1.

0 INTRODUCTION
Spot speeds are the vehicle speeds taken at a specified point along the roadway and the
average of such speeds is referred to as time mean speed. A spot study is conducted by
monitoring the speeds of a sample of cars at a specific area in order to estimate the speed
distribution of vehicles. Spot speed data can be used to determine speed trends through
systematic continuous speed studies, to measure the effectiveness of traffic control devices
or traffic programmes, to evaluate speeding problems, to assess speed as a causal factor in
crashes, and to investigate existing parameters in traffic operation and control such as speed
limits, speed zones, and no-passing zones.

It is impossible to take a radar reading for every vehicle in congested traffic conditions.
Off-peak measurements (free-flowing traffic) are more appropriate because all speeds
during peak hours can be collected for peak flow analysis, whereas the speed of an
unhindered vehicle can be collected for general speed trends, setting speed limits, or
assessing the impact of speed zone signage. a research study lasting an hour or a sample size
of at least 100 cars.

1.1 OBJECTIVE

The study's primary goals are to:

1. To establish the speed distribution of a traffic stream at a certain point, often known as
basic speed statistics.

2. To produce vehicle speed percentiles using speed trend analysis, which are helpful in
speed-related decision-making.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Due to the high number of accidents on the current route, research is necessary to determine
if the problem of frequent accidents is brought on by the set speed not being suitable for the
road conditions or the undulating road conditions.
2.0 FUNDAMENTAL THEORY

Spot speed studies can show how the speeds of the moving vehicles are distributed
throughout a route. Speed, which is expressed in kilometers per hour (km/h), is the rate of
motion of a moving object. Spot speed research is done at the following locations:

• The trends are discovered on straight, flat, open stretches of country roadways and mid
blocks on urban streets.

• Problem areas: Locations of traffic lights and signs as well as accident hotspots.

• Representative locations must be used for basic data surveys.

• The places where the earlier and later investigations were conducted.

There are few categories that need to be calculate in speed:

a) Mean Speed

The arithmetic mean of all observed vehicle speeds (the sum of all spot speeds divided by

the number of recorded speeds) is the mean speed.

b) Median Speed

Median speed which is the speed at the middle value in a series of spot speeds that are

arranged in ascending order. 50 percent of the speed value will be greater than the

median; 50 percent will be less than the median.

c) Mode Speed

Mode speed which is the speed value that occurs most frequently in a sample of spot

speeds.

d) Pace Speed

Pace speed is the maximum speed within a specified range of speeds that indicates the

greatest number of cars. The most common speed range is 10km/h. e) Speed Standard

Deviation Speed standard deviation is a measure of the dispersion of individual speeds.

3.0 METHODOLOGY

The stopwatch method can be successfully used to determine a spot speed with a modest
sample size collected over a reasonable amount of time. A stopwatch can be used to quickly
and cheaply collect speed data.

3.1 EQUIPMENT

1. Stopwatch

2. Forms Table 1 and Table 2

3. Graph paper

4. Safety vest

3.2 PROCEDURE

1. Organize study plan.

2. Select data collection method.

3. Suitable location has been identified and speed data collection.

4. Use stopwatch to measure the time taken of vehicles according to their vehicle type.

5. All speed measurement recorded to form Table 1.

6. Transferred the data in Table 1 to Table 2.

3.3 GOOGLE MAP

https://www.google.com/maps/uv?pb=!1s0x31d05c455f941951%3A0xec435dd273feffa3!
3m1!7e115!4s%2Fmaps%2Fplace%2Ffujitsu%2Bintersection%2Bparit%2Braja%2F
%401.8545758%2C103.0926041%2C3a%2C75y%2C31.44h%2C90t%2Fdata
%3D*213m4*211e1*213m2*211s0uuGzobmEUARHOket3Rq4A*212e0*214m2*213m1*
211s0x31d05c455f941951%3A0xec435dd273feffa3%3Fsa%3DX%26hl%3Den!5sfujitsu
%20intersection%20parit%20raja%20%20Google%20Search!15sCgIgAQ&imagekey=!
1e2!2s0uuGzobmEUARHOket3Rq4A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiUhcif-
5b_AhV9WGwGHXhVDjsQpx96BAhPEAU
4.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

Observer: Muhammad Shahrulazmi bin Hashim, Nur Amarina binti Abdul Aziz, Nur Atiera
Sofia binti Adnan, Nuranisha Irdayu binti Jaafar, Nur Iskandar bin Norazmi, Ahmed
Abdinaser Hassan.

Location: Fujitsu Component (MALAYSIA), Parit Raja,

Time: 4.00 p.m. to 6.00 p.m.

Day: Thursday

Weather: Sunny

No. Vehicle Type DIstance Times (s) Distance / Time Speed (km/h)
(m) (m/s)
1 3 30.00 1.39 21.61 77.80
2 3 30.00 1.55 19.39 69.80
3 3 30.00 1.40 21.44 77.20
4 3 30.00 1.35 22.22 80.00
5 3 30.00 1.36 22.00 79.20
6 3 30.00 1.57 19.14 68.90
7 3 30.00 1.65 18.22 65.60
8 3 30.00 2.60 11.53 41.50
9 3 30.00 2.11 14.25 51.30
10 3 30.00 1.55 19.31 69.50
11 3 30.00 1.60 18.69 67.30
12 3 30.00 1.60 18.81 67.70
13 3 30.00 1.43 20.97 75.50
14 3 30.00 1.21 24.69 88.90
15 3 30.00 1.13 26.67 96.00
16 3 30.00 1.21 24.81 89.30
17 3 30.00 1.75 17.17 61.80
18 3 30.00 1.53 19.64 70.70
19 3 30.00 1.76 17.03 61.30
20 3 30.00 1.50 19.97 71.90
21 3 30.00 1.40 21.44 77.20
22 3 30.00 1.65 18.19 65.50
23 3 30.00 1.38 21.81 78.50
24 4 30.00 2.02 14.83 53.40
25 4 30.00 1.96 15.28 55.00
26 4 30.00 1.87 16.06 57.80
27 4 30.00 2.19 13.69 49.30
28 4 30.00 2.67 11.22 40.40
29 4 30.00 2.60 11.53 41.50
30 4 30.00 2.10 14.28 51.40
31 4 30.00 1.36 22.00 79.20
32 4 30.00 1.78 16.83 60.60
33 4 30.00 1.66 18.11 65.20
34 4 30.00 2.44 12.31 44.30
35 4 30.00 1.89 15.86 57.10
36 4 30.00 1.71 17.50 63.00
37 4 30.00 1.75 17.17 61.80
38 4 30.00 1.80 16.69 60.10
39 2 30.00 2.16 13.89 50.00
40 2 30.00 2.40 12.50 45.00
41 2 30.00 2.48 12.10 43.55
42 2 30.00 2.00 15.00 54.00
43 2 30.00 2.88 10.42 37.50
44 2 30.00 2.32 12.93 46.55
45 2 30.00 2.32 12.93 46.55
46 2 30.00 2.49 12.05 43.37
47 2 30.00 2.72 11.03 39.71
48 2 30.00 2.32 12.93 46.55
49 2 30.00 2.88 10.42 37.50
50 2 30.00 3.12 9.62 34.62
51 2 30.00 2.16 13.89 50.00
52 2 30.00 2.08 14.42 51.92
53 2 30.00 2.72 11.03 39.71
54 2 30.00 2.57 11.67 42.02
55 2 30.00 2.16 13.89 50.00
56 2 30.00 2.48 12.10 43.55
57 2 30.00 2.48 12.10 43.55
58 2 30.00 2.40 12.50 45.00
59 2 30.00 2.64 11.36 40.91
60 2 30.00 1.92 15.63 56.25
61 2 30.00 2.65 11.32 40.75
62 2 30.00 3.21 9.35 33.64
63 2 30.00 2.08 14.42 51.92
64 2 30.00 1.92 15.63 56.25
65 2 30.00 2.40 12.50 45.00
66 2 30.00 2.64 11.36 40.91
67 2 30.00 1.92 15.63 56.25
68 2 30.00 2.26 13.27 47.79
69 2 30.00 2.96 10.14 36.49
70 2 30.00 2.32 12.93 46.55
71 2 30.00 2.48 12.10 43.55
72 2 30.00 2.08 14.42 51.92
73 2 30.00 2.33 12.88 46.35
74 2 30.00 2.56 11.72 42.19
75 2 30.00 1.92 15.63 56.25
76 2 30.00 1.92 15.63 56.25
77 2 30.00 2.56 11.72 42.19
78 2 30.00 2.56 11.72 42.19
79 1 30.00 2.86 10.49 37.76
80 1 30.00 2.39 12.55 45.19
81 1 30.00 1.94 15.46 55.67
82 1 30.00 1.42 21.13 76.06
83 1 30.00 1.56 19.23 69.23
84 1 30.00 1.77 16.95 61.02
85 1 30.00 1.87 16.04 57.75
86 1 30.00 1.51 19.87 71.52
87 1 30.00 2.07 14.49 52.17
88 1 30.00 2.34 12.82 46.15
89 1 30.00 2.36 12.71 45.76
 90 1 30.00 2.04 14.71 52.94
91 1 30.00 1.95 15.38 55.38
92 1 30.00 3.27 9.17 33.03
93 1 30.00 2.52 11.90 42.86
94 1 30.00 3.25 9.23 33.23
95 1 30.00 2.01 14.93 53.73
96 1 30.00 1.44 20.83 75.00
97 1 30.00 1.80 16.67 60.00
98 1 30.00 1.50 20.00 72.00
99 1 30.00 2.99 10.03 36.12
100 1 30.00 2.82 10.64 38.30
. Table 1 : The observation of speed (km/h) for vehicles

Speed Class (km/h) Number of Vehicles Total

Vehicle Class
1 2 3 4
30-34 2 2 4
35-39 3 5 8
40-44 1 12 1 3 17
45-49 3 9 1 13
50-54 3 7 1 2 13
55-59 3 5 3 11
60-64 2 2 4 8
65-69 1 7 1 9
70-74 2 2 4
75-79 2 6 1 9
80-84 1 1
85-89 2 2
90-94 0
95-99 1 1
Total 22 40 23 15 100
Table 2: Number of vehicles according to speed and vehicle class

Vehicle class 1: Motorcycles.

Vehicle class 2: Cars.

Vehicle class 3: Vans and medium trucks.

Vehicles class 4: Heavy trucks and buses.

 "Speed "Upper Limit "Class "Number of "Percentage of "Cummulative
Class (km/h)" Midpoint Observation" Observation" Percentages"
(km/h)" (km/h)"
29.5
30-34 34.5 32 4 4 4
35-39 39.5 37 8 8 12
40-44 44.5 42 17 17 29
45-49 49.5 47 13 13 42
50-54 54.5 52 13 13 55
55-59 59.5 57 11 11 66
60-64 64.5 62 8 8 74
65-69 69.5 67 9 9 83
70-74 74.5 72 4 4 87
75-79 79.5 77 9 9 96
80-84 84.5 82 1 1 97
85-89 89.5 87 2 2 99
90-94 94.5 92 0 0 99
95-99 99.5 97 1 1 100
Total 100 100 100
. Table 3 : Percentage of observation and cumulative percentages.

Graphical Representation of Data

1. Frequency Histogram

Graph Total Observation vs Speed

18 17
16

14 13 13
12 11
10 9 9
8 8
8

6
4 4
4
2
2 1 1
0
0
30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99
2. Frequency Distribution Curve

Graph % of Total Observation vs Speed (Km/h)

3. Cumulative Frequency Distribution Curve

Cumulative percentage vs Speed

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Mean Speed

Class Number of
Speed Class Fx
Midpoint, Observation,
(km/h) x f

30-34 32 4 128
35-39 37 8 296
40-44 42 17 714
45-49 47 13 611
50-54 52 13 676
55-59 57 11 627
60-64 62 8 496
65-69 67 9 603
70-74 72 4 288
75-79 77 9 693
80-84 82 1 82
85-89 87 2 174
90-94 92 0 0
95-99 97 1 97
Total 5485

Median Speed (AMA)

85th Percentile Speed

The 85th percentile speed is the speed at or below which 85 percent of the motorists drive
on a given road unaffected by slower traffic or poor weather.

This speed indicates the speed that most motorists on the road consider safe and reasonable
under ideal conditions.

The 85th percentile speed as obtained from the cumulative frequency distribution curve is
83.5 km/h.

Standard Deviation

𝑛𝑓𝑥2 (𝑛𝑓𝑥)2 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = √𝑛 − 1 − 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)

f = frequency of observations in the particular class x = mid-point of each class

n = total number of observations = ∑𝑓

"Speed Class "Class x^2 "Number of fx fx^2

(km/h)" Midpoint x" Observation
f"
30-34 32 1024 4 128 131072
35-39 37 1369 8 296 405224
40-44 42 1764 17 714 1259496
45-49 47 2209 13 611 1349699
50-54 52 2704 13 676 1827904
55-59 57 3249 11 627 2037123
60-64 62 3844 8 496 1906624
65-69 67 4489 9 603 2706867
70-74 72 5184 4 288 1492992
75-79 77 5929 9 693 4108797
80-84 82 6724 1 82 551368
85-89 87 7569 2 174 1317006
90-94 92 8464 0 0 0
95-99 97 9409 1 97 912673
Total 100 5485 20006845
Table 5: Standard Deviation

Therefore, the standard deviation =

An estimate of standard deviation can be obtained by using the formula:

Estimated 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑃85−𝑃15 = 83.5−41.5 =

 PART B
VOLUME TRAFFIC
STUDY
 VOLUME TRAFFIC STUDY
LOCATION

Intersection near Fujitsu Component Sdn. Bhd.

Class Vehicle Passenger Car Unit

Factor

1 Motorcycle 0.75

2 Car 1.00

3 Medium Weight 2.00

4 Heavy Weight 3.00

DATA AND ANALYSIS

Phase 1

1. AYER HITAM – UTHM (STRAIGHT)

Traffic flow count
Time (mins) Vehicle class
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4
Motorcycle Car Medium vehicle Heavy vehicle
5:30 – 5:45 79 276 3 11
5:45 – 6:00 87 339 13 8
6:00 – 6:15 71 366 7 5
6:15 – 6:30 54 264 2 3
TOTAL 291 1245 25 31

Vehicle Class Traffic Volume (veh/hour) P.C.U. Factor P.C.U.

Class 1 (Motorbike) 291 0.75 218.25
Class 2 (Car) 1245 1.00 1245.00
Class 3 (Medium vehicle) 25 2.00 50.00
Class 4 (Heavy vehicle) 31 3.00 93.00
Total (AU1) 1592 1606.25

2. AYER HITAM – FUJITSU (TURN RIGHT)

Traffic flow count
Time (mins) Vehicle class
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4
Motorcycle Car Medium vehicle Heavy vehicle
5:30 – 5:45 5 10 0 4
5:45 – 6:00 13 15 3 2
6:00 – 6:15 7 8 1 1
6:15 – 6:30 6 8 0 1
TOTAL 31 41 4 8

Vehicle Class Traffic Volume (veh/hour) P.C.U. Factor P.C.U.

Class 1 (Motorbike) 31 0.75 23.25
Class 2 (Car) 41 1.00 41.00
Class 3 (Medium vehicle) 4 2.00 8.00
Class 4 (Heavy vehicle) 8 3.00 24.00
Total (AF2) 84 96.25
Phase 2

3. UTHM – AYER HITAM (STRAIGHT)

Traffic flow count
Time (mins) Vehicle class
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4
Motorcycle Car Medium vehicle Heavy vehicle
5:30 – 5:45 88 294 0 7
5:45 – 6:00 92 327 15 3
6:00 – 6:15 106 393 1 4
6:15 – 6:30 81 317 2 3
TOTAL 367 1331 18 17

Vehicle Class Traffic Volume (veh/hour) P.C.U. Factor P.C.U.

Class 1 (Motorbike) 367 0.75 275.25
Class 2 (Car) 1331 1.00 1331.00
Class 3 (Medium vehicle) 18 2.00 36.00
Class 4 (Heavy vehicle) 17 3.00 51.00
Total (UA1) 1733 1693.25

4. UTHM – FUJITSU (TURN LEFT)

Traffic flow count
Time (mins) Vehicle class
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4
Motorcycle Car Medium vehicle Heavy vehicle
5:30 – 5:45 4 6 0 0
5:45 – 6:00 2 9 3 0
6:00 – 6:15 0 3 1 0
6:15 – 6:30 1 3 0 0
TOTAL 7 21 4 0

Vehicle Class Traffic Volume (veh/hour) P.C.U. Factor P.C.U.

Class 1 (Motorbike) 7 0.75 5.25
Class 2 (Car) 21 1.00 21.00
Class 3 (Medium vehicle) 4 2.00 8.00
Class 4 (Heavy vehicle) 0 3.00 0
Total (UF2) 32 34.25
Phase 3

5. FUJITSU – AYER HITAM (TURN LEFT)

Traffic flow count
Time (mins) Vehicle class
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4
Motorcycle Car Medium vehicle Heavy vehicle
5:30 – 5:45 12 10 4 1
5:45 – 6:00 4 7 0 2
6:00 – 6:15 6 14 2 2
6:15 – 6:30 15 18 1 0
TOTAL 37 49 7 5

Vehicle Class Traffic Volume (veh/hour) P.C.U. Factor P.C.U.

Class 1 (Motorbike) 37 0.75 37.75
Class 2 (Car) 49 1.00 49.00
Class 3 (Medium vehicle) 7 2.00 14.00
Class 4 (Heavy vehicle) 5 3.00 15.00
Total (FA1) 98 84.71

6. FUJITSU – UTHM (TURN RIGHT)

Traffic flow count
Time (mins) Vehicle class
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4
Motorcycle Car Medium vehicle Heavy vehicle
5:30 – 5:45 5 15 1 6
5:45 – 6:00 13 17 2 2
6:00 – 6:15 3 24 0 2
6:15 – 6:30 6 21 0 0
TOTAL 27 77 3 10

Vehicle Class Traffic Volume (veh/hour) P.C.U. Factor P.C.U.

Class 1 (Motorbike) 27 0.75 20.25
Class 2 (Car) 77 1.00 77.00
Class 3 (Medium vehicle) 3 2.00 6.00
Class 4 (Heavy vehicle) 10 3.00 30.00
Total (FU2) 117 133.25
Determine Y

Phase 1 2 3
Movement AU1 AF2 UA1 UF2 FA1 FU2
Width (m) 10 5 5 5 4 4
S
5120 2560 2560 2560 1965 1965
(PCU/hr)
q
1454.53 76.23 1521.86 30.31 84.71 113.66
(PCU/hr)
Y = q/S 0.28 0.03 0.59 0.01 0.04 0.06
Ymax

Calculation for S

AU1: ? × 1.00× 1.00=?

AF2: ? × 1.00× 1.00=?
UA1: ? × 1.00× 1.00=?
UF2: ? × 1.00× 1.00=?
FA1: ? × 1.00× 1.00=?
FU2: ? × 1.00× 1.00=?

Checking for Y

Y =? +? +?=?< 0.85
So, the calculation can be proceeded.

Calculation of Total Lost Time er Cycle, L

Amber time, a = 3 sec

All red interval, R = 3 sec
Delay time, t = 2 sec
Number of phases, n = 3
Integration time, I = R + a = 3 + 3 = 6 sec
Total lost time, L = n (I – a) + n (t) = 3 (6-3) + 3 (2) = 15 seconds
Calculation of Optimum Cycle Time, C o
1.5 L+5
C o=
1−Y
1.5 L+5
C o=
1−Y
C o=¿
Round off to the nearest 10. So, take design ? seconds.

Calculation of Signal Settings

Total effective green time
¿ C o−L
¿ C o−L
¿?

y (C o−L)
Effective green time, g= `
Y
g phase 1
y (C o−L)
g= =? sec
Y

g phase 2
y (C o−L)
g= =? sec
Y

g phase 3
y (C o−L)
g= =? sec
Y

g1 + g2 + g3
g=? +? +?=? sec (Same with C o−L) = OK!
Actual Green Time, G = g + I + R
G1 =? +? + ? = ? sec
G2 =? +? + ? = ? sec
G3 =? +? + ? = ? sec

Controller Setting Time, K = G – a – R

K1 = ? +? + ? = sec
K2 = ? +? + ? = sec
K3 = ? +? + ? = sec

Determine The Level of Service for Signalised Intersection

[ ]
2
9 c (1−λ) x2
Delay , d= +
10 2(1− λ x ) 2 q s(1−x)

Level of Service Stopped Delay for Vehicle (sec)

A < 5.0
B 5.1 – 15.0
C 15.1 – 25.0
D 25.1 – 40.0
E 41.1 – 60.0
F > 60.0

Phase 1 2 3
Movement AU1 AF2 UA1 UF2 FA1 FU2
c (sec)
g (sec)
λ=g/c
S (pcu/hr)
q (cu/hr)
qs (cu/hr)
x=q / λs
d (sec)
LOS
REFERENCES
Abdullah, Noraini & Hua, Ting. (2017). The Application of the Shortest Path and Maximum
Flow with Bottleneck in Traffic Flow of Kota Kinabalu. Journal Computer Science &
Computational Mathematics. 7. 37-42. 10.20967/jcscm.2017.02.003.