The material behaves elastically, meaning it deforms under the applied load
but returns to its original shape when the load is removed. The slope of this
region is Young's Modulus (E), which represents the material's stiffness.

iv. Young’s modulus (slope of the curve in the elastic region)

• measure of a material's stiffness or its ability to return to its original

shape after deformation.

7.Analyses and discusses the differences and similarity of information gain from (1.)
until(6.) for mild steel and high yield steel.
1000

800

600

400

200

0
8 616 12241832244030483656426448725480608866967304
-200 BRC B G250

Mild steel is known for having low tensile and yield strengths. Mild steel
information is frequently centred on its use in situations where strength is not the
primary issue, such as general construction and low-stress applications. The
formability, weldability, and cost-effectiveness are more important.

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 High yield steel, as the name implies, has much higher tensile and yield strength than
mild steel. High yield steel information emphasises its applicability for
applications requiring strength and load-bearing capability, such as bridge
building, offshore structures, and high-stress components.

8.Discuss the cause and error during experiment work which affected the
experiment results.
 Human errors are one of the most common sources of experimental
errors. They can include mistakes in measurements, data recording, and
even the execution of experimental procedures. For example, misreading
a scale with vernier calipers.
 Instruments and equipment used in experiments can have inherent errors.
These errors can be due to calibration issues, sensitivity, or limitations in
the equipment itself.

CONCLUSION

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 Tensile tests revealed that steel was the most durable material.Steel has been
shown to have greater strength and stiffness qualities.Both specimens'
experimental results for the attributes of the materials tested were close to the
prescribed values.This indicates that the test technique was followed correctly and
that the item examined was free of significant defects. Due to instrumental errors
and variations in the atomic structural qualities of the material utilised, a slight
deviation from the given value is correct. We acquired the mechanical properties of
6mm G250 steel bars by this tensile test using tensile tests done on a universal
testing machine (UTM). A steel bar feels elastic and plastic deformation when
stretched in a universal testing 19 machine (UTM). The strain hardening
phenomenon happens when a steel bar gets more reinforcement until it becomes
pure.
Using a universal test machine, we successfully tested the tensile strength of
mild steel. We were able to figure out the young modulus, ultimate tensile strength,
and metal stress value from the data we collected. Mild steel has higher scores in
all three qualities, indicating that it is stronger and more durable. The steel bars in
the experimental form have gone through numerous stages, include clastic limit,
yield, strain hardening, necking, and turning or breaking. To discover the
parameters of G250 6mm steel bar, data has been gathered through experiments
and a stress versus strain graph was developed. First, we obtain the rated limit of
steel bar for the graph.
Following the completion of our experiment, there were numerous proposals
to improve the tensile test findings in a variety of ways.The first step is to have a
suitable specimen preparation.It is because it is necessary to guarantee that the
specimen is properly machined and aligned with the test axis, as well as to
minimise surface imperfections or irregularities. In addition, while doing the
experiment, the environment must be controlled. Its purpose is to guarantee that
the material is flawless and has a consistent composition. Inaccurate outcomes may
arise from using materials that are not homogeneous or that have flaws.
It very important for tensile testing on industrial application.One of the main
reason is A tensile test machine can verify whether candidate materials pass the
required strength and elongation requirements for a certain product. In the metals
industry, tensile testing provides an opportunity to discover new alloys, their
qualities, and the possible uses they might have. This can lead to improved
materials, which are beneficial to both manufacturers and end users. (htt)Other
more, tensile tests are performed to measure19the mechanical properties of various
materials, supporting engineers and material scientists in selecting the best material
for a given application. In the aerospace sector, for example, the selection of
materials for aircraft components is important to ensuring safety and performance.
In summary, the tensile test is a valuable and standardised method for
evaluating the mechanical properties of materials, letting engineers and material
scientists to make informed material selection, design, and safety decisions. The
information obtained from a tensile test is critical for applications ranging from
automotive and aerospace to manufacturing and construction.

APPENDIX

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REFERENCES
1. https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/what-is-tensile-
testing