Language, Editing, SummariesEDITING Ensure that you can identify and explain the following editing/language terms: Acronyms and Abbreviations ‘Active and Passive voice Ambiguity ‘Americanisms ‘Antonyms Apostrophe use Clichés Comma Splice Concord 10, Dashes 11. Degrees of Comparison 12, Direct and Reported Speech 13. Double Negative 14, Generalisations 15, Homonyms 16. Homophones 17. Hyphens 18. Inconsistent use of pronouns 19. Literal and Figurative Language 20. Malapropism 21. Misrelated Participle / Dangling Participle 22. Oxymorons and Paradoxes 23. Parentheses 24. Phrases and Clauses 25. Prefixes and Suffixes 26. Pun 27. Redundancy 28. Register 29. Simple, Complex and Compound Sentences 30. Split Infinitive 31. Spoonerisms 32. Synonyms 33. Tautology 34. Tense errors 35. Verbosity Per AVAL1, Acronyms and Abbreviations Abbreviations and acronyms are shortened forms of words or phrases. An abbreviation is typically a shortened form of words used to represent the whole (such as Dr or Prof) while an acronym contains a set of initial letters from a phrase ‘that usually form another word (such as radar or seuba).. Abbreviations and acronyms are often interchanged, yet the two are quite distinct. The main point of reference is that abbreviations are merely a series of letters while acronyms form new words. Remember the rule for punctuation an abbreviation? ifthe abbreviation and the word end on the same letter, NO FULLSTOP! ACRONYM VERSUS ABBREVIATION 2 Active > Subject, verb, object. (She kicks the ball.) Passive > Object, verb, BY object. (The ball is kicked by her.) Remember to stay in the same tense! ACTIVE VOICE AS allele Le iM : a a Se q — |Pomcloutbe house la towne, sleaed by Tom. Proven —|Rigow, Rig now. the Continsoas | Sah is feteris being lg eter writen by Sua, Simple | Samrepaired he |The car wan ae jrepaleed by Sa. Pet | Tienatoman was |The comer wa Continous helping be beg etped by customer when the the silesman when3. Ambiguity Ambiguity is 4 word, phrase or statement which contains more than one meaning. Ambiguous statements lead to vagueness and contusion, and shape the basis for unintentional humour. © “Lrode a black horse in red pajamas,” because it may lead us to think that the horse was wearing the red pajamas. * Sign outside a petrol station café: “Kirsty’s Café ~ Eat Here and Get Gas” ‘+ Newspaper headline: “Two sisters reunite after 20 years in a bank.” ‘Newspaper headline: “Stolen painting found by tree.” See eee eee oi Speers reece pcre rece reraeteerrrer etree eel 4 Suny, 1 RRS ET Fenn ED, ie CRORE Taneee Win anoezToons Com SOLVE THIS STORY PROBLEM wire § BILL WANT To SAKE AN APPLE PIE. KATE HAS 2 APPLES, AND wiLL MAS 2 APPLES. HOW MANY more APPLES DOTHEY NEED? et nani Wy “The story is thin, the female part is underwritten, and the ending is ambiguous.” fT4, ‘An Americanism is when an American word or spelling is used in South African English. © Humor (humour) * Color (colour) * Barbeque (braai) * Sneakers (tackies) ‘* South Africanisms: 5. Anton: Words of opposite meaning. Hot/cold, up/down, crazy/sane, beautifullugly, day/night, young/old 6. Apostrophe use Apostrophes are ONLY used for two reasons: + Possession ~ specify singular or plural (The child’s toy, my mom’s car, the dogs” leashes) © Omission/Contraction (don’t, won't, can’t, I’m, I'll, you're, it's > IT IS!) APOSTROPHES ARE NEVER, EVER, EVER, EVER, EVER, EVER USED FOR PLURALS!7. Clichés A cliché is an expression, idea or element of artistic work which has become overused to the point of losing its original meaning or effect, even to the point of being trite or iritating. + No pain, no gain! Any of the “Keep Calm and...” posters Raining cats and dogs Tam all ears Quit while you're ahead Don’t hold your breath Go the whole nine yards Think outside the box— Curiosity ‘killed the cat ‘Oh great! I'm stranded ina cartoon clichél ur 8. Comma Splice This occurs when a comma separates two main clauses. Use a fullstop! This is a comma splice, the two main clauses ate separated by a clause. | got up late this morning, I didn’t have time for breakfast. Thave trouble with punctuation, I just don’t have any comma sense. A comma splice walks into a bar, it has a drink and then leaves. Stay off the grass, it needs time to grow. So how do we fix it? There are three options: Sale BRS Tc gia) MU Coma Cis DON'T SPLIC! 2.Add a FANBOYS. : ttt eee eC my semicolon. 9. Concord ‘Agreement in a sentence, usually between subject and verb. * Tare happy. (I am happy.) ‘© The boys is naughty. (The boys are naughty.) ¢ Thabo, as well as Andrew, are handsome. (Thabo, as well as Andrew, IS handsome.) © They will win if the team score a goal! (They will win if the team scores a goal.)10. Dashes / Brackets Like all punctuation marks, dashes/brackets ensure the clarity of writing by setting apart words, phrases, and clauses that are not part of the grammatical structure of the main clause but provide additional information. Parentheses indicate more emphasis than commas; dashes indicate more emphasis than parentheses. 1 Separate appositives that contain commas Appositives are nouns, pronouns, or noun phrases that modify or explain another noun, pronoun, or noun phrase. © My cousins—Oliver, Harry, and Lyra—eannot attend my birthday party. * The teacher wrote the ties of the books—The Golden Compass, The Subtle Knife, and The Amber Spyglass—on the board. 2. Introduces emphasis, Tam afraid to fly — although I know riding in an airplane is safer than driving a car. Many employees ~ mostly recent graduates with student loans - must ride the bus to work. The idea that women are inferior to men is ridiculous ~ even preposterous. ‘That many children go hungry every day in American is sad — possibly tragic, 3. Enclose clarifications ‘* We owe the bank thirty thousand dollars ($30,000), ‘+ Books in IRMA (Infrequently Requested Materials Area) are still available for patron use. 4. Enclose asides and additional information ‘© Many patrons (mostly freshmen and transfer students) will need a tour of the library. ‘+ My boss finally answered (after ignoring me for an entire week) that she could not transfer me to another department. * Your neighbours (the people who left their broken truck in the middle of the road) are quite annoying, ‘© My puppy - he was completely potty-trained in less than a day - needs to go outside at least three times a day. 5. Introduce explanations ‘© The Fourth Amendment—protection from unreasonable search and seizure—prevents the police from entering my house and taking my belongings on a whim, ‘© The first law of motion (every object in motion will stay in motion until acted upon by an outside force) explains why a ball dropped from the top of a roof will not stop in mid-air but will continue to fall until it hits the ground. 6, Introduce an explanation of a preceding series + Reliability, trustworthiness, diligence—this company only hires employees with all of these traits Male and female, old and young, short and tall—people of all shapes and sizes can participate in activities at the ‘community centre. Enclose numbers or letters in a list + Prepositional phrases function as (1) modifiers, (2) complements, (3) adjuncts, (4) adverbials, and (5) subjects. ‘* The department is looking for a new manager who (1) can work any shift, (2) will work multiples shifts per day, and (3) is willing to work overtime.11, Degrees of Comparison ‘Adjectives have three forms — positive, comparative and superlative. (LIKE: Smart, smarter, Mrs Buss ©) You cannot use the superlative when only two things are being compared, (I am the richer of us two, not the richest. She is the prettier of the two sisters, not the prettiest.) Adjectives of two syllables » Some adjectives of two syllables add -er and -est. + For adjectives ending in y cut y then add-ier and lest. . Se 12. Direct and Reported Speech ‘When changing from one to the other, remember to STAY IN THE SAME TENSE! Use the ‘leading’ verb, in direct speech, as the indicator of tense. (She said, he stated, they yell, I say, etc.) Remember to change pronouns and adverbs~ I/me, me/her ete, today/that day, tomorrow/the next day, here/there, this/that etc. Rules for changing direct speech into indirect. = Deu tinrarmaenttermteres aan eee eee ee eee ee ee ecume, | Suerte sour he wean a8 SS Seer ese cere areas ae See ine Sane Geena pee eee o mncey sone vem enemas13. Double Negative A double negative uses two negative words in the same clause to express a single negative idea: ‘* We didn't see nothing, [= We saw nothing] ‘© She never danced with nobody. [ = She didn't dance with anybody.] The rules dictate that the two negative elements cancel each other out to give a positive statement instead, so that the sentence ‘I don’t know nothing" could literally be interpreted as ‘I do know something’. dane DOR OF ENGLISH MASORS RULES OF GRAMMAR #16 mesa “bmi ie NEGATIVES. are aNO-NO e 14, Generalisations A written or spoken statement in which you say or write that something is true all the time when it is only true some of the time: Generalisation can be dangerous, Blondes have more fun, Lawyers are crooked. Teachers have no life... © Rugby players are not clever. Politicians are corrupt.15. Homographs A homograph is a word that is spelled identically to another word but none the less has a different meaning and probably a different origin. You will doubtless be annoyed if you tear your trousers while climbing over a fence. Indeed, you may be so upset that you shed a tear. As you can see, ‘tear’ and ‘tear’ are spelled identically, but they are pronounced differently and have entirely different meanings. They are good examples of a homograph. Many homographs are not even pronounced differently. Thus the word ‘hide’ sounds exactly the same whether you are talking about the skin of an animal, a measure of land or the verb meaning to conceal or keep out of sight. Homographs 16. Homonyms Homonyms are two or more words that have the same sound or spelling but differ in meaning, ‘* "Your children need your presence more than your presents. "(Jesse Jackson) ‘* Lenjoy bass fishing and playing the bass guitar. ‘© The group's lead singer carried a lead pipe for protection. Homonyms 17. Homophones ‘Words that sound the same but have different meaning. FEELING HOLY FEELING WHOLLY FEELNG HOLEY.THEY'RE going to THEIR house because you are (fy not THERE \“ t's not rocket science. aes 18, Hyphens Hyphens are used to link words and parts of words. They are not as common today as they used to be, but there are three main cases where you should use them: * To create compound words > a pick-me-up, mother-in-law, good-hearted, accident-prone, computer-aided, good- looking, sugar-free, power-driven, quick-thinking. REMEMBER TO SPECIFY WORD CLASS! ‘* To join prefixes to other words > pre-2018, post-Apartheid, multi-talented, mass-produced + To show word breaks > when you hyphenate a word at the end of the line. PLEASE REFRAIN FROM DOING THIS! We Need Hyphens because working twenty four-hour shifts is not the same as working twenty-four hour shifts or twenty-four-hour shifts. 19. Inconsistent use of pronouns [erase bingy baaint tet eed ee Keep your point of view consistent caver topes we wit 99 wah oe at red Fate wing coe eed ard “ee wen an ret enters the bude, ya see the ce ted You dan choose plain water \ decay. ‘The grenouns do not match nhs sentence, One tard person ‘euler and you's second person. ‘When one fist enters the building, one sees the office irectory, Bath pronouns in is tence arte parson. The sertece ae Afletes = third person point of view aia be changed to second person Ital depends on you tr. You = second person point of view There has been a shift from third person to second person When yo rat eter the bung, you 808 the ace erect. if from th point of view, which is inconsistent and incorrect. 20. Literal and Figurative Language Literal Tanenase nses words exactly according to their conventionally accented meaninas ar denotationFigurative (or non-literal) language uses words in a way that deviates from their conventionally accepted definitions in order to convey a more complicated meaning or heightened effect. Figurative language is often created by presenting ‘words in such a way that they are equated, compared, or associated with normally unrelated meanings. 4 FROM THE BOTTOM WINDOW SHOPPING OF YOUR HEART 21. Malapropism Malapropism is the use of an incorrect word in place of a similar sounding word that results in a nonsensical and humorous expression. ‘© Mrs Malaprop said, “Illiterate him from your memory.” (obliterate) Rainy weather can be hard on the sciences. (senses) Alice said she would not eat crabs or any other crushed Asians. (crustaceans) You lead the way and we will precede. (proceed) My affluence over my brother is very small. (influence) Having one wife is called monotony, (monogamy) The flood damage was so bad they had to evaporate the city. (evacuate) Dad says the monster is just a pigment of my imagination, (figment) Flying saucers are just an optical conclusion. (illusion)Ma Its fleas were white as snow. “Remember, Jefty. if the dodge ball hits you, you'll be illuminated.” MALAPROP BAAN! YOU WE'LL START WITH FRENCH HAVE LOTS OF 01 Me tors s ae IN SOUP hi SMEEZER ani THERE! Ty SOY cum DINER COR IA my GiReFeIEND Tong! THEN WELL HAVE A WRECK OF sawp pare ITLL BE A MEAL SHELL NEVER LAMB PAIRED wiTH A VINTAGE NEBRASKA FORGET~-ONE PASTY FITE AFTER FOR DESSERT! ANODNAL 22. Misrelated Participle / Dangling Participle Misrelated participles (also called dangling participles) occur when a participial phrase is attached to the wrong noun, or the participial phrase is not attached to a noun at all ‘* Having finished the assignment, the TV was turned on. (Did the TV finish the assignment?) ‘+ Walking down the street, the streetlights came on. (Did the streetlights walk down the street?) Rushing to catch the bus, a @ Tm ‘Seth's wallet fell out of his pocket.0 8 UR aD Having finished my dinner, the waitress offered to bring Out the dessert tr tray. ‘Waiting for the bus, the time went by slowly After doing my homework, my mother descriptive word or phrase] that hae been misplaced. The incorrect placement alters the meaning of the sentence by suggesting a ‘meaning or image other than what the writer actually meant. baked me a fresh batch of 23. Oxvmorons and Paradoxes. ‘An oxymoron is a combination of two words with almost opposite meanings, to describe a peculiar condition, bitter sweet, false truth, big baby, well-known secret, deafening silence, minor crisis, civil war A paradox describes a situation that seems very strange or impossible because of two opposite qualities or facts. © The more you fail, the more likely you are to succeed. ‘© The more something scares you, the more you should probably do it. Maybe if we over- {etting-A-Job Paradox paid our teachers and under-paid our ( nopiving tor aio ) , 4 Pop artists .... ... there would » 4 better education and Jess bad music !! cece eae qa rere atThere are 3 types of parentheses ~ dashes, brackets and commas. Mostly used to add extra information to the main clause of the sentence. ‘+ The girl, who is wearing a red dress, is pretty. ‘+ Lam (despite not sleeping well last night) alert in class today! ‘+ GHS’s English teachers are — without a doubt — the coolest teachers in the world. asc aeRO sanacenioonnce fees (<= The a Ga brown beseled is}e Nd td sy TENIN STARTING MT 35, Verbosity Verbosity or verboseness is speech or writing that uses more words than necessary. f ASnapchat filter of a Be atec preauct commanty own SP Amest procuce mace prmariyEDITING EXERCISE 1: (This is an easy one!) | 20 THINGS YOU DIDN’T KNOW ABOUT. YOUR BODY: 1. Scientists say the higher you're IQ the more you dream, 2. You use 200 mussels to take one step. 3. The average woman is 12,7em shorter then the average man. 4. Your big toes have two bone each while the rest have three. 5. A pair of human feet contain 250 000 sweat glands, 6. The acid in your stomach is strong enough to disolve razor blades. 7. It takes food seven seconds to get from one’s mouth to your stomach. 8. The average human dream lasts 2-3 seconds 9. There is about two trillion bacteria on your feet. 10. Your body gives of enough heat in 30 minutes to boil 1,8 litres of water. 11. The enamel in your teeth is the hardest substanse in your body. 12. Your teeth start to grow 6 months before you are born. 13, When you look at someone you love, your pupils dilate, they do the same when you look at someone you hate. 14. Blondes have more hair then dark-haired people. 15. Your thumb is the same lenght as your nose. | 16. You cannot lick your own elbow. | 17. Your foot is the same size as the distance from your wrist and elbow. | 18. One cannot sneeze with your eyes open, 19. Human beings are the only species that allow their kids back in2 the nest. 20. Your body contains the same amount of lead as an average-sized HB pencil. Questions: (20x1 1. Insert the missing comma, 2. Correct the homophone error. 3. Correct the conjunction error. 4, Cotrect the noun error. 5. Correct the concord error. 6. Correct the spelling error. 7. Correct the pronoun error. 8. Correct the punctuation error. 9. Correct the concord error. 10.A common mistake has been made, Write down the incorrect word and its correction. 11.Correct the spelling error. 12.Replace the infinitive with a present participle. Do not change the meaning of the sentence. 13.Correct the comma splice. 14.Correct the conjunction. 15.Correct the spelling error. 16.Remove a redundant word. 17.Cortect the preposition. 18.Replace one word of negation with a contraction. Do no change the meaning of the sentence. 19.Rewrite the last 5 words in more formal register. 20.Explain the function of the hyphen.EDITING EXERCISE 2: (Please note: the numbers of the questions relate to the whole sentence) THE AFRICAN RATTLE AND ROLL T._] Being too poor to afford their own cars, local taxi networks are heavily replied on for transport in the urban and rural areas. Drawing on his trans-A frican experiences, Hamilton Wende tells us how to tell our matafus from our tro-tros—and how to survive the colorful journey from A to B. 3. | Anybody who has travelled in Attica will know what minibus taxis mean to the people on the content, 4, | Ineach and every city from Cairo to Cape Town you will see minibuses crammed with travellers rushing through the choking traflc, stopping unexpectedly to pick up another fare-paying customer, or swerving madly to avoid a pothole in the road ‘They are also use to carry people from the cities to the smaller towns and villages. (On the bush and savannah roads. ‘The minibuses are piled high with stuff strapped to the roof. “In Ghana,” a friend told me, “you will find suitcases, jerry cans of petro, chickens, guinea fowl, goats tied to the roof. 9. | Many minibus taxis are badly maintenanced, and accidents, when they happen, can involve a large number of | people. 10. | So nobody does not want to travel in them. IL, | In South Africa, there are a complex set of finger signs that prospective passengers have to lear before they can be sure of getting tothe correct destination. 12, | Ifyou stand on the side of the road with you're index finger held upwards that means you want to head for the centre of the city. 13. | People say the upraised finger represents the tall buildings of Johannesburgs skyline, 14, | Ifyou are just travelling locally, you hold your finger pointing downwards ~ but no one seems to exactly remember why, 15, | Anyway, as somebody told me, “the signs differ in town to town’. 16. | On many of these taxis, the sides and windows are painted with bright colours and slogans, some are sponsored by businesses and sport flashy advertising catchphrases on their doors. 17, | As a result of the rough roads. most taxis in Affica suffer from severe gravel rash and, thus, need to be resprayed badly. | 18. | Often they have short passages from the Bible sprayed onto the rear windows: at other times there are simple messages aimed at the passengers like “go well” or even “There's no use crying over spilt ink”. 19. | Atthe end of the day, these rainbow-coloured taxis that would stick out like a sore thumb in first world countries, when all is said and done, prove thatthe taxi industry in Africa is the best thing since sliced bread — and this is the bottom line. 1, Correct the misretated participle. 2. Identify an Americanism and rewrite the word in Standard English. 3. Correct the malapropism. 4. Correct the tautology. Write our only the affected words. 5, Write the correct form of the verb. 6. Name the error. 7. Supply a more suitable synonym for “stuff” 8. Supply the missing conjunction. Write out only the affected words. 9. A word has been used incorrectly. Rewrite it in its correct form. 10. Correct the double negative. Write out the whole sentence. L1. Correct the concord error. 12. Correct a misspelt word. 13, Insert an apostrophe in the correct place. Write only the affected word. 14. Correct the split infinitive. 15. A preposition has been used incorrectly. Write down the incorrect preposition with the correct one next to it, 16. Correct the comma splice. Write out the whole sentence. 17. Rewrite the sentence removing any ambiguity. 18. Write the correct form of the well-known proverb. 19. Rewrite this verbose and clichéd sentence more concisely. Do not exceed fifteen words. (This question is worth 2 marks.)EDITING EXERCISE T | Good morning, first aiders. 2 | Thave been asked to briefly tell you about the basies of Coronary Pulmonary Resucitasion. 3. | If there has been an accident which could, in any way, have injured the persons spine, they should 4 _| never be moved ~ specifically, their head should be kept very still. There is a risk of snapping the | spinal column completely if you move the victim without stabilizing him. 6 | Ideally, you should not try C-P.R. unless you have been trained to do so, so do that course soon! but, of 7 | course, accidents do happen, as the saying goes. 8 | Ifyou ate comforted with a victim who is not breathing, having at least some idea of how to help to do 9 | itwould help. 10 | Open up the airway by tilting the head and chin, Never do this if you suspect that there has been a neck 11 | injury as it could aggravate the injury. You need to feel for obstructions if you have reason to believe 12_ | that the patient has swallowed something. 13. | Listen and feel for breathing for ten seconds. count the seconds one zambezi two zambezi three 14. | zambezi. If there is no breathing, place your mouth over the patients then breathe into the mouth hard 15 | twice. 16 | Feel fora pulse for ten seconds. The easiest place is on the jugular vain in the neck. If there are no 17 _| pulse, start chest compressions. For adults, do fifteen compressions followed by two mouth-to-mouth 18 | breaths four times before you feel for a pulse again, Press to a depth of about 4-5 centimetres. For 19 | children, do five, followed by one breath, 20 times over. Press to a depth of about 2,5-3,5 centimetres. 20 _| Having listened to my talk, the subject of C.P.R. should now be a little clearer to you all 1. Name and correct the error in line 2. @ 2. Correct the spelling error in line 2. a) 3. Insert the missing punctuation mark in line 3. a) 4. State the function of the punctuation mark inserted in question 3. a) 5. Correct one personal pronoun in line 3. a) 6. Correct one personal adjective in line 4 to continue the sequence of case in your answer to 5. (1) 7. Rewrite lines 6-7, removing all asides. Rewrite with the correct tone. 2) 8. Correct the malapropism in line 8. a) 9. To eliminate ambiguity, substitute the underlines pronoun in line 9 with an appropriate noun, (1) 10. State the redundant preposition in line 8. a) 11. Rewrite the sentence in lines 13-14 (count one zambezi...three zambezi) with the necessary punctuation. Q) 12. Rewrite the sentence fragment, “place your mouth over the patients then breathe into his mouth hard (lines 14-15), correcting the apostrophe error and placing the adverb of manner in the correct, position. @) 13. Correct the homophone error in line 16. a) 14. Correct the concord error in lines 16-17. a) 15. Correct the misrelated participle in line 20. Rewrite the sentence correctly. Q) (20)EDITING EXERCISE 4: Matric exams are easy — and mean very jansen Staff Writer 2 3 Proffesor Jonathan Jansen UFS vice chancellor and rector, has a message for matrics: well done if you passed your exams ~ but remember that it means very little In an open letter, published on BusinessLive, Jansen extended congratulations to matric learners who passed their exams, and encouraged those who failed to try again. But his words carried a much harsher truth — warning matriculants that the standards of South ‘African education is very low, and that even the top performers are probably not as smart as they think “Passing Grade 12 in South Africa is really actually quite easy, and it means very little. The standards are low and the marks are adjusted upwards for most subjects,” Jansen said. More specifically, Jansen said that exams in South Africa are designed to compensate for the dysfunction in a large amount of schools, “because the politicians are too scared to confront those who hold hostage the potential of all our pupils”. “Resist the temptation of here-and-now thinking, Focus on what you will build up, not what one will break down. Make your own decisions and resist, at all costs, the temptation to follow a crowd,” was Jansen’s message to Grade 12 leamers. They should except responsibility for their own education and future, https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/148933/matric-exams-are-easy-and-mean-very-little-jansen/ 1. Correct the spelling error in paragraph 1. qa 2. Account for the use of the italics in paragraph 2. oy) 3. Rewrite the underlined clasue in paragraph 2 in the passive voice. a) 4. Correct the concord error in paragraph 3. a) 5. Replace “it” in paragraph 4 with an appropriate noun / noun phrase. a 6. Correct the tautology in paragraph 4. a 7. “More specifically, Jansen said that exams in South Africa are designed to compensate for the dysfunction in a large amount of schools.” ‘A word has been incorrectly used in the above sentence. Write down the word that should have been used instead. a) 8. Rewrite the underlined sentence in paragraph 6 so that it is grammatically correct. a 9. Why is an apostrophe used in “Jansen’s message” in paragraph 6? a 10. Correct the malapropism in the last line of paragraph 6. a) [0]EDITING EXERCISE 5: history. This is how it happened: Sindi’s father enjoyed exploring caves on the family’s farm in Northern Province and Sindi sometimes accompanied him. One day in 2003, she made a discovery of cave art that dated back to the Ice Age, which was the coldest period in the history of the earth. Sindi’s father was too tall to see the cave’s low ceiling, but fortunately, Sindi was short enough to 5 view the life-like animals painted there. The animals were painted in a variety of colours. Furthermore, the artist had used uneven surfaces to give them a three-dimensional quality. The photographs taken of the new findings were important as these paintings had remained hidden for all of recorded history. it hard to believe that a young girl, named Sindi, could change the world’s understanding of 1 ] Sindi’s discovery at the cave, now called Alta Mera, has led to much debate. Sientists believe that 10 the paintings are about 15 000 years old. Philosophers is reflecting on the timeless question “What purpose did this spectacular art serve in the lives of prehistoric people?” 1. Explain the differences in the use of the apostrophe in the words “It’s” (line 1) and “family’s” (line 2) (2) 2. Replace the word “hard” (line 1) with a more suitable word, a 3. Identify the function of the commas in line 1 a) 4. Identify the function of the colon in line 2. a 5. Identify the part of speech of the word “cave” (line 4). wo 6. Supply a synonym for the word “period” (line 4), a 7. Choose the correct answer trom the given alternatives: oO ‘The clause, “...which was the coldest period in the history of the earth” (line 4-5) is a/an adverbial clause modifying “Sindi” noun clause, subject of “discover” subordinate clause qualifying “Iee Age” subordinate clause qualifying “one day” vor 8. Refer to the last paragraph. 8.1 Correct the spelling error ay 8.2. Insert the punctuation mark a) 8.3 C orrect the error of concord wo 9. Refer to lines 11-12: “What purpose did this spectacular art serve in the lives of prehistoric people?” Rewrite the above words in INDIRECT speech. Begin as follows: Learned men have asked. 2 (13)EDITING EXERCISE 6: First Woman in Space ‘Moscow - The Soviet Union sent a dark-eyed young blonde named Valentina Tereshkova into space on Sunday a5, * the world’s first woman cosmonaut. The Russians said her Vostok VI space ship went into orbit close to Lt Col. Valery Bykovsky, who rocketed up Friday. “The Soviet Union shot Miss Tereshkova, a 26-year-old former factory worker, aloft at 12:30 p.m. on Sunday “Its our girl a gil from the land ofthe Soviet, that is first in space,” announced Premier Nikita 8. Khrushchev. 5 ‘Asthe cosmonauts awoke early today aftr a night's sleep, Soviet officials were silent on whether they might attempt a his-and-hers rendezvous in space, It seemed unlikely, hawever, since Miss Tereshkova is not ‘trained pilot and might not be able to carry out her par in a eomplicated manually controlled link-up manoewre. ‘There was no offical indication on precisely how clase their ships are to each ather, but offical eommuniqués said both spacecraft had lst litle alticude. 10 [At the same time rumors—not taken too seriously—circulated in Moscow that a third Soviet cosmonaut might be sent up to join them, ‘AtB am, (Moscov time), Vostok V had completed more than 45 orbits and Vostok VI more than 14 ‘Asideline of parachute jumping qualified Miss Tereshkova for her cosmonaut training which led to her light in the Vostok VI spaceeraft 15 ‘Ahualf an hour after Miss Tereshkova went into orbit she was in radio contact with Bykovsky. Together they then messaged Khrushchev: “Dependable radio communications been established between our space ships. Are at close distance from each other, All systems in the ships are working excellently. Feeling fine.” ‘There was no indication whether the two could see each other, 20 Official announcements made no mention of how long Miss Tereshkova and Bykovsky will remain in orbit. But unofficial reports said hey wil land {in shor interval of each other within two days. __ Micro 8 Bacarta © 2007, 1932006 Microsoft Corporation AlLrights reserved. Explain the function of the hyphen in “dark-eyed” (line 1) a 2. Explain the function of the apostrophe in a. world’s (line 2) b. It’s (line 6) 2x) 3. What does the “VI” stand for in “Vostok VI"? (Line 2) a) 4. Explain why the author used the word “shot” in line 4. @) 5. What does the author mean with “his-and-hers rendezvous” (Line 7) Q) 6. There is a word in line 11 that is spelt in an American way. Give the word and how we spell it. a) 7. Explain the function of the dashes in line 11. ay 8, What is an orbit? 0} 9. “Feeling fine.” (line 19) is not a full sentence. Why did the speaker use a phrase instead of the full sentence? What ‘would the full sentence (deep structure of the phrase) be? Q) 10. “whether” in line 20 has a homophone and these two words are often incorrectly used. Use each word (‘whether" ‘and its homophone) in its own sentence, making the meanings very clear. @ (15)EDITING EXERCISE. 1 Johannesburg - It took News24’s sister newspaper City Press just 30 minutes to buy a matric certificate this week and is cost only R350. 2 A City Press investigation has found that while more ‘than 600 000 learners studied hard to pass matric exams ‘each year, a Nigerian syndicate operating from an Internet café in Hillbrow, Johannesburg, was selling matric, Certificates at a cost of R350. 3. The fake certificates have been on sale for the past five years with an average of 10 to 20 issued a day, according, to sources close to the syndicate. 4 After buying a fake certificate, City Press, sent it to the administration unit of the University of Johannesburg for analysis, 5. This was to check if a student could be admitted to study at a tertiary institution with this document. 6 University of Johannesburg Kingsway campus certificate expert Gerrie Du Preez was shocked by the quality of the fake certificate, 7 “The certificate looks legitimate at first glance, but as | look at it carefully see alot of mistakes,” said Du Prez. '& When City Press went on a “reconnaissance mission” earlier this week, a motley group of six people were queuing to buy the fake certificates. 9 Upon our return the following day, it took just a few minutes to choose the best symbols, 10 When City Press asked for all the symbols to be on the higher grade, the man said: “'ve been doing this for a long time. You should not worry.” 111._Inside the shop, another man shouted on the phone about someone who made him lose R7m. Once the first version was done, it was handed over to this reporter to carefully check. 12. Our handler then demanded the R350, which he then put in his back pocket. No receipt was given. 13. As the “original” fake certificate was printed out, a notice on the wall contradicted the practice: “This is a legal business. Any illegal activity will be penalised.’ 14 The major fault on the fake certificate appeared to be the font used for the wording “South African Certification Councit” which, on genuine certificates, is/are in italics, and that the certificate had no Department of Education stamp. wnuow. News24.co.2a / City Press 1, Is “News24” a newspaper? Justify your answer. 2) 2. What does the phrase “sister newspaper” mean? (@ 3. Refer to paragraph 8. Suggest two reasons why “reconnaissance mission” are in inverted commas. (2) 4. Identify an example of irony in the passage. (0) 5. Explain why the irony mentioned in question 4, is also paradoxical. (2) 6. Identify one example of an oxymoron from paragraph 13. QUOTE the relevant phrase. () 7. Can the ‘evidence’ in paragraph 3 be considered 100% reliable? Justify your answer. 2) 8. Rewrite paragraph 6 in the active voice. (2) 9. There is a common spelling error in paragraph 7. Write down only the correction. (a) 10. Correct the error of a split infinitive in paragraph 11, (1) 11. Choose the correct form of the verb (is/are) in paragraph 14 and explain your choice. (2) 12. Refer to paragraph 11. Replace the phrase “this reporter” with a suitable pronoun. (a) 13. There is an error of redundancy in paragraph 12. QUOTE the redundant word. (a) 14. What does the ‘za’ stand for in www.News24,co.2a? (a) (20)EDITING EXERCISE 8: OK 2 use SMS lingo in exams 1, New Zealand high school students will be allowed to use text-speak — the second language teenagers have developed for cell phone messages — in examinations. Nevertheless, students will still be encouraged to constantly use proper English in examination papers but would be given credit if an answer written in text- speak clearly shows the required understanding. However, in English examinations, where candidates are specifically required to demonstrate proper use of language, text abbreviations would be penalised. 2. The move have divided students and educators, amid concerns that it could damage the English language. Teachers’ spokesperson, Debbie Te Whaiti, said that the move reflected the situation in the classroom, where teachers were grappling every day with the use of text-speak, 3, One school principal said that he would not encourage students to use text abbreviations in examinations, but added, 'I think text messaging is one of the most exciting things that has happened in a long time. It is another development in that wonderful thing we call the English language.’ But another teacher said, ‘Students need to write and understand full English.’ 4, Here, as it was used in an examination paper, is an example of text-speak, "We shal fite dem on da beaches’ (Sir Winston Churchill) and '2b or nt 2b! (Shakespeare's Hamlet). [Adapted from an article published on the Web by IOL] 5.1 What is the function of the hyphen in line 1? a 5.2 Name and correct a stylistic error in paragraph I. Q) 5.3 Correct an error of concord in paragraph 2. a 5.4 Change the following into Reported Speech: Another teacher said, "Students need to write and understand full English if they want to excel.” Start your answer as follows: The teacher said that.. Q) 5.5 Supply the noun form of ‘penalised’. a) 5.6 Rewrite the following in the Passive Form: Learners, who use text-speak, are completing tests with more confidence a 5.7 “Here, as it was used in an examination paper, is an example of text-speak.” Write down the main clause of the sentence, (a 5.8 Account for the use of the apostrophe in ‘Shakespeare's Hamlet’ (a) [0] EDITING EXERCISE 9:BREAK TIME - BUTIS IT REALLY A HOLIDAY? This has felt like a very long year. | am satisfied with the old-fashioned nine to five weekday. But | need a break! The challenge is that whenever | take a break from the saltmines, | return exhausted, Holidays, that highlight of the year, is not for the faint of heart Rushing around airports, clutching heavily’ packed tourist schedules. Well-meaning poopie have often advised me: ‘You know what you need to do? Stay home!” This Is even less relaxing. You either get cabin fever or one sees something that needs fixing, | enjoy a visit to Builders’ Warehouse as much as the next uy (| know they don't use an apostrophe, like I do, but they really should.) Its just not a break. Relaxing Is the absence of a large amount of activities. Yet we are predisposed fo belleve that our answer should always be, ‘| have such a demanding schedule!’ Stop. Just stop, It's called a vacation because you need to vacate stuff and relax. Don't feel the need fo do every single touristy thing ‘on offer. Recharge your batteries, don’t delete them even further. QUESTIONS: TEXTF 5.4 62 53 5.4 55 56 57 58 5.9 5.10 EDITING EXERCISE 1 Correct the error of concord in paragraph 2, "Rushing around airports, clutching heavily packed tourist schedules.’ (Line 5) Rewrite the sentence above as a full sentence. ‘What Is the subject of ‘Stay home!" (line 7)? Rewrite the following in the passive voice: "Well-meaning people have often advised me.’ (Line 6) "You either get cabin fever or one sees something that needs fixing.’ (Lines 8-9) Rewrite the sentence above so that it is grammatically correct. Why is an apostrophe used in ‘Bullders' Warehouse’ (line 9)? ‘Account for the use of brackets in tine 10. ‘Relaxing is the absence of a large amount of activities.’ (Line 12) Aword has been used incorrectly in the above sentence. Write down the word that should have been used instead. ‘The expression ‘vacate stuff (line 15) is Idiomatically incorrect, Provide a suitable synonym for ‘vacate’ Correct the malapropism in line 16. ay a) a) Oy a) ay a a) a) a) ‘[0)THE EXPERIENCE OF BOREDOM ican researchers just published what theyre calling ‘the most \clusive, comprehensive empirical account of the experience of boredom’ ‘ever conducted. 2 They've solved the mystery of what causes boredom: people fee! bored, they concluded, when they're doing boring things! Which Is a less boring finding than It seems, since It puts paid to one of the favourite admonishments of teachers and parents: ‘There are no boring things, only boring people.’ (Or, as GK Chesterton sald, "There Is no uninteresting subject; the only thing that can exist is an uninterested person.’) But of course there are boring things. Think cof completing your tax return, leaming PowerPoint and attending safety 10 ‘seminars that involves dull interactions. 3 Boredom feels more intolerable, these days, because there's so much stimulation to be had. Your forbears were prisoners of mundane tasks; they wrote with pens and they did addition. in contrast, we're free to choose more ‘exciting lives with excess to real-time feedback on social media. No wonder, 15 then, that more meaningful things — reading books, communicating with people you love — start to feel boring. Consider stepping away from time-sucking digital addiction: it will make the rest of your ife more interesting. {Adapted from yeu thequardian, com} QUESTIONS: TEXTG 6.1 Correct the error of tense in line 1. 5.2 Remove the tautology in lines 1-3. 5.3 Differentiate between the use of the colon in line 4 and line 7. 5.4 *...the only thing that can exist is an uninterested person’ (ines 8-9). Explain how the change in prefix, from un- (in ‘uninterested’) to dis- (in ‘disinterested’), changes the meaning of the sentence. 6.5 Think of completing your tax return, leaming PowerPoint and attending safety seminars that involves dull interactions’ (lines 9-11). 5.5.1 __ Identify the part of speech of the undertined word. 55.2 Correct the grammatical error in this sentence. 5.6 Correct the malapropism in paragraph 3. 5.7 Replace ‘tin ine 18 with an appropriate noun/noun phrase. EDITING EXERCISE 11: a) a) (2) 2) a) 0) (1) (1) [10]‘ARID CAN SPUR CREAI More, rather than less, adults feel like they are drowning in judgement — “You're not famous enough,’ "You're not smart enough,” ‘Youre not thin enough’. The weight of these appraisals, from others and ourselves, car prevent us from looking at the world as a child might. A place of wonder and new possibilities. This, in turn, keeps us from accessing the stale of 5 ‘mind that stands at the root of creativity: playfulness. ‘When a group of children are engaged in play, they are taking material from their inner reality, and placing them into the real world. Very young children don't think about the consequences or how they might be perceived; they just play. Studies have shown that when we fully immerse ourselves in joyous doing, we can become more creative. How can adults adopt this mindset? Before undertaking a daunting task, do proper planning. This will generate positive thinking. ‘You may have to excess the kinds of risks that children do not. But more often than not, we stress over imagined threats, not real ones. 15 regardless, the more we're aware of that trap, the easier itis to avoid. [Adaptec from wow time com) QUESTIONS: TEXT H 54 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 58 Correct the grammatical errors in ‘More, rather than less, adults feet fixe they are drowning in judgement (line 1). (2x1) ‘Select the correct answer from the given options. Intine 1, the dash is used to A. introduce explanations that are not part af the grammatical structure of the main clause. B_ replace a hyphen that forms a compound word. C indicate prepositional phrases in parenthesis. D show that a dramatic pause follows after the main clause. Rewrite the following so that it is a grammatically complete sentence: "Aplace of wonder and new possibilities’ (ines 4-5). Account for the use of commas in line 5. Correct the concord error in paragraph 2. Give a single word for very young children’ (ines 8-9). Correct the malapropism in fine 14. Remove the tautology in paragraph 4. ‘A prefix has been used incorrectly in paragraph 4. Give the correct form of the word. 2 a aM ay a a a a) a fo]