B.C.

A STUDY 


Unit-1: introduction to computers

Being a modern-day kid you must have used, seen, or read about computers. This is
because they are an integral part of our everyday existence. Be it school, banks, shops,
railway stations, hospital or your own home, computers are present everywhere,
making our work easier and faster for us. As they are such integral parts of our lives,
we must know what they are and how they function. Let us start with de몭ning the
term computer formally.

The literal meaning of computer is a device that can calculate. However, modern
computers can do a lot more than calculate. Computer is an electronic device that
receives input, stores or processes the input as per user instructions and provides
output in desired format.

Input-Process-Output Model
Computer input is called data and the output obtained after processing it, based on
user’s instructions is called information. Raw facts and 몭gures which can be processed
using arithmetic and logical operations to obtain information are called data.

The processes that can be applied to data are of two types −

Arithmetic operations − Examples include calculations like addition, subtraction,

differentials, square root, etc.
 Logical operations − Examples include comparison operations like greater than, less
Follow
than, equal to, opposite, etc.

The corresponding 몭gure for an actual computer looks something like this −

The basic parts of a computer are as follows −

Input Unit − Devices like keyboard and mouse that are used to input data and
instructions to the computer are called input unit.
Output Unit − Devices like printer and visual display unit that are used to provide
information to the user in desired format are called output unit.
Control Unit − As the name suggests, this unit controls all the functions of the
computer. All devices or parts of computer interact through the control unit.
Arithmetic Logic Unit − This is the brain of the computer where all arithmetic
operations and logical operations take place.
Memory − All input data, instructions and data interim to the processes are stored in
the memory. Memory is of two types – primary memory and secondary memory.
Primary memory resides within the CPU whereas secondary memory is external to it.

Control unit, arithmetic logic unit and memory are together called the central
processing unit or CPU. Computer devices like keyboard, mouse, printer, etc. that we
can see and touch are the hardwarecomponents of a computer. The set of instructions
or programs that make the computer function using these hardware parts are
called software. We cannot see or touch software. Both hardware and software are
necessary for working of a computer.

Characteristics of Computer
To understand why computers are such an important part of our lives, let us look at
some of its characteristics −

Speed − Typically, a computer can carry out 3-4 million instructions per second.
Accuracy − Computers exhibit a very high degree of accuracy. Errors that may occur
are usually due to inaccurate data, wrong instructions or bug in chips – all human
errors.
Reliability − Computers can carry out same type of work repeatedly without
throwing up errors due to tiredness or boredom, which are very common among
humans.
Versatility − Computers can carry out a wide range of work from data entry and
ticket booking to complex mathematical calculations and continuous astronomical
observations. If you can input the necessary data with correct instructions, computer
will do the processing.
Storage Capacity − Computers can store a very large amount of data at a fraction of
cost of traditional storage of 몭les. Also, data is safe from normal wear and tear
associated with paper.

Advantages of Using Computer

Now that we know the characteristics of computers, we can see the advantages that
computers offer−

Computers can do the same task repetitively with same accuracy.

Computers do not get tired or bored.
Computers can take up routine tasks while releasing human resource for more
intelligent functions.

Disadvantages of Using Computer

Despite so many advantages, computers have some disadvantages of their own −

Computers have no intelligence; they follow the instructions blindly without

considering the outcome.
Regular electric supply is necessary to make computers work, which could prove
dif몭cult everywhere especially in developing nations.
Booting
Starting a computer or a computer-embedded device is called booting. Booting takes
place in two steps −

Switching on power supply

Loading operating system into computer’s main memory
Keeping all applications in a state of readiness in case needed by the user

The 몭rst program or set of instructions that run when the computer is switched on is
called BIOS or Basic Input Output System. BIOS is a 몭rmware, i.e. a piece of software
permanently programmed into the hardware.

If a system is already running but needs to be restarted, it is called rebooting.

Rebooting may be required if a software or hardware has been installed or system is
unusually slow.

There are two types of booting −

Cold Booting − When the system is started by switching on the power supply it is
called cold booting. The next step in cold booting is loading of BIOS.
Warm Booting − When the system is already running and needs to be restarted or
rebooted, it is called warm booting. Warm booting is faster than cold booting because
BIOS is not reloaded.

Block diagram of a computer gives you the pictorial representation of a computer that
how it works inside. Or you can say that, in computer’s block diagram, we will see how
computer works from feeding the data to getting the result.

Here is the block diagram of a computer system:

In the above diagram, both control (control unit or CU) and arithmetic & logic unit
(ALU)combinely called as Central processing unit(CPU)

Let’s describe about all the parts as included in the above diagram one by one.

몭e Processor Unit (CPU)

It is the brain of the computer system.

All major calculation and comparisons are made inside the CPU and it is also
responsible for activation and controlling the operation of other unit.

This unit consists of two major components, that are arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and
control unit (CU).

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Here arithmetic logic unit performs all arithmetic operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division. It also uses logic operation for comparison.

Control Unit (CU)

And the control unit of a CPU controls the entire operation of the computer. It also
controls all devices such as memory, input/output devices connected to the CPU.

CU fetches instructions from memory, decodes the instruction, interprets the

instruction to know what the task are to be performed and sends suitable control
signals to the other components to perform for the necessary steps to executes the
instruction.
Input/Output Unit
The input/output unit consists of devices used to transmit information between the
external world and computer memory.

The information fed through the input unit is stored in computer’s memory for
processing and the 몭nal result stored in memory can be recorded or display on the
output medium.

Memory Unit
Memory unit is an essential component of a digital computer. It is where all data
intermediate and 몭nd results are stored.

The data read from the main storage or an input unit are transferred to the computer’s
memorywhere they are available for processing.

This memory unit is used to hold the instructions to be executed and data to be
processes.

Disk Storage Unit

Data and instruction enters into a computer system through input device have to
stored inside the computer before actual processing start.

Two types of storage unit are primary and secondary storage unit.

Primary Storage Unit

Primary memory has direct link with input unit and output unit. It stores the input
data, calculation result.

Secondary Storage Unit

The primary storage is not able to store data permanently for future use. So some
other types of storage technology is required to store the data permanently for long
time, it is called secondary or auxiliary storage.

Computers can be broadly classi몭ed by their speed and computing

power.S.No.TypeSpeci몭cations1PC (Personal Computer)It is a single user computer
system having moderately powerful microprocessor2WorkstationIt is also a single user
computer system, similar to personal computer however has a more powerful
microprocessor.3Mini ComputerIt is a multi-user computer system, capable of
supporting hundreds of users simultaneously.4Main FrameIt is a multi-user computer
system, capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously. Software technology
is different from minicomputer.5SupercomputerIt is an extremely fast computer,
which can execute hundreds of millions of instructions per second.

PC (Personal Computer)

A PC can be de몭ned as a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an

individual user. PCs are based on the microprocessor technology that enables
manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one chip. Businesses use personal computers
for word processing, accounting, desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet and
database management applications. At home, the most popular use for personal
computers is playing games and sur몭ng the Internet.

Although personal computers are designed as single-user systems, these systems are
normally linked together to form a network. In terms of power, now-a-days high-end
models of the Macintosh and PC offer the same computing power and graphics
capability as low-end workstations by Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, and Dell.
Workstation

Workstation is a computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop

publishing, software development, and other such types of applications which require
a moderate amount of computing power and relatively high quality graphics
capabilities.

Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, large

amount of RAM, inbuilt network support, and a graphical user interface. Most
workstations also have mass storage device such as a disk drive, but a special type of
workstation, called diskless workstation, comes without a disk drive.

Common operating systems for workstations are UNIX and Windows NT. Like PC,
workstations are also single-user computers like PC but are typically linked together to
form a local-area network, although they can also be used as stand-alone systems.

Minicomputer
It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of supporting up to 250 users
simultaneously.
Mainframe
Mainframe is very large in size and is an expensive computer capable of supporting
hundreds or even thousands of users simultaneously. Mainframe executes many
programs concurrently and supports many simultaneous execution of programs.

Supercomputer
Supercomputers are one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers
are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense
amount of mathematical calculations (number crunching).
For example, weather forecasting, scienti몭c simulations, (animated) graphics, 몭uid
dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of
geological data (e.g. in petrochemical prospecting).

Share this:
Tweet Share 2

Loading...

Search

SEARCH


A WordPress.com Website.