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Chapter 2 - Wave Motion

This document outlines topics from an intermediate optics course including one-dimensional waves, harmonic waves, phase velocity, and plane waves. Key concepts are defined such as wave functions, amplitude, wavelength, frequency, propagation number, and phase. Several examples are provided to demonstrate calculations related to these wave properties.

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Dennis Kipkoech
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57 views

Chapter 2 - Wave Motion

This document outlines topics from an intermediate optics course including one-dimensional waves, harmonic waves, phase velocity, and plane waves. Key concepts are defined such as wave functions, amplitude, wavelength, frequency, propagation number, and phase. Several examples are provided to demonstrate calculations related to these wave properties.

Uploaded by

Dennis Kipkoech
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Intermediate Optics - PHYS 322

Spring 2023

Optics, 5th edition


PEARSON New International Edition
Eugene Hecht
2.1 One-Dimensional Waves Page 18
2.2 Harmonic Waves Page 22
2.3 Phase Velocity Page 26
2.7 Plane Waves Page 32
2.1 One-Dimensional Waves
2.1 One-Dimensional Waves

Longitudinal Waves
2.1 One-Dimensional Waves

Transverse Waves

𝑖Ƹ
𝑘෠
𝑗Ƹ
2.1 One-Dimensional Waves
2.1 One-Dimensional Waves
➢ 𝝍 𝒙, 𝒕 = 𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒗𝒕 represents the most general form of the one dimensional wave function.
➢ The resulting expression, 𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒗𝒕 , describes a wave having a particular profile, moving in the
positive 𝑥-direction with a speed 𝑣.

𝑣 →
2.1.1 The Differential Wave Equation
➢ Example 1(*2.2): Show that the function 𝜓 𝑦, 𝑡 = 𝑦 − 4𝑡 2 is a solution of the differential
wave equation. In what direction does it travel?
2.2 Harmonic Wave

Snapshot of the wave at a specific time (t= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡) Time evolution of a specific wave point (𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡)

Displacement /m
2.2 Harmonic Wave

𝝍 𝒙, 𝒕 = 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒌 𝒙 ∓ 𝒗𝒕 + 𝝐)= 𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒌𝒙 ∓ 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝐)

➢ Alternative wave equations:


𝑥 𝑡
➢ 𝜓 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋 ∓ +𝜖
𝜆 𝑇
𝑥
➢ 𝜓 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔 𝑡 ∓ +𝜖
𝑣
𝑥
➢ 𝜓 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓 ∓𝑡 +𝜖
𝑣
• 𝑨 : Amplitude (maximum vertical displacement)
• 𝝎: angular frequency (𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 (𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠) )
2𝜋
• 𝒌: propagation number (k = (𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚))
𝜆
• 𝝋 = 𝑘𝑥 ± 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜖 : phase (angle) of a traveling wave – entire argument of sinusoidal function
• 𝝐 : initial phase of a traveling wave: phase (angle) at 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑥 = 0
➢ Example 4(*2.4): Helium-Neon lasers typically operate at a wavelength of 632.8 𝑛𝑚 (in the
red region of the visible spectrum). Determine the frequency of a beam at this wavelength.

➢ Example 6(*2.11): Compare the wavelengths of the A note (𝑓 = 440 𝐻𝑧) when it is played in
air (𝑣 ≈ 343 𝑚/𝑠) and water (𝑣 ≈ 1500 𝑚/𝑠).
Chapter 2. Wave Motion Problems – Page 41

➢ Example 5(*2.6): How many wavelengths of a green laser 𝜆 = 532 𝑛𝑚 can fit into a distance
equal to the thickness of a human hair (100 𝜇𝑚)? How far will the same number of waves
extend if they originate from a microwave oven 𝑓 = 2.45 𝐺𝐻𝑧 ?

American University of the Middle East / Dr. Hussein Sabbah Copyright © Pearson. All rights reserved 13
➢ Example 7(*2.12): A 20 − 𝐻𝑧 vibrator is activated at one end of a 6 𝑚 - long string. The first
disturbance reaches the other end of the string in 1.2 𝑠. How many wavelengths will fit on the
string?

➢ Example 8(*2.9): Sitting on the end of a pier, you observe the waves washing along and notice
they are very regular. Using a stopwatch, you record 20 waves passing by in 10 seconds. If
when one crest washes by a column of the pier, another crest is also washing by the next
column 5 meters away, with another in between, determine the period, frequency,
wavelength, and speed of the wave.
2.3 Phase and Phase Velocity

Δ𝝋 = 𝝋𝟏 − 𝝋𝟐 ,

➢ Phase difference between a sine wave and cosine wave:

𝝅
𝝍 𝒙, 𝒕 = 𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒌𝒙 − 𝝎𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒌𝒙 − 𝝎𝒕 − ቁ
𝟐
𝝅
∆𝝋 =
𝟐
2.3 Phase and Phase Velocity

𝜕𝜑
𝜕𝑥 − 𝜕𝑡 𝜔
𝑥
The phase velocity: = 𝜕𝜑 = ± =𝑣
𝜕𝑡 𝜑 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝑡

𝜔
The phase velocity: 𝑣 (𝑚/𝑠) = 𝜆𝑓 =
𝑘
➢ Example 11(*2.21): Given the wavefunctions: 𝜓1 = 5𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋 0.4𝑥 + 2𝑡 and
𝜓2 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋 5𝑥 − 1.5𝑡 determine in each case the values of (a) frequency, (b) wavelength, (c)
period, (d) amplitude, (e) phase velocity, and (f) direction of motion. Time is in seconds and x is in
meters.

American University of the Middle East / Dr. Hussein Sabbah 17


➢ Example 12(*2.43): Find the wavelength, velocity, frequency and period of the wave shown
in the figure. Write its full wave function.

American University of the Middle East / Dr. Hussein Sabbah Copyright © Pearson. All rights reserved 18
➢ Example 13: Find the wavelength, velocity, frequency and period of the wave
shown in the following figure. Write its full wavefunction.
𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡)(m) t=0s t=1 s

X(m)
2.7 Plane Waves
2.7 Plane Waves

𝝍 𝒓, 𝒕 = 𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒌 ⋅ 𝒓 ∓ 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝐൯, 𝜆
𝜆

where 𝑟Ԧ = 𝑥𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠ and 𝑘 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑘𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘𝑧 𝑘.


෠

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