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CSE HVAC Fall 2023

Electronic Magazine

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72 views81 pages

CSE HVAC Fall 2023

Electronic Magazine

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tejedamario
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GAGES ceaersroonsf) MYSON IT] a S Contents 3 — Best practices for industial boiler feechater systems 40 —ClearFire®-CE: Heat Tansfer Done Right 11 — Total System Efficiency: Condensing Boiler System Myth Busting 24—MEP Giants annual design revenue rises, bucking certain trends: 27 —Wector $2 28 — iVector $2 Series: a hydronic fan convector unit with intelligent cooling & heating capability 32 — Back to basics: Introduction to dedicated outdoor air systems ‘42 —P-K Educational Series: Pump to boiler integration 43 — Case Study: Education — Texas A&M Rellis Campus 146 — What do you need to know about designing HVAC systems in data centers? 55 — Ice Heating: Reimagine electric heating 86 — Heating with Ice 70 — How to design sustainable HVAC systems norcccen | menenee) [eran A | Ores Best practices for industrial boiler feedwater systems Learn the proper method to deliver pumped condensate to a deaerator in an industrial-size steam boiler system clr feedvater isthe single most important system in the boiler house, and at its hears the deserator. The dezerator combines treated makeup water and conden: sate and using low-pressure steam, removes dissolved oxygen and other noncondens- able gases by raising the fui tothe saturation temperature No revelations here; however, the method by which returned condensate is delivered can greatly affect the desired steady state system operation We normally encounter high-pressure (HP] condensate fom the traps on the steam lines and pumped condensate returned fram the users throughout the steam dist bution system, The high-pressure condensate gets delivered directly tothe steam space in the storage section where it flashes into steam and liquid atthe lower oper. ating pressure Pumped condensate has slready cooled below saturation tempereture and has been expoted to air in vented receivers so it must passthrough the deserating section with the makeup water see Figure 1), Condensate is normally collected in 8 surge tani in the boiler house from the distribution system, then pumped into the deoer: stor, but needs to be delivered in a contolled manner, otherwise the deserator will experience pressure fluctuations and flashing ofthe store liquid. Figure 1 wil high- light these effects. Best practices for industrial boiler feedwater systems Boiler system calculations Consider 2150 pounds per square inch gauge (psi) system, dasigned 00.00 pounds per hour (PPA) of saturated stoam, with adie bution system that return 50% oft steam as condensate seid 9 deserter op Fe pc Sc Sow ating at 10 psig. The deserator mass and energy Jeerm Coun Coa bah balance yield steam few rte of ~11,100 FPHT ven those conditions 10 delve ‘This calculated flow would be considered the average design rate; however, a= one of ry mentors would say, when you place one foot in a bucket of ice water and the other ina bucket of boling water the “average" is fino but you wil lose both feet. To un- derstand how the system will operate, we need to look at the maximum and minimum events of an on/off cycle of a "pumped down” condensate delivery system Performing the mass and eneray balance with ne pumped condensate flowing, the steam required atthe deaerator is ~16,900 PPHT and then only ~6,200 PPH2 wien Best practices for industrial boiler feedwater systems pumping down the surge tank, but now consider this happens suddenly when the float sctuates the pump and the corresponding reactions ‘The system is operating, the condensate pump is off and then the float activates the pump, We are suddenly presented with too much steam flow resulting in a pressure spike inthe deaerator until the steam control reacts to the excessive change, A minute or 80 later, we get the sudden pressure drop, when the condensate flow is sbruptly| stopped and the makeup water flow inzeases again 3,100 back to 16,900 PPH) requir: ing a rapid increase in steam flaw to maintain pressure, This osc tinualy with» frequency depending on the loed, surge tank and pump sizes “The intial pressure spike at reduced steam loads willbe less intense then at full load, however ail significant for deserstor operation. In this half load case the steam flow will oscillate from ~8,530 to ~5,600 PPH3 between the condensate pump being off and ‘then turned on. This s then followed by a second pressure spike when the pump turns cf due tothe increased storage volume and no immadiate need for makeup water flow, Very lite steam is required until the storage level alls sufciently to require the ‘makeup water valve to again begin flowing. Note thatthe condensate pump delivers the same mage tothe deaerator regardless of currant steam demand requirements, Deaerator pressure swings “The continual pressure swings depicted can have a long-lasting negative effect on the entire bole system. The pressure swings can cause system piping to shake and liquid to fash inthe storage section leading to support isues and cavitation in boiler feedwater pumps. Adkitionaly, the pilot operated self-reguating type steam pressure reducing vales usually employed wil experience premature diaphragm feilures under Best practices for industrial boiler feedwater systems these conditions and are unable to respond effectively with these ype of pressure swings. ‘The fallowing rem ey (Figure 2} om. ploys the additions of contrl vale, restriction orice (RO), level trans: : | os Hu 1 fe mitter and indica SRR SRS ee torinto anexising nn 7 condensate system. . ) Instead of onfoft - control pump runs continuously and the contol valve Fave 2: Suge tak modes operates proportionally between closed atthe pumps NP. Conny COMSmih SHR and 100% open ot just below the overfiow. ‘This operation wil allow for a continual condensate flow to the deserator, roughly equal to what is being returned and thereby maintain the deaerators desired steady ‘state conditions. The pump is protected against dead head flow by the RO and ve {quires no operator interaction other than manually switching the operating pump to clsvibute operating hours and maximize pump life System eaeulations ni tbe performed at the minimum load conditions 10 properly defines teria for the steam pres sure reducing and make up water ow contol valves. Don't be surprised if multiple steam vals are required to properly ter conditions when the steam ie alzo being used 36. heating source, Hav ing encountered this seenerio multiple times, the solution presented ie cost-effective retrofit with minimal impact inkaip nto con te operations when being installed and commissioned. Moss belance' STM + CRIHP) + CRIP) + MU ~ BFW STM + 25 + 50,000 + MU = 102,000 mu- 1,975 - STM ROELUE Ce cD so0o5, scx Pere M atte lalg b+ MU"h, = BF STM * (1196.2) (60.000 * 148) + 61975— 13 = 102,000" 207.9 STM *(1196.2) + (51.975-STMI* STM = 11,090 Mu = 40,885 Legend STM ~10psig steam reduced from the 150 psig saturated steam header CCRIHP)- High-pressure conde sate returns directly from the 150 od staam i Best practices for industrial boiler feedwater systems CRIP) ~ Pumped condensate returned vis atmosphere vented condenssterecehies) MU- Makeup water FW Boiler feedwater at 10 psig saturated hac Specie enthaly (xitsh thermal uit) Note: When pumped condensate exceeds BFW requirements, MU is zero and the BFW mass equation is substituted into the heat balance equation ta solve for STM, 1. Assumptions: 28 boller continuous blowdown (CBD), 25 PPH HP condensate, 180°F pumped condensate, 45°F makeup water and no heat loss 2, Same concitions 9 above except pumped condensate flow is nealy doubled (93,000 PPH) to pump down the receiver 3. Some concitions 2s ebowe excep 50,000 PFH steam demand end 33 CBD, Kevin Montesano, PE, PMP Kevin Montesano, PE, PME isan associate and senior project manager &t CDM Smith, He has more than 35 years of experience with industrial size fos fueled power plants and their ancillary support and dlstribution systems. ' DELIVERING IP TO 99% EFFICIENCY ClearFire®-CE: Heat Transfer Done Right The ClearFire®.CE, or CFC-E, is Cleaver-Brooks latest generation of compact, high-mass, fully condensing boilers delivering up to 99% efficiency. Combining the patented TurboFer® heat exchanger technology with industry-leading controls and burner, the CFC-E ie the mast efficent condensing boiler solution on the market Total System Efficiency: Condensing Boiler System Myth Busting eee aac Seas i Tic acinny serv goes have been tobelieve that condensing boilers do not fit design application. Most of these reasons are inaccurete 48 con: densing boilers can be uted in most applications where 4 standard, non-condensing bail these reasons may have been valid for older, non-condens- ing boiler systems, but for condensing boilers, many of these concerns have been eliminated, be used, Some of ‘Also, within the condensing boiler segment, there area variety of technologies available. Some condensing boilers require more maintenance than others, orhave specific piping, pumping, and flow requirements. High-mass fre tube condensing boilers have been developed to over ‘come many ofthese obstacles and can be piped in va- riety of systems with success. Therefore, tis important to Understand each boilers’ operating requirements, 25 wal astotal cost of ow ion ship, when making a boilers MYTH #1 - We need to maintain 180°F hot water supply for the system to work Prior to condensing bolls, twa tobe detgned wih high hot water supply temperatures inthe range of 180° 10 200°F One ofthe main purposes -ommon for systems ‘of the high hot water temperature was to saisy the hot water return temperature back tothe boilers since higher Total System Efficiency: Conden: ing Boiler System Myth Busting hot water supply temperature results in higher hot water return temperature deliv fered back tothe boiler In non-condensing boilers, the hot wate retumn temperature is critical, a the water temperature must always be maintained above the condensing ‘temperature ofthe fue gases to protact the heat exchanger. Like non-condensing boiler systems, in condensing boiler systems, a lower hat water supply temperature eaults in slower ht water return temperature delivered back to the boiler. The difference with a condensing boiler is that hot water return tompera: ‘ute isthe driving force behind condensing boiler efficiency. In condensing boilers, the goalis to generate ae possible because Aiton 0c oot the heat exchangers (aaa 7 a constructed of a corro: [wage om cor sion-esistant material uch as stainios steel or aerneun ser ser aluminum specific to this [Pe*Fate cd cd application. addition [AtPrssow oe eens Semis) tothe hor water rerun [Waterss re Err ame temperatures, coils ean [Rom o 7 also be designed to sat isfy the load based on varying hot water tem- ‘ile Canpanor of eating cit peratures, Table 1 demonstrates this point by eee comparing 2 main heating col, sypicaly found in an air handling unit, selactad ta do the same duty for both 180°F and 140*F hot water supply temperatures witha respective temperature diference of 40°F to satisfy Total System Efficiency: Condensing Boiler System Myth Busting the total heating capaci ty required. In both cas- fs, the coil provides the ‘same output, in MBH, to the heat airwith minor differences in coil charac 8 “Take note of existing sere mete systems that were de signed for 180°F hot water supply temperature. With an Char Hot ster tempestie existing system, the designer is typically stuck with the ‘eeu ousor ar terpaahe isting coils sized per the original design. Despite this, 2 condensing boil is still an aption, but care must be taken to ensure the hot water supply temperature at any given time will meet the load conditions required, With all ‘things being equal, owerhet water supply temperatures wll requie more heat-rans- fer surface area to meet the same load. This point is demonstrated in Table 1 asthe ceil selected for 140°F hot water supply temperature has more ns compared to the coil selected for 180°F hot water supply temperature. With that being said, many coils are oversized to some extent because upgrades to buildings have improved the! envelope characteristics and leakage rates overtime, so less heat output typically needed. This meons there is potentially the ability to operate the building the majority ofthe year atthe reduced water temperatures or atthe very least, be able to operate with more aggressive hot water reset strategies while improving system efficiency Tetal System Efficiency: Conclensing Boiler System Myth Busting MYTH #2 - We need to maintain a 20°F system AT Myth #2 similar to myth #1 in that older systems typically maintain a low AT in order +10 keep the hot water return temperature above condensing conditions In condensing systems, temperature diferente of 30°F or higher can be designed to incease boiler eliciency by lowering the hot water return temperature back tothe boiler Increasing the temperature diferential berween the supply and etuen water has the added ben: tft of reducing the low rate since the flow rate is related tothe overall heat output of the col. Therefore, the higher the AT, the lower the flow rate, which results in smaller pumps, less horsepower required te move the fluid, smaller piping, and other system benefits MYTH #3 - Hot water reset doesn’t work Hot water reset involves resetting the hot water supply temperature besed on outside sir conditions. The theory behind rsetting the hot water aupply temperature is that a8 the outside air eemperature inceases from the design condition, the amount of heat required to satisly the space load decreases. Similarly, asthe space load decreases, itis also possible to heat the space with 2 hot water supply temperature less than the design condition, which uses lass energy to heat the water to a lower set point. Hot water resetis a simple control svategy that has been used for many years on hot ator systoms witha lot of success. With condensing boilers, the hot water rest func- tionality based on outside aris generally built-in, making this a relatively low of no- costitem to implement within the systom. Reset strategies have also been used on supply air and cil tare aware ofthe design intent and goal of resetting system temperatures. The one item that should be understood regarding hot water reset is that there are conditions 1d water systems for years, s0 designers, operators, and contractors Tetal System Efficiency: Condensing Boiler System Myth Busting where resetting the hot water supply tempersture will require addtional low to satily the load. In this scenario, hot water rest is less afficient as the addtional pump eneray required to move the fluid costs more than the eneray benefits received from resating the water temperature, so ths condition should be aveided. MYTH #4 - Variable-flow-primary systems are more complex Hot woter systems ate generally known for using primary seconday systems, which became the norm as non-condensing boilers cannot handle variable flow to maintain hot water retuin temperatures above condensing conditions. In primaty-secondaty ss ‘tems, primary ow is maintained 28 constant low rate, which keeps the return water may from potentially resting « condensing opportunity forthe fue gases. ‘As forthe argument that variable lowprimary systems are more complicated, there are many installations that demonstrate primary-secondary systems ae ust as cor plicated, For example, installations that havea check vale in the comman pipe. The check valve typically is used as a post-design solution ana system that has dificulty ‘supplying hot water tothe system where the primary-loop, or boile-loop, flow rate is leas than the secondary loop, or distribution loop. Thi candition creates mixing and provides a hot water temperature less than that created by the boilers. It eliminates ‘ree, bi-directional ow in the common piping, which is the main objective of a prim ry secondary system. In actuality, varable-foweprimatysystams ae simplar than primary-sacondlary systems 235 variable-flow- primary systams only require one set of pumps to handle everything in the system. Also, thre is no mixing due to two hydraulically separate pumping loops and less equipment is required, so there are fewer devices to control. In vari Total System Efficiency: Condensing Boiler System Myth Busting able-ow-primary systems, here ae three items that must be addressed for proper system operation. The rat item is afl meter that can measure the water fow rate to the dnribution system. in many designs, hiss common practice for measurement nd verifeation or for owners who are interested in racking the energy consurntion, 50 it may aready be part ofthe design. The second item is a minimum-fow bypass with a modulating two-way tomperature contol vale, which she same conto vai st al the heating colle in the astm These ta items workin parallel wth one another 2 the fl matar ensues minimum fw 0 the boilers andor pumps is always main tained, thus protecting the equipment. Many condensing boilers have ver low- ot no-mirimum fw requirements, but you should very this withthe manufacurer ab the lower the minimum flow theless bypassing that wll occur (Once the minimum flow is de rrined, the control lagic forthe minimum-low bypass is to modulate the twosway contro valve to meet the minimum flow rate of ether the boiler or pump, ‘which bypasses the system and returns to the bol ers and pumps as “shown in Figure 1 “The minimumtlow bypass concept is commonly used in today’ system designs andis very similar to thee Poe: rin emp conta fic in vara fow pinay apo Total System Efficiency: Condensing Boiler System Myth Busting \way valves in constant volume systems that reduce flow rate through the coil whan the space is at reduced capacity, thereby bypassing excess low around the coll and main taining a constant flow rate atthe coil “The third ter thats required in a variable-fow-primaty system is another twounay. ‘temperature control valve at each boiler when there are multiple boilers operating in parallel, This control vale i¢ a two:position isolation control valve that remains closed ‘when the boilers off and opens when the boiler ison. Like the hot water eset con= trols that are builtin to most condensing baller, this is alzo typically a function that the boiler contols can perform, if desived by the designer. The purpose of the con ‘wol vale is to prevent flo thzough the boiler when the boilers of, which results in bypassing and mixing with reduced hot water supply temperatures. Based on these ‘thiee items as described, thare are no additional components required for 8 var- able-loweprimary system. Similar, al ofthese items ae typically used ina system in {some farm already either for coil contol or measuring system fw, which limits the need to understand naw control algorithms ar special sequences, MYTH #5 — Reverse return helps balancing Piping detibution systems that deliver water to the system heating cols are designed ting ane of two strategie, either cect relum or revere return, Dectetum systems operate onthe principle that heft colin the distbution path closet to the boler plant wil alsa be the fst cll to return the water to the llr pant. Because ofthis, te piping isrbution and coresponding pressure dop for this coli typically much tess than th last collon the datibution network, Asa resut the low rate to the coll isnot properly balanced to have a pressure crop that effectively matches the other call cout, lage percentage ofthe system flow wll ake the path of east resistance, Total System Efficiency: Condensing Boiler System Myth Busting coverfiowing the closer coils and sta ing the cols at the end of the piping Reverse return is 2 concept that volved to solve the problem with liectoturn systems, Ina teverse-e tur configuration, the fist coil toe ceive water from the central plant is designed to be the last col to return water to the central plant. In theory, ‘this equalizes the distance the water bE is pumped when distibuted in the piping network and attempts to cre- se a relatively equal pressure drop — for each cil circu. Figure 2 shows —_v an example of direct-eturn com pated to 2 reverse-return system forthe distribu: Faxee2 Drecretmconpared 03 tion system. ‘ovosevete ping coniurton ‘The reverse-oturn piping configuration suggests that balancing can be significantly re. duced or eliminated. Unfortunately, this doesnot work a8 wel in theory 98 each col i cuithas varying pipe sees with clilferent flow rates and dissimilr water pressure crops at each coll For a typical system consisting of multiple aichandling unit coils with high flow rates and large pipe sizes mixed with VAV box reheat coils and terminal unit heat ing coils with smaller pipe sizes, each cicut will be completely diferent sobs Total System Efficiency: Condensing Boiler System Myth Busting will stil be required Therefore, reverse return doesn’ sole the issue itis designed to correct. Another disadvantage ofa reverse-retur piping system is tht it takes the de signer twice as long to design since both loops are diferent anc! must be sized based con the flow in the pipe at any given point inte system. (One negative that is commonly cited for both systems is their limited expansion. Depend. ing on the method of pipe Sizing recommended by the designer, those systems can have no or very litle capacity for expansion, The tut isthe sizing of pipes dictates the ex pansion capacity, not the fect that a dlrect- or reverseetumn piping configuration is used, ‘A adltional argument tht is typically made Piguet Revessvenm ping coniguaon| bout everse retunis that there are conditions 20 fom whee everett where revere etumn ino more dfeuitte do “Trin etimcanaeedindincreum ‘om 8 piping layout. For example, as shown in Figure 3, a building has @ piping shat in the middle ofthe building and piping ean be routed in a revere return around! the loot. This configuration would be the only potentially recommended condition to use ‘reverse return on the distribution piping as no additional piping is requied. Despite ‘this, it stil takes twice the time to size all the piping, The piping crcuts will not be ent since all he cols and flow rates are not the same, and only the floor will be equ Total System Efficiency: Condensing Boiler System Myth Busting reverse return unless 2 third riser pipe is used inthe shaft to create a complete reverse retum systom, which increases frst cos. Regardless of the method used, itis important to note that balancing will always be required to some extent. (One time where reverse return could potentially pay offis when the equipment, ow rates, and pipe sizes are exactly the same, like in a boiler plant whore there are mul tiple similarsized units, However, under this coneition, the piping typically is much larger than inthe distribution system, and the relative relationship ofthis equipment is 420 close thatthe equivalent length between individual devices is negligible, So, re verse retin still doesnt provide the value and would only be recommended if it ean be done without adding pipe length or addtional design time MYTH #6 - Hot water supply temperature is important for efficiency in condensing boilers Hot water supply temperature is part ofthe equation in defning heating coil sizing, but itis not the defining point of determining a boilers efficiency. As eferenced pre- viously, boiler efcieney is dictated by the hot wate rtum temperature since the amount of condensation that occurs in the heat exchanger depends on the tempers ture ofthe water compared tothe fue gas temperature. Hot water supply temperature will almost avays be above the condensing point ofthe fue gases, whereas the retum ‘water ithe fd that comes inst contact with the fue gee, cating them to below the fue gas dew point, causing condensing and recovery ofthe latent heat rom the ‘moisture inthe fue g8, which creatas the efficiency gains as shown in Figure 4 Fur ‘thermore, Figur 5 proves that hot water supply temperatures do not dictate efcincy, as hot water supply temperatures are nomhere tobe seen onthe efcioncy chart a hot water retutn temperatures determine efclency based on bil fring rats, demon: Condensing Boiler tating the lower the return water temperature the higher the efficiency that can be realized by the system, MYTH #7 - Condensing boilers are more difficult to service and require more frequent service Condensing boilers do net require any more service or maintenance compared to a standard boiler nd heat exchanger Acon- - densng boiler consists ofastainiesssteelor gam oi aluminum heat exchang- or that provides more resistance to changing water temperatures as xno compared toa standard, —r non-condensing bol on where the operating temperatures, especially the return water tem: Fre Te hot aterm Perea, are extremelyimporent.ntheon though feos nacre a condensing bor due tots overall robustness, Due guusecimnrconarnsin cars to iteconsttution, a condensing boiler wl last longer ‘th ovr vate than a non-condensing boiler f proper water chemistry and maintenance is performed, some condensing boilers are built to last longer than & non-condensing bole. itis not cecommended, less care could be provided to Total System Efficiency: Condensing Boiler System Myth Busting foe Single Return Etfilency ae a Function of (One area that filcloncy 20 require mare attention in a condensing boiler is the condensate drain. It needs tobe checked to ensure the neutralization Kits in working order “The neutralization kit is on acid neutralizes that increases the pH ofthe a : condensate to a neutral ele ee ew condition prior to dis charge othe dain. The neutralization media is owe Boe located within a bag that shouldbe checked regularly to ensure nian theres enough medi to ful neutalize the condensate. When “=e the media has expired, replacement is necessary and involves ciscarding the old media and replacing it with new mela, a tak that can be complet: 1d in less than five minutes. Condensate neutralizes ean be purchased from the bolle ‘manufacturer, and iis important to ensure there is enough neutralizer based on the bollercopecity, which dictates the amount of condensate produced ‘There are most likely more myths that exist for condensing boiler systems, but as explained, condensing boilers are not more dificult to desiga, install, r service compared to non-condensing boilers. In fac, the opposites vue for high-mass com: Boiler System Myth lensing boilers, which are generally more robust and require less attention. Systems can be designed for virually any hot water temperature and AT provided a cal ean be sized 10 provide the ap- propriate output at accept able ir and waterpressure chops to maintain system ficiency Similary, hot water reset drives down hot water return temperatures, which ithe main driver in system efcioncy as more Fue gas- Fou Example cfcondote 1 210 allowed to condense with lower hot water return revtlzaton mess temperatures, Finally variable-loweprimary systems with direct etum should be considered the new paradigm since their system design is more straightforward ond shortens design time, MEP Giants annual design revenue rises, bucking certain trends While the economy sits at a slow burn, the 2023 MEP Giants firms continue to do well he 2023 MEP Giants generated $11.96 billion in mechanical, electrical, plumb- ing (MEP) and fie protection engineering design revenue, an increase over last year’s MEP Giant’ revenue of $11.01 billion, This year, the 2023 MEP Giants earned approximately $47.46 billion in gross annual revenue during the previous fiscal year, 8 decrease of 4%. Gross revenue wae down, however MEP design revenue rose 9% over last year’s numbers. Register and download the 2023 MEP Giants eBook, sponsored by Eaton, Noticeably absent from the top 10 was AECOM, a regular to this list. There were also some newcomers to the total of 100 companies, Several companies either joined the list forthe frst time or returned aftr time away from reporting data (in alphabetical order): AMA Group; Bard, Rao + Athanas Consulting Engineers LLC: Burdette, Koehl Murphy & Associates Inc; Cleary Zimmermann Engineers LLC; The Enginaering En prise; Interface Engineering inc; Kimley-Horn; LEO A DALY; and Lizardos Engineering Associates ‘The list this year comprises 54% private companies (down from 59% in 2022), 28% em ployeo-owned companies, 9% public companies and 9% limited:lailty companies, “The 2023 MEP Giants ate made up of consulting engineering firms (63%, up from 60% last year) and architectural engineering fms (29%, even with last year MEP Giants annual design revenue rises, bucking certain trends Several mergers and acquisitions eccurre in the past year 26% ofthe fis reporting acquired another company, a slight dip fom lst year’s 29% acquisition rate “Table 1 shows the top fms based on MEP design revenue, which is how the MEP Gi- ants ate ranked MEP design revenue ‘Amara Rozgus and Amanda MeLeman Amara Rozgus, Féitorin-Chiel, and Amanda MeLeman, Dicector of Research, Consulting Specifying Engineer For an optimal indoor climate - all year round Torso comece henry eet qty bow 45 lontangortes inten conScsonnerrbaea oop onan vetoes on en contatnecity MYSON MYSON [1 iVECTOR S2 A new generation of hydronic fan convectors for heating & cooling iVector S2 Series: a hydronic fan convector unit with intelligent cooling & heating (or) oF] YT A A smart way to improve indoor climate Today, both renovation and new building project have strict standards that raise the bar fr overall efcencies. 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Depending upon unt size, heating outputs range from 7,S41 bruh to 32,552 bruh at 174/167/480F (221 KW 9.54 kW at 80/78/2000, Tota sensible cooling ranges from 3.106 bruh to 12659 btuh 38 45/54/81OF (O9TRW—3.71KW at 7/12/270C). Al values at high fan speed Consider Vector $2 for your next project and enjoy all of these benefts; + High heat outputs at low system temperatures ‘The IVECTOR S2 provides high outputs in low-temperature heating systems idea in combination with heat pumps! + Fast, responsive heat-up times “The IVECTOR S2 has considerably less water content than conventional panel rac ‘2102s low thermal mass ensures fast heat-up tines ond efficient operation IVECTOR $2 SERIES: a hydronic fan convector unit with intelligent cooling + Cooling Cooling is possible with the IMECTOR $2 when connected toa reversible heat pump ora separate chilled water source + Intaligent control ‘The IVECTOR S2is equipped with an intelligent control system. allows easy op- eration and integration with other building management systems + Whisper quiet operation ‘The latest in modulating fan technology offers the best heat output wth the lowest imaginable noise level + Space-saving installation “Thanks tots compact dimensions the VECTOR 52 provides high heating and ‘cooling performance with minimal size MYSON isa brand of Purmo Group {ww purmogroup.com) ands one ofthe oldest and most respected names in the HVAC industry. We have been manulecturing fan convectors for over 50 years. With 2 reputation for maximizing the role of innovation and technology in our operations, we are committed to helping reduce CO? emissions by developing energy efficient heating and cooling products that are capable of oper ating effectively at low fow temperatures, Contact us today to for complete information about Vector $2 including madel speci. cations submittals, Vector 52 performance metrics end more, Back to basics: Introduction to dedicated outdoor air systems ‘Outdoor air is an important component of a building's overall health and well-being cost building codes require mechanical ventilation with few exceptions. Many building eccupancy types require large volumes of outdoor air Dedicated out dloor air ystems [DOAS) provide 100% fresh outdoor air te» building or pace, Unike traditional heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, which usualy rece culate airinside the building, DOAS units bringin outdoor ar and condition it before clsvibuting i throughout the building DOAS usually rn alongside other HVAC equipment serving the building or space +20 meet the need for outdoor air. Where traditional cooling and heating equipment can't meet latent loads, special equipment is needed, increasing costs and space requirements ‘According to the ASHRAE Handbook 2020: Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Systems and Equipment, DOAS can help bridge that gap by centralizing the conditions ofthe outdoor air and in some cases incorporating an energy recovery ventilator (ERY) Benefits of DOAS [Although the main reason fr using @ DOAS unit isto meet minimum ventilation re quirements, these systems also provide other benafits. Conditioning the outdoor air separately from recirculated air makes it easier to verify that each zone is being provid- ed with sufficient outdoor at Back to basics: Introduction to dedicated outdoor air systems =» » DOAS a improve indoor a usty (AO) by fering Fg Tagen ‘cutdoor air contaminants before dispersing the fresh air — trator tooctpied paces DOAS ni ave as efectve dens. ™MMEOSDnt cna midifiers, DOAS units can help keep building pressurized propery This ean prevent unwanted adors, moisture and impurities fom entering the building through infiltration, Because DOAS units can handle larger latent loads, other local or central HVAC units can be reduced in size to just handle the buildings sensible load, Preconditioning outdoor air at the OOAS unit can alko lead to significant energy ‘savings, which ean lead to monetary savings when implemented correctly “The requirements for ventilation rates by building codes and other standards are the ‘main driving factors for installing DOAS. With the growing popularity of DOAS to meet ventilation needs, these systams are provided by various manufacturers andl suppliers Manufacturers are beginning to provide an array of configurations that meet diferent design needs, “The type of equipment used with @ OAS unit may vary depending on building type, spatial constraints and enduuser needs. The benefit of a DOASis that it unlike lat of Back to basics: Introduction to dedicated outdoor air systems cther HVAC equipment, can meet these high ventilation rate requirements, Different DOAS types and configurations OAS unis are provided by several manufocturer inthe HVAC indus. These manu: factrersofe units in multiple configuration such a a split option or packaged. The salt options composed of en indoor unit witha remote condenser. The packaged op tons are slcontsined and located outside ona building’ fof er on a concrete slab on the round. Hydronic DOAS units can be installed within» bulding with outdoor ai clcte tothe exterior through a louver. OAS units are designed to accommodete a dverse range of entering ar conditions, ranging ftom the hottest summer days tothe coldest winter nights, Units can temper the outdoor air using different methods, The system configuration types include water source heat pumps, ar source heat pumps, water-cooled direct expansion, ai-cooled, dliect expansion or chilled water These configuration options are chosen based on client site utilities, client preference and even an energy models least-cost estimates. Manufacturers also provide customization options for OOAS units. Cabinets can be ‘outfitted with insulated foam to recice heat transfer losses and corrosion-tesistant costings to withstand challenging environments, There is algo the option to provide human machine interface, which allows a simpler way to program diffrent unit setings such as temperature and humidity ‘The DOAS unit typically cools and dehumiifes air inthe summer and humidifias and heats air in the winter, The most basic unit consists ofa preheating cil, 2 cooling esl 2 reheating cal and » humidifier. DOAS units can aleo be provided with a wide range. Back to basics: Introduction to dedicated outdoor air systems cof additional components to meet specific design needs and climate conditions. The below outlines common equipment components: DOAS unite come standard with supply fans and also can be equipped with an optional exhaust fan and/or heat recovery component. Pl rum supply fans ara also common in DOAS applications Variable-speed drives or electronically commutated motors (ECM). Fans equipped with ECMs offer 10: turndown, This allows for fan speed reduction as ventilation needs vary. Variable speed compressors allow forthe DOAS unit to adjust its heating and cooling capacity to match the raquied load, In doing ths, the unit provides a con- sistent temperature throughout the space and avoids large temperature swings Cooling modules. Cooling modiles ae useful for cooling and/or dehumidlfying out door sit Heating modules. When 2 space requires heat greater than what the base unt can provide, DOAS units can be provided with electricity, notural gas, iquelied petroleum {9 (propane), steam or hot water as 2 hesting source. The heating systems have mult ple options for control including multistage, slicon-controlled ectifier or modulating Humidifiers. DOAS units canbe fitted with humidifiers to be used during the dey out door conditions to bring moisture into the at, providing greater occupant comfort Hot gat reheat. Manufacturers offer hot gas reheat options on their units for deh ‘ideation purposes. On a mile but humid day when air needs tobe dehumiaied, Back to basics: Introduction to dedicated outdoor air systems the only way to remove moisture isto cool the ait Te avoid creating cold clammy air ifitis not warm enough, this addtional option allows cooled, dehumiified arto be heated to a more comfortable temperature, providing neutral dry ai. Heating and heat recovery of ar above 40°F in DOAS units that provide ventilation arto multiple zones and operate in conjunction with zone heating and cooling systems when building loads or euside ar temperature indicate the majority of zones are in cooling is prohibited by ASHRAE Standard 90:1: Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. In other words, heated “room neutral” air from a DOAS can cause energy ‘waste when downstream units must recoo it to meet zone temperature setpoint o-air energy recovery devices. Energy recovery for these units is typically ato thalpy wheels, aluminum enthalpy wheels air This can be provided through poly cor enthalpy plate heat exchangers. Energy is recovered when two streams of ar — ‘roth air and return air — pase through the eneray recovery device and transfer mois- ture and heat from one ar souree tothe other Filters and other cleaning deviees. Ai purty can be improved through diferent Fl tration options provided for uit including MERV 8,11 or 14 fers; metal mesh ters or some manufacturers even offer bipolar ionization. Bipolar ionization systems gen- erate positively and negatively charged particles to help HVAC systems remove them ‘om the airsteam, ‘Space/bullding air temperature and humidity sensor. This component helps in mon itoring the air temperature and humidity within a space or building and i available in various measurements, which include, outdoor, discharge, space and return humility and air temperature measures. Back to basics: Introduction to dedicated outdoor air syste Unit configurations. Unit orientations €an enor be modifiad ta meet space requirements hiss especially use enw {ul in retoft applica ‘ions where available spaces imited. Man: oo vfacturers typically allow either vertical Fee 2 Th geo roa corhorizontal supply air discharge placement and __arangemart as dees a ‘vertieal, horizontal or no retunairarrangements, se DOAS an conten mth (baling pace. Courtesy: COM Smth \When designing a building's HVAC system, the engineer or designer may opt to provide multiple smaller units to have more zone con trollabilty in eu of single, large unis, Air distribution OAS units con be integrated with almost ary type of heating and caoling system design. DOAS units are often used in canjunction with fan coil units, variable air volume (VAN) systems, variable refrigerant flow systems ar packaged terminal air conditioners In any configuration type, the DOAS selection would consider the outdoor ar and latent loads forthe building andthe local equipment would be sized for each space’ sensible loads. This allows fora reduction inthe local equipment’ sizing because it wll only need Back to basics: Introduction to dedicated outdoor air systems 10_be sited to handle the sensible load generated within the space. One configuration ‘ype ie ducting directly from the DOAS unit to each space tha unit serves ‘Another system configuration forthe DOAS isto duct the outdoor air divectly tothe retur ofthe local unit, When the DOAS is ducted directly to the return, i allows the local unit to mix the outdoor air with the recirculated air and condition this mixture ‘The final HVAC system configuration discussed occurs where the DOAS is ducted to 2 celing plenum, closet or mechanical room plenum, which the local unit uses a8 an intake, This method is tyically not recommended as itis challenging to guarentee that ach space ceives its allotted outdoor air requirement. DOAS Controls In different design climates, DOAS can provide different modes of operation. For hot and humid areas, the DOAS unit should run in dehumiaiication and cacling made. In ether climate zones where ambient conditions are hot and dry, the DOAS unit may anly need to run in sensible cooling mode. In cold climate areas, the DOAS may need 10 heat the incoming outdoor air in heating mode and provide humidfiation During cccupied hours, he DOAS may need to run in these diferent operating modes and provide ventilation ai During unoccupied hours, because ventilation isnot re quired, the DOAS may only need to provide dehumidificaion to ensure the building ‘stays dy. Ths is done by closing the outdoor air intake damper and just recirculating retum air to allow it tobe dehumidiied. This contol method reduces wasted eneray and provides cost savings for the building ower. Pxsous | eet naan 1 olowesina otha Code requirements ASHRAE Standard 621 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality was fist published in 1973 and pro- vides industry standards for outdoor air require rents for various occupied building types and spaces. ASHRAE Stondard 6216 continuously updating and evolving to ensure minimum 1AQ is provide for building eccupants In some cases, there is benefit ta providing more outdoor ato a space than minimum required by code. One US. Green Building Council LEED point ean be achieved by providing 30% more outdoor air ta {ech breathing zone than the minimum required by [ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Back to basics: Introduction to dedicated outdoor air systems Control mode ‘utdooe condone Dehumisiention nd colng | Outdoor a dew point > dehumiaicavan st pont ‘Outdoor sr dew pont < dehumifcation set pont =o Outdoor sir dry-bulb temperature > cooling et point ‘Outdoor ar dew point

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