SYNTAX

PART 1 – WHAT IS SYNTAX?

The term ‘syntax’ is from the Ancient Greek ‘syntaxis’, a verbal noun which literally means
‘arrangement’ or ‘setting out together’. Traditionally, it refers to the branch of grammar dealing with
the ways in which words, with or without appropriate inflections, are arranged to show connections of
meaning within the sentence.
Cú pháp có nguồn gốc từ tiếng Hy Lạp, có nghĩa đen là “ sắp xếp” hoặc “đặt ra cùng nhau”. Theo
truyền thống, nó đề cập đến một nhánh ngữ pháp liên quan đến cách thức mà các từ, co hoặc không có
các biến tố thích hợp, được sắp xếp để thể hiện các kết nối ý nghĩa trong câu.
(Matthews, 1992:1)

‘Syntax deals with how sentences are constructed.’ - Liên quan đến cách xây dựng câu
(Robert J. Van Valin, 2001:1)
‘Syntax: the grammatical principles, units, and relations involved in sentence structure.’ - Các nguyên
tắc ngữ pháp, đơn vị và các mối quan hệ liên quan đến cấu trúc câu (Jacobs, 1995:4)
‘Syntax involves learning the various forms of a word and how they should be deployed in a sentence.
It also means recognizing the function of grammatical words and organizing lexical and grammatical
words in a meaningful order not only within a phrase but also within clauses.’ – Liên quan đến việc học
các dạng khác nhau của một từ và cách chúng được triển khai trong câu. Nó còn có nghĩa là nhận ra
chức năng của các từ ngữ pháp và sắp xếp các từ vựng và ngữ pháp theo một trật tự có ý nghĩa không
chỉ trong một cụm từ mà còn trong các mệnh đề. (Blake N.F. & Jean Moorhead, 1993: 41)

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EXAMPLES
What is the word form/ part of speech of these following words?

• late
• She’s late for work every day. Adjective – Tính từ
Cô ấy đi làm trễ mỗi ngày

• She has to work late tomorrow. Adverb – Trạng từ

Cô ấy phải làm việc trễ vào ngày mai

• cooking
• I was cooking dinner when he came. Present participle – Hiện tại phân từ
Tôi đang nấu bữa tối thì anh ấy đến

• Cooking is my hobby. Gerund – Danh động từ

Nấu ăn là sở thích của tôi
PART 2 – ANALYZING BY FORM, FUNCTION, AND POSITION
Một từ hoặc một nhóm từ trong câu có thể thuộc các loại ngữ pháp hoặc phần khác nhau của lời nói.
For example, ‘late’ may be an adjective or an adverb; ‘swimming’ may be a gerund or a present
participle etc.
Ex: I usually get up late. (adverb)
I am always late to school (adjective)
Swimming regularly helps to keep fit. (gerund)
Swimming one hour every morning, I am getting fitter and fitter. (present
participle)
Một từ không thể được phân tích chính xác chỉ dựa vào hình thức của nó. Phân tích theo 3 tiêu chí:
hình thức, chức năng và vị trí
Ex: This morning, I met him at the supermarket.
● This morning is a Noun Phrase by Form; a Modifier by Function; and an Adverbial by Position.

● At the supermarket is a Prepositional Phrase by Form; a Modifier by Function, and an

Adverbial by Position.
Ex: This morning, I met him at the supermarket.
NP / M / Aval PP / M / Aval

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PART 3 – FORM CLASSES – THE PARTS OF SPEECH
3.1. Words:
‘Ngữ pháp là hệ thống các quy tắc xác định một ngôn ngữ. Nó bao gồm các lớp từ, cách phát âm, chức
năng và mối quan hệ của chúng trong câu'. (Lester, p. 243)
Các phần của lời nói là các lớp từ. Từ trong tiếng Anh có thể chia làm hai loại chính:
1. Open classes – Lớp mở: gồm các từ vựng. Một số đặc điểm:

● Chúng có ý nghĩa từ vựng / ý nghĩa xác định có thể tìm thấy trong từ điển.

● Có số lượng thành viên rất lớn.

● Có thể thêm nhiều từ hơn khi ngôn ngữ phát triển và thay đổi.

● Chúng là Danh từ (Nouns), Tính từ (Adjectives), Động từ (Verbs) và Trạng từ (Adverb)

2. Closed classes – Lớp đóng: bao gồm các từ ngữ pháp/ cấu trúc hoặc chức năng.

● Chúng không có ý nghĩa từ vựng. Chúng có ý nghĩa ngữ pháp

● Chúng có số thành viên nhỏ hơn, hạn chế và hiếm khi thay đổi.

● Không mở đầu để tiếp nhận từ mới.

● Chúng là Pronouns (đại từ), Auxiliaries (trợ động từ), Prepositions (giới từ), Conjunctions
(liên từ), Determiners (chỉ định từ).
(Blake, 1993:5)

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A. LEXICAL WORDS
1. NOUNS
Danh từ là một từ để đặt tên cho một người, địa điểm, sự vật, chất lượng hoặc ý tưởng.
Ex: Tom, Mars, automobile, beauty, justice …
Types of nouns
• Proper nouns (danh từ riêng) gọi tên một người, địa điểm cụ thể… như John Smith, New York…
Chúng luôn được viết hoa.
• Common nouns (danh từ chung) kể tên một hoặc tất cả thành viên của một lớp hoặc một nhóm và
không yêu cầu viết hoa như boy, cat, city…
• Concrete nouns (danh từ cụ thể) kể tên những thứ mà người đọc có thể cảm nhận được bằng giác
quan của họ như cái bàn - desk, bản giao hưởng - symphony, khói - smoke …
• Abstract nouns (danh từ trừu tượng) gọi tên những phẩm chất và ý tưởng vô hình như tự do - liberty,
sự ngọt ngào - sweetness, yêu - love, can đảm - bravery….. (Lester, p. 245)
• Countable nouns (danh từ đếm được) dùng cho những đồ vật riêng lẻ có thể là a chair, a table…
+ Danh từ đếm được có thể đứng trước a/an ở số ít.
+ Danh từ đếm được có đuôi –s/-es ở số nhiều.
• Uncountable nouns (danh từ không đếm được) được dùng cho những thứ không thể đếm được như
can đảm - bravery, nội thất - furniture …
+ Danh từ không đếm được không có a/an đứng ngay trước.
+ Danh từ không đếm được không có dạng số nhiều.
+ Hầu hết các danh từ không đếm được đều đề cập đến ‘whole’ được tạo thành từ các phần khác nhau.
+ Nhiều danh từ có thể được sử dụng như danh từ đếm được hoặc không đếm được nhưng thường có
sự thay đổi về nghĩa.
Ex: A coffee (a cup of coffee); Fishes (kinds of fish) …
(Azar, 1989: 204-205)
• Collective nouns (danh từ tập hợp) đề cập đến một nhóm người và có thể dùng động từ số ít hoặc số
nhiều.
+ Singular (số ít) nếu từ đó được dùng để chỉ một nhóm hoặc đơn vị.
Ex: Family is the basic element of society.
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In this case we use it, its, which / that.
Ex: The government wants to improve its image.
The crowd which has gathered here is in a cheerful mood.
+ Plural (số nhiều) nếu từ này được dùng để chỉ tất cả các thành viên của nhóm.
Ex: My family are going to Vung Tau this weekend.
In this case, we use they, their, who.
Ex: The teacher staff want to improve their image.
My family, who have just come back from DL, are going to VT this weekend.
(Nguyen viet Thu, 2003: 56-57)
2. ADJECTIVES
Tính từ là một từ mô tả tính chất, cảm giác hoặc trạng thái của một sự vật nào đó. Nó là một modifier
(tính từ bổ nghĩa) or attributive adjective (tính từ thuộc ngữ) khi nó đi ngay sau hoặc trước một danh
từ.
Ex: She is a beautiful girl. I want someone intelligent.
Nó là subject complement (bổ ngữ chủ ngữ) or predicative adjective (tính từ vị ngữ) khi theo sau một
động từ liên kết.
Ex: The plan seems incomplete and unusually expensive. (Lester, p. 250)
3. ADVERBS

Trạng từ chỉ hoặc làm rõ time, place, manner, and degree. They also affirm or deny. Thường trả lời câu
hỏi when, why, where, how, what for…
Trạng từ modifies (bổ nghĩa) verbs (động từ), adjectives (tính từ), adverbs (trạng từ), phrases (cụm từ),
clauses (mệnh đề), and sentences (câu).
Ex: He sings beautifully. (Beautifully modifies sings)
Severely punished by his father, the boy ran away from home
The boy sitting alone in the corner of the class is a new student.
She is extremely nice.
He drove very quickly.
Coming home, he went straight to bed.
Luckily, he did not die.
4. VERBS
Động từ chỉ hành động (process, feeling, movement) hoặc trạng thái tồn tại.
A. Types of verb

● Auxiliary – Trợ động từ

✔ Trợ động từ chính hoặc bán trợ động từ: những từ có thể đóng vai trò là động từ phụ hoặc
động từ chính e.g. be, have, do
Ex: I am a teacher (main verb)
I am teaching English. (auxiliary)
My friend has a beautiful car. (main verb)
He has just bought it from a friend (auxiliary)
✔ Modal auxiliaries - Trợ động từ khiếm khuyết: động từ khiếm khuyết; luôn luôn phụ
trợ e.g. can, could, may, might, shall, should…

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 ✔ Semi-modal auxiliaries – Trợ động từ bán khiếm khuyết: có thể là động từ khiếm
khuyết hoặc động từ chính: need, dare.
✔ Some compound auxiliaries (trợ động từ ghép): have to; have got to; had better; be to; be
able to; be about to; be supposed to; be expected to; be due to …
● Main verbs – Động từ chính

▪ Linking verbs – động từ liên kết thể hiện chất lượng, cảm giác hoặc trạng thái của sự
tồn tại . For example: be; seem; appear; taste; smell; feel ...
A linking verb
+ Mô tả chủ đề (How?)
Ex: The soup tastes good; the river is running dry.
+ Xác định chủ đề(What?)
Ex: She is a singer (she = singer; both refer to the same person)
A fruit cake makes a nice gift. (a fruit cake = a nice gift)
+ can be replaced by ‘be’, ‘become’, remain…
Ex: The screw worked loose => the screw became / was loose.
Note: Sau động từ liên kết, thường có bổ ngữ chủ ngữ (Subject Complement).(Nếu có chủ
ngữ).
▪ Action verbs – Động từ hành động diễn đạt một hành động
+ Transitive verbs – Động từ chuyển tiếp yêu cầu 1 tân ngữ trực tiếp (direct object) hoặc 1 bổ ngữ
(complement) để hoàn thành.
Ex: I want a beer (DO) (want what?); I have got a car (C)

+ Intransitive verbs - Nội động từ là động từ tự túc; không cần an object (đối tượng) or complement
(bổ ngữ).
✔ Ex: He is laughing; He died years ago.
B. Forms
1. Finite verbs – Động từ hữu hạn phù hợp với chủ ngữ (subject).
Ex: The boy goes to school by bus; you are a student.
Mệnh đề phải chứa một động từ hữu hạn.
2. Non-finite – Động từ không hữu hạn không hòa hợp với chủ ngữ (subject) và không tạo thành mệnh
đề (chỉ một cụm từ): infinitive (nguyên thể), gerund (danh động từ), present participle (hiện tại phân
từ), past participle (quá khứ phân từ).
Ex: The boy sitting near the window is a new student.
Prest.p phrase/ M

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B. FUNCTIONAL WORDS
1. PRONOUNS – Đại từ
Đại từ đóng vai trò thay thế cho Noun (danh từ), Phrase(cụm từ), or clause (mệnh đề) gọi là tiền ngữ.
Các loại đại từ
a. Personal pronouns – đại từ nhân xưng đề cập đến những người hoặc vật cụ thể. Họ thay đổi
hình thức để hiển thị số lượng và người. Ex: I, me, we, us…
b. Relative pronouns – đại từ quan hệ giới thiệu mệnh đề phụ thuộc gọi là mệnh đề quan hệ
(clauses relative) hoặc tính từ (adjective clauses). Ex: who, which , that, whom, when, where, why,
whose …
Khác với những từ khác. Đại từ quan hệ phải có tiền ngữ (the noun replaced by the relative pro.).

Ex: I don’t remember the town where I was born. (relative pro)
I don’t remember where I was born. (Adv)
I’ll follow you where you go. (Adv)
Một số đại từ quan hệ đặc biệt:
 As
Khi tiền ngữ được bổ nghĩa bằng same and such, mệnh đề tính từ thường được giới thiệu bằng as.
Ex: She wore the same dress as she wore at Mary’s wedding.
I’ve never heard such stories as he’s telling.
 But
Trong câu phủ định, but được dùng thay thế cho who / which để tạo thành phủ định kép nhằm nhấn
mạnh.
Ex: There’s not a single man here but loves you. (= who doesn’t)
(Dang Thi Huong, 1998:217)
c. Interrogative pronouns – đại từ nghi vấn giới thiệu câu hỏi: who, what, which whom… Ex:
Who are you? What do you want?
d. Reflexive pronouns – đại từ phản thân gọi tên người nhận hành động giống hệt người thực
hiện hành động: myself, yourself, himself, herself … Đại từ phản thân có thể có chức năng của một
danh từ.
Ex: John is looking at himself in the mirror. ( at John)
Pro/OP (object of preposition)
e. Intensive / Emphasizing pronouns – đại từ nhấn mạnh cũng đặt tên cho người nhận hành
động giống như người thực hiện hành động như đại từ phản thân nhưng có chức năng nhấn mạnh.
Ex: The President himself visited me last night.
f. Reciprocal pronouns – đại từ đối ứng: each other; one another.

Ex: They are fighting each other.

g. Demonstrative pronouns – đại từ chỉ định cho biết danh từ nào thực hiện hoặc nhận hành
động: This, That, These, Those.

Ex: The new computers are now in the library. Those on the far wall have hard disks. These have color
monitors.
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 h. Possessive pronouns – đại từ sở hữu : mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs

Ex: That car over there is mine.

i. Indefinite pronouns – đại từ không xác định đại diện cho một số lượng người hoặc vật mơ hồ
hoặc không xác định: all, both, some, many …
Note: Đại từ chỉ định và đại từ không xác định trở thành Tính từ khi đứng trước danh từ.
Ex: Many books; these boys;
Đại từ dùng để thay thế cho danh từ/ cụm dt/ mệnh đề dt  phía sau không có dt nữa
Khi phía sau đại từ chỉ định/ đại từ bất xác định có danh từ  nó trở thành tính từ
2. AUXILIARIES – Trợ động từ (See p. 74)
3. PREPOSITIONS – Giới từ
Prepositions (giới từ) là những từ được sử dụng với một danh từ hoặc đại từ (và bổ nghĩa, if any) để
tạo thành một cụm từ chỉ place, position, time, or means. Trong cụm từ này, giới từ là phần đầu và
theo sau là tân ngữ object (OP: Object of Preposition).
Ex: The boy is sitting near the window.
NP/OP
The book is on the table.
I get up at 7am everyday.
I go to school by car.
I go to school with them.
Types of preposition
a. Simple prepositions – giới từ đơn giản bao gồm 1 từ e.g. about, above, across, after…
b. Compound prepositions – giới từ ghép bao gồm hai hoặc nhiều từ e.g. according to, ahead of, as
well as, because of, by reason of, in addition to, in case of, in front of, in place of, in spite of, inside of,
instead of, rather than, with respect to, with the exception of, on behalf of, on account of, with regard
to, in advance of, by way of, in comparison with, by means of, together with, contrary to, due to, apart
from, up to, out of, up at, as for, owing to …
c. -ing prepositions – giới từ -ing có một động từ gốc. e.g. assuming, beginning, barring, concerning,
considering, during, following, including, involving, pending, regarding, succeeding, …
(Stageberg, 1981: 169-172)
Following the instruction, I could do it.
4. CONJUNCTIONS – Liên từ
Liên từ kết nối các từ, cụm từ và mệnh đề để thể hiện trật tự và liên kết hai hoặc nhiều ý tưởng.
a. Coordinating conjunctions – liên từ kết hợp tham gia các mục bằng nhau: and, or, but, so,
nor, for, yet. (FANBOYS)

Ex: Paul and Peter went to school by bicycle. (and joins 2 nouns).
We left the party early, but everyone else stayed there. (but joins 2 clauses).  COMPOUND
SENTENCE (câu ghép, 2 mệnh đề chính)
We will live in a dorm or on an off-campus apartment. (or joins 2 prepositional phrases)
b. Correlative conjunctions – liên từ tương cũng nối các ngữ pháp bằng nhau, nhưng hoạt đông
như một cặp: both …and; either … or; neither … nor; not only … but also …

Ex: You look attractive in either the pink dress or the yellow (dress).
Both you and I must go to the event.
He is not only handsome but also hard-working.

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 c. Subordinating conjunctions – liên từ phụ thuộc giới thiệu các mệnh đề phụ thuộc. Thể hiện
mối quan hệ của cause, time, location, degree, manner,…

Ex: Unless you take the car, I won’t go.  complex sentence (câu phức – 2 lớp chính & phụ). Mđ
chính: I won’t go. Mđ phụ: Unless you take the car
= I won’t go unless you take the car.
I’ll buy a car if I win the lottery
Because it rained, I couldn’t go to school.
I couldn’t go to school because it rained.
Khi mệnh đề phụ đứng trước mệnh đề chính, nó thường được phân tách bằng dấu phẩy. (Lester, p. 255)
5. DETERMINERS – Chỉ định từ
Determiners xác định danh từ và luôn đứng trước danh từ.
Các yếu tố quyết định bao gồm:
a. Articles (mạo từ): a, an, the. Ex: A book; An apple; The boy near the window.
b. Possessive adjectives (Tính từ sở hữu) or possessive case of proper names (Trường hợp sở
hữu của tên riêng)
Ex: My car; his father; Paul’s hat
c. Demonstrative adjectives (Tính từ chỉ định): this, that, these, those
Ex: This car is mine; That one is his. (one là 1 pronoun thay cho 1 danh từ nào đó (e.g.: car, book, etc.),
that là demontrative adj)
This is my car.
(dem. Pronoun)
d. Numbers: cardinal (số đếm) and ordinal (số thứ tự) numbers
Cardinal: one apple, two apples, three apples
Ordinal: first prize, second prize, third prize
e. Indefinite words (từ không xác định): one, another, some, several, many, a lot of, a great deal
of, such, enough, much …
Note
• Ba loại đầu tiên (articles, possessive, and demonstrative) luôn được đặt tên là chỉ định (determiner).
• Hai loại cuối (number and indefinite) được đặt tên theo vị trí:
+ determiner: khi chúng được theo sau trực tiếp bởi một danh từ.
Ex: Three students came to visit me last weekend.
Some students offered me some fruit.
Have you got any children?
+ pre-determiner: Khi đứng trước 1 người xác định
Ex: All(Pre-det) the (det) students (N) must be here on time.
+ post-determiner: Khi đứng sau một người xác định.
Ex: All the three students received a gift.
Pre-det det Post.det N
I always remember her many acts of kindness to me.
Det post-det N
The government’s decision to control interest rate is prompt.
Det post-det N

3.2. Phrase definition:

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 ◦ ‘Cụm từ là một nhóm các từ có liên quan về mặt ngữ pháp, không có chủ ngữ và vị ngữ. Một
cụm từ có chức năng như một phần duy nhất của lời nói. Nó khác với mệnh đề có chủ ngữ và
động từ.” (Lester: 268)
◦ Một cụm từ được xác định bởi head word (HW)/ main word và đóng vai trò là đơn vị trong
câu. Ex: in the morning (in: preposition  preposition (al) phrase)
to cook a pot of chili on an open campfire.  infinitive phrase
coming home in the evening  gerund phrase/ present participle phrase
Coming home in the evening is the best feeling in the world. gerund phrase
It happened when he was coming home in the evening.  present participle phrase
the dog sleeping near the front gate  noun phrase

3.3. Types of phrases in English:

● Noun phrases (NP) bao gồm một danh từ đứng đầu và các từ sửa đổi.
Một cụm danh từ có thể thực hiện các chức năng khác nhau:
+ Subject (S). Ex: The boy near the window is my son.
NP/S
+ Direct Object (DO). Ex: I love the boy next door. (S + Action V (traIns) + DO)
+ Indirect Object (I O). Ex: I offer the boy next door a bouquet.
(đối tượng gián tiếp) NP/IO NP/DO
I cooked my sons a delicious meal.
NP/IO NP/DO
+ Object of preposition (OP). Ex: I went out with the boy next door last night.
(đối tượng giới từ) NP/OP
+ Subject complement (Bổ ngữ cho chủ ngữ) (SC). Ex: Paula is the girl I met yesterday.
S + to be/ linking V + SC
He became a doctor last year.
NP/SC
+ Object complement (OC). Ex: Paul calls her his expected sweetheart.
(Bổ ngữ cho tân ngữ ) S V DO OC
PRACTICE 1
Underline the noun phrase(s) in each sentence and identify the function of the NP.
1. Under the Christmas tree, Peter found the gifts he had wanted most. SVO
....................NP/ OP...................................................NP/ DO.................................................
2. Mother has thrown out all of our mess. SVO
..............................................NP/ DO.........................................................................................
3. The resources of our library are limitless. S BE O
.....................NP/ S...................................................................................................................
4. The little man pulled at the top of his tie. SVO
......NP/ S................................NP/ OP..............................................................................................
5. Everyone in the neighborhood likes the new girl down the block. SVO
...............NP/S..................................................NP/DO.....................................................................
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 6. Jean found that a summer job involved some busy hours. S + V + THAT-CLAUSE
.................................NP/S.................................NP/DO................................................................
7. The students were planning the first social event of the season.
........NP/S...................................................NP/DO...........................................................................
8. The old cottages across the street (NP/S) will be demolished soon.
...............................................................................................................................................

● Adjective phrases – Cụm tính từ (AP) bao gồm một từ chính, là một tính từ và (các) từ bổ
nghĩa của nó. Cụm tính từ cho biết loại nào hoặc loại nào về danh từ đứng ngay trước hoặc
theo sau cụm từ đó.
An adjective phrase may be of different functions:
+ Modifier. Ex: A very handsome boy is playing chess in class.
AP/M
+ Modifier. Ex: The films (which are) harmful to children are not to be shown.
AP/M
+ SC. Ex: Paula is very charming. S + to be + SC
AP/SC
+ OC. Ex: Paul finds the exercise extremely difficult.
S V DO OC (explains/ describe object)
PRACTICE 2
Underline the adjective phrase(s) in each sentence and identify the function of the AP.
1. John is fond of Mary. (AP/SC)
2. Everest is a tremendously high mountain. (AP/M)
3. He is nicer than she is. (AP/SC)
4. The pizza looks very delicious. (AP/SC) (look: linking V)
5. He was overly enthusiastic. (AP/SC)
6. I bought a tapestry stitched by hand. (AP/M)
7. A person smarter than me needs to figure this out. (AP/M)
8. He was upset about the exam. (AP/SC)

● Adverb phrases – cụm trạng từ (AvP) chứa một từ đầu, là một trạng từ và từ bổ nghĩa của
nó (s). Cụm trạng từ kể why, when, where, how, what for, under what conditions, to what
degree … để mô tả một động từ, tính từ, một trạng từ khác, một cụm từ hoặc một mệnh đề.
Một cụm trạng từ nằm trong công cụ sửa đổi chức năng.
Ex: He sings very beautifully. (verb modifier)
Very luckily, the boy did not die. (sentence modifier)
● Preposition phrases - cụm giới từ (PP) bao gồm một giới từ làm từ đầu và đối tượng của
nó.
PP = P + N/NP/proN.
A preposition phrase may function as:
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 + A noun - Một danh từ
Ex: On the beach now is much better than in class. (subject)
I prefer in class. (DO)
The mouse emerged from behind the wardrobe. (OP)
My favorite hiding place is under the table. (SC)
I find your explanation over their head. (OC)
+ An adjective – Một tính từ
Ex: My son is the boy near the window. (noun modifier)
The smile on Jack’s face faded at the news. (noun modifier)
+ An adverb – Một trạng từ
Ex: Work with extreme caution when you set the fuse. (verb modifier)
Due to the bad weather, the plane arrived one hour late.(sentence modifier)
PRACTICE 4
Underline the preposition phrase(s) in each sentence and identify the function of the PP.
1. In spite of the rain, we went out.
...............PP/SM................................................................................................................................
2. I’m standing here on behalf of my best friend.
..............................................PP/SM.................................................................................................
3. We solved the problem by means of a new device developed by our engineer.
.........................................................................PP/VM......................................................................
4. In general, I was quite impressed with his performance.
....PP/SM.................................................PP/
VM...................................................................................
5. She paid for lunch in advance, so we don’t need to pay now.
PP/DO PP/VM
6. I went to the wrong house by mistake.
................PP/VM...................PP/
SM....................................................................................................
7. I have a lot in common with my cousin. (to have sth in common with sb)
.................................. PP/OC.........................................................................................................
8. The doctor says that she is out of danger at last.
................................................PP/SC........PP/SM.............................................................................
9. The cupcake with colorful sprinkles is yours.
.................................PP/NM..............................................................................................................
10. On the fifth day of each month (PP/SM), Mr. Brown collects all of the reports (PP/NM) from his
students (PP/VM) in every class except the last one (PP/NM).
...............................................................................................................................................
11. As the snow gradually melted near that neighborhood (PP/SM), people with snow shovels
(PP/NM) in their hands (PP/NM) emerged from their homes (PP/VM).
...............................................................................................................................................

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 12. The play about the brave hero (PP/NM) was considered a success by everyone but the nasty
critic at the local paper (PP/VM).
...............................................................................................................................................

A small boy A litle girl

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 NP
NP

det N’ det N’

a A N a A N

small boy litle girl

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 A very beautiful girl A handsome and intelligent boy
NP
NP

det N’ det N’

a AP N a AP N

A conj A boy
Av A girl

handsome and intelligent

very beautiful

A very boring movie Those cute notebooks

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 NP NP

det N’
det N’

a AP N

Those A N
Av A moviel

very boring cute notebooks

That car in the corner The white bag on the shelf

NP
NP

det N’ det N’

That N PP the A N PP

car P NP white bag P NP

in det N on det N

the shelf
the corner

The white bag on the shelf Two extremely naughty girls

NP
NP

det N’ det N’

the N' PP
Two AP N
A N P NP

Av A girls
white bag on det N

the shelf extremely naughty

The house next to the bank A tremendously high mountain in Europe

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 NP

NP

det N’
det N’

The N PP
a AP N PP

house P NP
Av A mountain P N

next to det N
tremendously high in Europe

the bank

Ther dead trees in the garden Many violent television shows

NP
NP

det N’
det N'

The A N PP
many A N'
dead trees P NP

violent N N
in det N

the garden
television shows

● Infinitive phrases (Cụm động từ nguyên mẫu có “to”) (Inf.P) bao gồm một động từ nguyên
thể làm từ đầu, theo sau là object(s), modifier(s), or complement(s).
Inf.P = Inf. (to V) + O/C/M
Infinitive phrases may act as:
+ A noun
Ex: To eat a lot of vegetables everyday is good for health (S)
To do exercise is good for health. (S)
To decorate my house makes me happy. (S)
They are trying (cố gắng) to build a fire. (DO)
I want to cook delicious food. (DO)
To pass the exam, he needs to study hard. (DO)
To study English effectively, the best way is to be in an English speaking environment. (SC)
My hobby is to go swimming every day. (SC)
I consider to study this way to waste time. (OC)
+ An adjective
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 Ex: A test to check cholesterol level is needed for fat people.(NM)
A program to find talents is very attractive/ interesting.
It is very attractive program to find talents. (NM)
+ An adverb
Ex: We used dynamite to demolish the building quickly. (VM)
She went to Dalat to visit her grandparents. (VM)
To pass the final exam, you must study hard. (StM)
In some circumstances, the infinitive may take a subject:
Ex: The coach wanted his players to learn patience.( ‘his players’ is the subject of ‘to learn’).
Infinitive phrases (Cụm động từ nguyên mẫu có “to”) (Inf.P): to V + O/C/M: Chức năng: Subject,
DO, SC, OC
● Gerund phrases (cụm danh động từ) (GP) contain a gerund as head word and its object(s),
modifier(s), or complement(s). GP = G (V-ing) + O/C/M
A gerund phrase acts as a noun phrase.
Ex: Swimming everyday is good ( S )
Studying everyday is stressful. (S)
Shopping ast the PNJ stores everyday makes me happy. (S)
Earning a lot of money makes me happy. (S)
I enjoy swimming in the morning. (DO)
I hate/ dislike staying up late to study/ to work. (DO)
He loves cooking for her. (DO)
I tried (thử) going to the gym, but I didn’t like it. (DO)
I give studying English all my favor ( IO )
Before going to school, I always have a big breakfast (OP)
After coming back home from work, I cooked dinner. (OP)
My hobby is going swimming every day. (SC)
My hobby is swimming every day. (SC)
Most children’s hobby is playing in the rain. (SC)
I find to live this way being in prison (OC)
● Present participle phrases (Cụm từ hiện tại phân từ) (PresPP) bao gồm một phân từ hiện tại
đứng đầu cộng với object, modifier, or complement.
Pres.PP = Pres.P + O/C/M.
A present participle can serve as:
+ An adjective (bổ ngữ cho danh từ)
Ex: The boy is a new student. ( noun M)
Câu gốc: The boy who is sitting near the window is a new student.
The boy who sits near the window is a new student.
The boy who sat/was sitting near the window was a new student.
sitting
His girlfriend is the girl studying in Australia.

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 His girlfriend, who is studying in Australia, is a beautiful girl.
His girlfriend studying in Australia is a beautiful girl. (X)
+ An adverb (bổ ngữ cho động từ)
Ex: The little girl rushes into my arms crying loudly. (verb M)
I’m doing Syntax exercises crying silently. (VM)
Coming home, I found my dog poisoned (sentence M)

V-ING + O/C/M: để xác nhận nó là Present participle phrases (Cụm từ hiện tại phân từ)
(PresPP) hay là Gerund phrases (GP) cần phải dựa vào chức năng nó đang đảm nhận
➔ Gerund phrases (GP): Subject, Object, Subject Complement, Object of Preposition
➔ Present participle phrases (PresPP): noun M, verb M, sentence M
Identify the form and function of each underlined phrases in the following sentences.
1. Arriving to the airport late, Annie missed the flight. (prePP/SM)
2. We planned to take a holiday. (inf.P/DO)
3. I love going running in the early morning. (GP/DO)
4. They gave him an opportunity to escape from the house. (inf.P/NM)
5. I have no desire to be rich. (inf.P/NM)
6. She ran towards him smiling happily. (presPP/VM)
7. There is no need to meet her. (inf.P/NM)
8. Moving to another country to live can make people really stress. (GP/S)
9. I need a man to help me move this furniture into the other room. Do you have ten minutes?
(inf.P/VM)
10. He bought some flowers to give to his wife. (inf.P/VM)
Inf.P mô tả danh từ: NM
Inf.P nói lên mục đích của hành động: VM
11. To study abroad has been one of her biggest decisions in life.
12. After finishing his homework, the boy could watch TV for a while.
13. The government’s failure to reduce unemployment has made it deeply unpopular.
14. I decided to go home as soon as possible.
15. To lose weight, you should spend time on doing exercise.
16. Have you ever tried swimming in the sea?
17. His dream is to become a famous actor.
18. I know you'll be busy in Beijing, but I hope you'll have a chance to do some sightseeing.
19. My daughter is the girl wearing the pink dress.
20. He was annoyed by her refusal to answer his question.
21. To be successful, you have to work really hard.
22. The man standing next to Mary is her father.
 Past participle phrases – cụm quá khư phân từ (PPP) chứa một phân từ quá khứ làm từ đầu,
theo sau là từ bổ nghĩa của nó (s). PPP = Past.P + M
A past participle phrase can act as

+ An adjective
Ex: On the river bank sat little Robert, (who was) covered with mud (NM)
The cake (which was) baked/made by my mother/ mom was delicious. (NM)
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 The house painted in bright colors is my house. (NM)
This page written by Ms An looks complicated.
Last week, I received a gift/ present wrapped in colorful paper.
+ An adverb (không bổ nghĩa cho động từ, chỉ bổ nghĩa cho câu)
Ex: Wounded by an arrow, the eagle fell on the ground (St M)
Hurt by her ex, she decided not to get married.
Hurt by her ex, she decided to be forever alone.
Hurt by her ex, she decided to stay single forever.
Hurt by her boyfriend, she decided to spend his money on diamonds.
Note: Cụm từ tham gia phải có cùng chủ ngữ với động từ chính.
Chức năng giống PrePP nhưng mang tính bị động: noun M, sentence M (không làm verb M
được)
● Absolute phrases (cụm từ tuyệt đối)
Cụm từ tuyệt đối sửa đổi toàn bộ mệnh đề chứ không phải một từ và không được kết nối về
mặt ngữ pháp với mệnh đề, do đó nó được đặt cách nhau bằng dấu phẩy. Một cụm từ tuyệt
đối thường bao gồm một phân từ và chủ ngữ riêng của nó. An absolute phrase acts as an
adverb phrase / modifier / adverbial.
Ex: Their child being hurt on the playground, the parents sued the city. (StM)
The general paced the room, voice pitched with passion, eyes darting from one person to
another, and hands gesturing wildly.
The van loaded, we headed for the mountains.
The President left the room, reporters clustering around him.
The concert being over, everyone went home.
(Lester, 268-273)
Absolute phrases (cụm từ tuyệt đối): N + V-ING/ V3: Bổ ngữ cho mệnh đề, về mặt ngữ pháp nó
không kết nối với mệnh đề vì vậy được tách ra bằng 1 dấu “,”, có cấu trúc ngữ pháp không hoàn chỉnh,
bỏ nó đi thì cây vẫn có ý nghĩa, chỉ mang chức năng sentence M
● Verb phrases
A verb phrase consists of the main verb, its auxiliary(ies), object(s), complement(s), or modifier(s).
Verb phrases act as the Predicator/ Predicate of a sentence.
Ex: The small boy is sleeping.
Paul usually goes to school early with his friends.
The boy is playing chess with his friends in the class.
He has been learning English for ten years.
Chức năng là vị ngữ trong câu
Trừ StM và subject, còn lại là vị ngữ
Chứa động từ chính của câu, được chia thì theo chủ ngữ
III. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
1. Definition.
Mệnh đề phụ là một nhóm các từ có liên quan với nhau, chứa cả chủ ngữ và vị ngữ (động từ hữu hạn).

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Giống như một cụm từ, mệnh đề phụ (phụ thuộc) không phải là một câu. Nó được liên kết với mệnh đề
chính bằng một liên từ phụ hoặc một đại từ quan hệ.
2. Identification.
Mệnh đề phụ được xác định bởi chức năng của chúng trong câu.
a. Noun clause (NC) có chức năng của một danh từ.
• Subject
Ex: What you said is very interesting. (NC/S)
NC is very interesting.
What you did hurt me a lot. (NC/S)
Why he forgot his appointment is a mystery. (NC/S)
That you are very charming is undeniable.
That he decided not to go study abroad shocked his parents.
Whether you come or not is not important to her.
Whether Peter passes the exam or not determines his future.
It is essential that you know the truth.
(It (chủ ngữ giả) + to be + adj + Inf.P/NC (chủ ngữ thật))
= That you know the truth is essential.
• Direct object
Ex: He said that he loved me. (NC/DO)
She thinks that she will pass the exam. (NC/DO)
I don’t know where you are living. (NC/DO)
• Indirect object
Ex: She made whomever she met the same greeting. (NC/IO)
She offered whoever came a gift.
Give the tool to whoever can use them best.
• Object of preposition
Ex: You can go with whomever you like. (NV/OP)
From where you are standing, you can see everybody.
• Subject complement
Ex: That’s what I intended to say.
S to be SC
This is where I was born. (NC/SC)
• Object complement
Ex: She made me what I am now. (NC/OC)
You can call me whatever you like.
whatever: bất cứ cái gì
whenever: bất cứ khi nào
….
• Complement of noun
Ex: The hope that you’ll pass the exam is great. (NC/CoM)
The notion that women are poor drivers cannot hold under investigation.

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• Complement of adjective
Ex: I am hopeful that you’ll pass the exam.NC/CoA)
She is glad that you can come with us.

b. Adjective clauses modify a noun or pronoun. They are introduced by a relative pronoun.
Ex: The boy who is sleeping in class is my son. (AC/NM)
I’ll never forget the town where I was born. (AC/NM)
Compare: This is where I was born. (NC/SC)
I’ll never forget where I was born. (NC/DO)
Days when we have no chores to do are as rare as winning lottery tickets. (AC/NM)
c. Adverb clauses tell when, where, why, how, under what conditions, to what degree. Usually they
modify the verb, adjective, adverb, or the whole sentence and are separated by a comma when they
precede the main clause.
Different types of adverb clause
• Manner : introduced by as, as if, as though, in that …
Ex: Paul did the work as it ought to be done. (AvC/M)
He ran as if he were mad. (AvC/M)
We were at a disadvantage in that they outnumbered us two to one.
In that: bởi vì
• Place: introduced by where, wherever.
Ex: Put it back where you found it.
Tell me where you found it. (NC/DO)
Show me the place where you found it. (AC/NM)
I’ll follow you wherever you go.
• Time: introduced by when, while, after, before, as soon as, as long as, by the time, once, no sooner …
than, …
Ex: Come back as soon as you can. (AvC/M)
I’ll have finished by the time you get back.
By the time you get back, I’ll have finished
I met him as he was coming out of school.
You’ll find the way all right once you get there.
once: ngay khi
He had no sooner arrived than he demanded a meal.
• Reason / Cause: introduced by because, since, as, seeing that, now that…
Ex: Since you won’t help me, I must do the job myself. (AvC/M)
Now that we’ve mastered this step, we can progress to the next one.
• Purpose: introduced by so that, in order that, lest (so that.. not), for fear that, in case (so that…not)
…
Ex: Some people eat so that they may live. (AvC/M)
I am telling you this lest you should make a mistake.
He tiptoed into the room for fear that he might wake the baby up.
We didn’t move in case we woke him up.

• Concession / Opposition : introduced by though, although, as though, even though, even if, however
(+ adjective / adverb), no matter how, whether … or not, in spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever …
Ex: He did well in his exam even if he didn’t get a prize.
However hard he tries, he can never win her heart. (AvC/M)
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 However well she sings, she can never be a singer.
However + adverb + S + V (action), main clause.
However + adjective + S + V (to be/ linking verb), main clause.
However cold it is outsite, she has the window open.
Whatever you may say, I still think I did the right thing.
No matter whether you agree or not (Avc/M), I’ll pay him the price (which) he asks (AC/NM).
He’s coming today in spite of the fact that I told him I didn’t want him.
Poor as he is, he lives honestly. (although he is poor)
Try as he will, he can never get success. (though he tries hard) .
Much as you may earn, you can never satisfy her needs (although you may earn a lot of money …)
• Comparison or Degree : introduced by as, than
Ex: This work is not as easy as you think. (AvC/M)
She was cleverer than I could think.
• Result or Effect : introduced by so … that, such … that, so that
Ex: He ran so fast that I could not catch him.
She is such a charming girl that nobody can help loving her.
He bought a good book so that he learnt English well.
He bought so good a book that he learnt English well.
He bought such a good book that he learnt English well.
• Condition: introduced by if, unless, supposing, provided, on condition that, as long as.
Ex: Unless you take the car, I won’t go. (AvC/M)
= If you don’t take the car, I won’t go.
As long as my parents still support me, I don’t have to find a part-time job.
(Dang Thi Huong, 1998: 208-224)

IV. SENTENCES
1. Definition
‘Câu là một đơn vị lời nói độc lập về mặt ngữ pháp, có chủ ngữ và vị ngữ.’ (Lester, p. 258)
‘Câu là một nhóm từ được liên kết về mặt ngữ pháp để có ý nghĩa hoàn chỉnh, bắt đầu bằng chữ in hoa
và kết thúc bằng dấu chấm.’ (Blake, 1993: 17)
Định nghĩa truyền thống của câu là 'một nhóm từ chứa chủ ngữ, động từ hữu hạn và có ý nghĩa hoàn
chỉnh'. (Dang Thi Huong, 1998:203)
Trong thực tế, câu có thể được định nghĩa theo nhiều cách khác nhau. Không có định nghĩa hoàn hảo
cho câu. Tuy nhiên, dựa trên những định nghĩa khác nhau này, chúng ta có thể rút ra một số đặc điểm
chính của câu:
• The words in the sentence must be grammatically linked.
• A sentence must carry a complete sense.
• Usually a sentence contains a Subject and a Predicate.
• A sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop.
2. The parts of a sentence
Thông thường một câu được chia thành hai phần: Chủ ngữ và Vị ngữ.
a. Subject
Chủ ngữ của câu hành động, được hành động hoặc được thảo luận.
The subject may be:

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• The simple subject consists of a noun or a pronoun without its modifiers.
Ex: Classes start tomorrow.
Paul is laughing loudly.
The dog is sleeping.
• The complete subject consists of the simple subject plus any modifiers.
Ex: Adult education classes at the museum start tomorrow.
The boy you met last night at the supermarket is my son.
• Một chủ đề ghép có hai hoặc nhiều chủ thể được tham gia bởi một người điều phối, chẳng hạn như
and, or, but, so, nor, for, yet, (FANBOYS), both … and, either .. or, neither …
nor …
Ex: My father and his old friend are having tea in the garden.
Both my sister and I love icecream.
b. Predicate
Vị ngữ cho biết chủ ngữ đang làm gì, cho biết điều gì đang được thực hiện đối với chủ ngữ hoặc diễn
đạt điều gì đó về chủ ngữ.The predicate may be:
• The simple predicate chỉ bao gồm động từ..
Ex: The bell rang.
The girl giggles.
She cried.
• The complete predicate bao gồm động từ, là trung tâm ngữ pháp của vị ngữ và bất kỳ tân ngữ, bổ ngữ
hoặc bổ ngữ nào.
Ex: That boy offered me a special gift on his birthday last week.
S V IO DO M M
• The compound predicate has two or more verb phrases joined by coordinating conjunctions, plus
adverbial modifiers.
Ex: Ted collects old records and plays them in a jazz club.
S (Lester, p. 259 - 261)
3. Types of sentence
Sentences can be classified according to their function or their structure.
a. By Function
• A statement or declarative sentence is an informative sentence.
Ex: Mary opened the letter straightaway.
Michael caught the error.
• A question or interrogative sentence asks for information.
Ex: Do all mammals walk?
Has Mary opened the letter?
• A command or imperative sentence issues an order.
Ex: (You) Open the letter.
(You) Stop talking!
• An exclamation sentence expresses emotion.
Ex: What big eyes you have!
(You have very big eyes!)
It is a beautifule day today! (declarative)
24
  What a beautuful day today. (exclamation)
What a surprise!
You are beautiful. (declarative)
How beautiful you are! (exclamation)
The test was so difficult. (declarative)
 How difficult the test was! (exclamation)
 What a difficult test! (exclamation)
He can sing well. (declarative)
 How well he can sing! (exclamation)
b. By Structure
• A simple sentence consists of one finite clause.
Ex: Mary opened the letter. (one subject + one predicate)
+ Simple sentence with compound subject
Ex: My new student and his old father come from England.
+ Simple sentence with compound predicate
Ex: My father likes coffee but dislikes tea.
• A complex sentence contains one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
Ex: Although it rains very hard, the poor boy walks to school.
The person who wins will receive a $2000 scholarship.
• A compound sentence có hai hoặc nhiều mệnh đề độc lập được liên kết bởi một điều phối viên hoặc
dấu chấm phẩy.
Ex: Some journalists travel all over the world for their stories, but most spend their time on the
telephone.
• A compound-complex or mixed sentence chứa ít nhất hai mệnh đề chính hoặc một mệnh đề độc lập
và một mệnh đề chính cộng với ít nhất một mệnh đề phụ.
Ex: Many television reporters started in radio, but others moved to television from newspapers, where
the emphasis is on investigation and good writing.

PRACTICE
PRACTICE 3
Write 2 sentences that contain at least one AvP in each sentence.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
PRACTICE 5
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Underline the verb phrase(s) in each sentence, and identify the main verb, its auxiliary(ies),
object(s), complement(s), or modifier(s).
1. Under the Christmas tree, Peter found the gifts he had wanted most.
...............................................................................................................................................
2. Mother has thrown out all of our mess.
...............................................................................................................................................
3. The resources of our library are limitless.
...............................................................................................................................................
4. The little man pulled at the top of his tie.
...............................................................................................................................................
5. Everyone in the neighborhood likes the new girl down the block.
...............................................................................................................................................
6. Jean found that a summer job involved some busy hours.
...............................................................................................................................................
7. The students were planning the first social event of the season.
...............................................................................................................................................
8. The old cottages across the street will be demolished soon.
...............................................................................................................................................
9. His long story about some obscure ancestor in New Zealand bored us to death.
...............................................................................................................................................
10. I’ve lived in a lot of different houses.
...............................................................................................................................................
11. Science and Engineering degrees are run by the school of Science and Engineering.
...............................................................................................................................................
12. My teacher is the young one educated at Oxford.
...............................................................................................................................................

26
TEST 1: Form classes: Words
1. Lexical words are the words with a ……….. meaning.
a. dictionary c. grammatical
b. functional d. noun
2. Functional words are the words with a ……….. meaning.
a. dictionary c. grammatical
b. lexical d. noun
3. Lexical words belong to:
a. closed class c. functional class
b. open class d. positional class
4. Grammatical words belong to:
a. closed class c. functional class
b. open class d. positional class
5. By form the underlined word in ‘in the late morning’ is a:
a. adjective c. adverb
b. noun d. verb
6. By form the underlined word in ‘I usually sleep late mornings’ is a:
a. adjective c. noun
b. adverb d. verb
7. By form the underlined word in ‘he’s always late to school’ is a :
a. adjective c. adverb
b. noun d. verb
8. By form the underlined word in ‘the tent flap blew open during the night’ is a:
a. adjective c. adverb
b. noun d. verb
9. By form the underlined word in ‘the detective looked hard’ is a:
a. adjective c. adverb
b. adjective/ adverb d. verb
10. A linking verb is a verb that describes:
a. a state or feeling b. an action
11. By form the underlined word in ‘the detective looked hard’ is a(n) …… verb :

27
a. action c. auxiliary
b. linking /action d. non-finite
12. By form the underlined word in ‘the screw worked loose’ is a(n) …… verb :
a. linking c. auxiliary
b. action / linking d. non-finite
13. By form the underlined word in ‘the detective worked hard’ is a(n) …… verb :
a. linking c. auxiliary
b. action d. non-finite
14. By form the underlined word in ‘if anything goes wrong, tell me’ is a(n) …… verb :
a. linking / action c. auxiliary
b. linking d. action
15. By form the underlined word in ‘you are not to tell anyone what I told you’ is a(n) …verb :
a. action c. auxiliary
b. linking d. non-finite
16. By form the underlined part in ‘you have got to take a bath’ is a(n) …… verb :
a. auxiliary c. action
b. linking d. non-finite
17. The underlined word in ‘he turned the car around’ is a(n) :
a. adverb c. preposition
b. adjective d. conjunction
18. The underlined word in ‘he is sitting nearest the window’ is a(n) :
a. adverb c. preposition
b. adjective d. conjunction
19. The underlined word in ‘he is sitting by the nearest window’ is a(n) :
a. adjective c. preposition
b. adverb d. conjunction
20. The underlined word in ‘the winter is coming nearer and nearer’ is a(n) :
a. preposition phrase c. adverb phrase
b. adjective phrase d. compound preposition
21. The underlined word in ‘the television is still on’ is a(n) :
a. adverb b. adjective

28
c. preposition d. conjunction
22. The underlined word in ‘he was caught last night in connection with the recent crime’ is a(n)
a. compound preposition c. preposition phrase
b. adverb phrase d. compound conjunction
23. The underlined word in ‘in case of danger, call me immediately’ is a(n) :
a. compound preposition c. preposition phrase
b. adverb phrase d. compound conjunction
24. The underlined word in ‘in case you are in danger, call me immediately’ is a(n) :
a. coordinate conjunction c. compound preposition
b. preposition phrase d. subordinate conjunction
25. The underlined word in ‘concerning the weather, the trip should be cancelled’ is a(n) :
a. preposition c. present participle
b. adverb d. conjunction
26. The underlined word in ‘concerning the weather, we decided to cancel the trip’ is a(n) :
a. adverb c. preposition
b. present participle d. conjunction
27. The underlined word in ‘he is as intelligent as me’ is a(n) :
a. adverb c. preposition
b. pronoun d. conjunction
28. The underlined word in ‘he is as intelligent as me’ is a(n) :
a. adverb c. preposition
b. pronoun d. conjunction
29. The underlined word in ‘he is eating the same food as he offered me yesterday’ is a(n) :
a. pronoun c. preposition
b. adverb d. adjective
30. The underlined word in ‘she said nothing but (except) cry’ is a(n) :
a. preposition c. adverb
b. pronoun d. conjunction
31. The underlined word in ‘there is no one here but (who doesn’t) wants to be in your position’ is a(n) :
a. preposition c. pronoun
b. adverb d. noun

29
32. The underlined word in ‘she is but (only) a child’ is a(n) :
a. adverb c. preposition
b. pronoun d. noun
33. The underlined word in ‘she is fairly beautiful but rather short’ is a(n) :
a. pronoun c. conjunction
b. pronoun d. adverb
34. The underlined word in ‘after coming home, I went straight to bed’ is a(n) :
a. conjunction c. adverb
b. pronoun d. preposition
35. The underlined word in ‘after he graduated from university, he got married’ is a(n) :
a. conjunction c. preposition
b. pronoun d. adverb
36. The underlined word in ‘have you got any children?’ is a(n) :
a. determiner c. preposition
b. pronoun d. adjective
37. The underlined word in ‘have you got any children? – Yes, I’ve got some’ is a(n) :
a. preposition c. pronoun
b. adjective d. determiner
38. The underlined word in ‘some of your children passed’ is a(n) :
a. pronoun c. preposition
b. adjective d. determiner
39. The underlined word in ‘have you got any children? – Yes, I’ve got three’ is a(n) :
a. pronoun c. adverb
b. adjective d. determiner
40. The underlined word in ‘I’ll never forget her many acts of kindness to me’ is a(n) :
a. pronoun c. determiner
b. pre-determiner d. post-determiner
TEST 2
1. Which of the following is not true about phrases?
a. A phrase is a group of words consisting of a noun and all its modifiers.
b. A phrase is a group of words which functions as a grammatical unit.
c. A phrase is a group of words with a headword and all its modifiers or complement.
30
d. A phrase has its own function in a sentence.
2. Which of the following is true about phrases?
a. A phrase contains a finite verb c. A phrase does not contain a finite verb
b. A phrase contains a non-finite verb d. A phrase is named by its function
3. A phrase is named by its headword.
a. True b. False
4. The main difference between a phrase and a clause is the verb.
a. True b. False
5. A clause differs from a phrase in that a clause contains a finite verb.
a. True b. False
6. A phrase does not contain any verb.
a. True b. False
7. Which of the following is true about noun phrases?
a. A noun phrase is a phrase with a noun as headword
b. A noun phrase is a phrase as subject of verb
c. A noun phrase is a phrase in function of a noun
d. A noun phrase is a phrase which takes the position of a noun.
8. Which of the following is true about adjective phrases?
a. An adjective phrase is a phrase with an adjective as headword
b. An adjective phrase is a phrase completing a noun
c. An adjective phrase is a phrase in function of modifier
d. An adjective phrase is a phrase following a noun
9. Which of the following is true about adverb phrases?
a. An adverb phrase is a phrase with an adverb as headword
b. An adverb phrase is a phrase completing a verb
c. An adverb phrase is a phrase in function modifier
d. An adverb phrase is a phrase modifying a noun
10. Which of the following is true about preposition phrases?
a. in a preposition phrase, the noun is the most important word
b. in a preposition phrase, the preposition is the most important word
c. in a preposition phrase, the preposition is always the first word

31
d. in a preposition phrase, the preposition is a nominal modifier
11. Which of the following is not true about infinitive phrases?
a. An infinitive phrase contains a finite verb
b. An infinitive phrase can perform different functions in a sentence.
c. An infinitive phrase usually begins with an infinitive verb.
d. The head word in an infinitive phrase is an infinitive verb
12. Which of the following is not true about gerund phrases?
a. A gerund phrase is used as a noun phrase
b. A gerund phrase can perform the functions of an adverb
c. A gerund phrase consists of a gerund and all its objects, complements, or modifiers
d. A gerund phrase can perform the functions of a noun
13. Which of the following is not true about present participle phrases?
a. A present participle phrase can perform as a noun
b. In a present participle phrase, the head word is a present participle verb.
c. A present participle phrase is used as an adjective.
d. A present participle phrase is used as an adverb.
14. Which of the following is not true about past participle phrases?
a. A past participle phrase is used as an adjective
b. A past participle phrase consists of a past participle and all the words clustering around it
c. A past participle phrase can perform the functions of a verb
d. A past participle phrase can perform the functions of an adverb
15. Which of the following is not true about absolute phrases?
a. In an absolute phrase, the participle must share the same subject with the main verb
b. In an absolute phrase, the participle has its own subject.
c. An absolute phrase is used as an adverb phrase.
d. In a sentence, the absolute phrase is usually in function sentence modifier
16. By form the underlined part in ‘I consider living this way being in prison’ is a:
a. verb phrase c. present participle phrase
b. noun phrase d. gerund phrase
17. By form the underlined part in ‘swimming regularly is good for health’ is a:
a. verb phrase b. noun phrase

32
c. present participle phrase d. gerund phrase
18. By form the underlined part in ‘swimming regularly, I am getting healthier’ is a:
a. present participle phrase c. noun phrase
b. gerund phrase d. verb phrase
19. By form the underlined part in ‘being a student, I must study hard’ is a:
a. gerund phrase c. noun phrase
b. present participle phrase d. verb phrase
20. By form the underlined part in ‘the concert being over, everyone went home’ is a:
a. present participle phrase
b. gerund phrase
c. absolute phrase
d. noun phrase
21. By form the underlined part in ‘the van loaded, we headed for the camping ground’ is a:
a. absolute phrase c. past participle phrase
b. noun phrase d. verb phrase
22. By form the underlined part in ‘on the river bank sat little Robert, covered with mud’ is a:
a. past participle phrase c. adjective phrase
b. absolute phrase d. verb phrase
23. By form the underlined part in ‘concerning the weather, the match should be cancelled’ is a:
a. absolute phrase c. present participle phrase
b. preposition phrase d. gerund phrase
24. By form the underlined part in ‘Paul being late disturbs everybody’ is a:
a. gerund phrase c. present participle phrase
b. absolute phrase d. noun phrase
25. By form the underlined part in ‘the whole city celebrated the winning football season’ is a:
a. noun phrase c. present participle phrase
b. absolute phrase d. gerund phrase

MINI TEST
2.He had the opportunity to learn English in Australia.
a. Inf.P/VM
b. Inf.P/NM
c. Inf.P/DO
d. Inf.P/OC
33
3.All risk to human life should be avoided.
a. NP/SC
b. NP/OP
c. NP/OC
d. NP/S
4.Nuclear war could mean the end of life on earth.
a. PPP/DO
b. VP/DO
c. VP/Predicate
d. PPP/Predicate
5.There were a lot of people at the party.
a. PP/OC
b. PP/VM
c. PP/NM
d. PP/SC
6.Confused by the homework assignment, I emailed my professor.
a. PPP/StM
b. PPP/S
c. PPP/SC
d. PPP/VM
7.I opened the mail, shaking with excitement.
a. PrestPP/NM
b. PrestPP/VM
c. GP/NM
d. GP/OC
8.He loves cooking for his family.
a. GP/SC
b. GP/DO
c. PrestPP/VM
d. PrestPP/DO
9.The weather being fine, we went out for a picnic.
a. GP/StM
b. PrestPP/StM
c. Absolute P/StM
d. NP/StM
10.We want to change the way people think.
a. Inf.P/VM
b. Inf.P/StM
c. Inf.P/DO
d. Inf.P/SC
11.You may find your illness hard to accept.
a. VP/predicate
b. NP/SC
c. AP/OC
d. Inf.P/NM
34
TEST 3
1. A clause contains at least one:
a. Non-finite verb c. auxiliary
b. finite verb d. linking verb
2. A clause is identified by:
a. function c. verb
b. headword d. main verb
3. Which of the followings is true about clauses?
a. Clauses are usually classified as independent clause, main clause, and subordinate clauses
b. A clause is named by its head word c. A clause is named by its finite verb
d. the same clause may perform different functions in the sentence at the same time.
4. An independent clause is a clause that:
a. cannot stand alone with full meaning c. is followed by a dependent clause
b. can stand alone with full meaning d. may contain one or more finite verbs
5. Which of the following is not true about subordinate clauses?
a. they convey a complete meaning
b. they must always go with a main clause
c. they can never stand alone
d. they consist of noun, adjective, and adverb clauses

35
6. Which of the following is not true about noun clauses?
a. A noun clause acts as a noun
b. A noun clause can perform the functions of a noun
c. A noun clause is identified by the introducing word
d. A noun clause can be at different positions
7. Which of the following is not true about adjective clauses?
a. Adjective clauses are in function nominal modifier
b. Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses
c. Adjective clauses are introduced by relative pronouns
d. Adjective clauses can be at different positions
8. Which of the following is not true about adverb clauses?
a. Adverb clauses can be modifier of a verb, adjective, noun, adverb, or sentence
b. Adverb clauses act as an adverb
c. Adverb clauses are introduced by a subordinate conjunction
d. Adverb clauses can be at different positions
9. By form the underlined part in ‘Who you are is what I want to know’ is a(n):
a. adverb clause
b. adjective clause
c. noun clause
10. By form the underlined part in ‘Whether we are going for a picnic again is the question (which/ that)
he’s always asking’ is a(n):
a. adverb clause
b. noun clause
c. adjective clause
11. By form the underlined part in ‘we’ll delay the picnic until next week, when the weather may be
better’ is a(n):
a. noun clause
b. adjective clause
c. adverb clause
12. By form the underlined part in ‘the guests came on the week when I was housecleaning’ is a(n):
a. adjective clause
b. noun clause

36
c. adverb clause
13. By form the underlined part in ‘I don’t remember the town where I was born’ is a(n):
a. noun clause
b. adjective clause
c. adverb clause
14. By form the underlined part in ‘I don’t remember where I was born’ is a(n):
a. noun clause
b. adjective clause
c. adverb clause
15. By form the underlined part in ‘I’ll live where you live’ is a(n):
a. adjective clause
b. adverb clause
c. noun clause
16. A sentence can be defined as:
a. a group of words grammatically linked to convey a complete thought
b. a group of words containing a finite verb
c. a group of words with a subject, a verb, and an object
d. a group of words with a subject, a verb, and a modifier
17. A sentence usually consists of:
a. Subject + Object c. Subject + Predicate
b. Subject + Finite verb d. Verb + Modifier
18. A simple sentence is the one consisting of:
a. only one finite verb c. a main clause and a subordinate clause
b. an independent and a main clause d. only one clause
19. A simple sentence with compound subject is the one consisting of:
a. [Subject1 + Subject2] + Predicate
b. Subject + Predicate
c. Subject + [Predicate1 + Predicate2]
d. [Subject + Predicate] + [Subject + Predicate]
20. A simple sentence with compound predicate is the one consisting of:
a. Subject + [Predicate1 + Predicate2] b. Subject + Predicate

37
c. [Subject1 + Subject2] + Predicate d. [Subject + Predicate] + [Subject + Predicate]
21. A complex sentence is the one consisting of:
a. independent + subordinate(s) c. independent + independent
b. main + subordinate(s) d. independent + main + subordinate(s)
22. A compound sentence is the one consisting of:
a. independent + independent c. main + subordinate(s)
b. independent + subordinate d. independent + main + subordinate(s)
23. A compound-complex sentence is the one consisting of:
a. main + subordinate(s) c. main + main +subordinate(s)
b. independent + subordinate(s) d. independent + independent
24. Which of the following is not a type of sentence classified according to function?
a. simple c. imperative
b. interrogative d. statement
25. Which of the following is not a type of sentence classified according to structure?
a. exclamatory c. compound
b. complex d. simple
26. By structure, the sentence “Listed below are groups of words that are only pieces of sentences” is:
a. simple c. complex
b. simple with compound predicate d. compound
27. By structure, the sentence “while making revisions, remember to capitalize the first word of each
sentence and to end the sentence with a period” is:
a. simple c. complex
b. simple with compound predicate d. compound
28. By function, the sentence “while making revisions, remember to capitalize the first word of each
sentence and to end the sentence with a period” is:
a. complex c. imperative
b. simple d. compound

29. By structure, the sentence “to write complete sentences with ease, learn the parts of a sentence that
are explained in this chapter” is:
a. complex c. simple
b. simple with compound predicate d. compound

38
30. By structure, the sentence “Ann went to Canada to visit relatives for a week and decided to stay there
for work” is:
a. simple with compound predicate
b. simple
c. complex
d. compound

EXERCISE 1
Identify the nouns (count or uncountable), adjectives, adverbs, verbs (auxiliary, finite, non-finite, linking,
transitive, or intransitive) in the following sentences.
1. The tree service will remove the dead trees, and the garden will get more sun.
Count nouns: tree, service, garden. Auxiliary verbs: will, will.
Uncountable nouns: sun Finite verbs: remove, get.
Adjectives: dead, more. Transitive verbs: remove. Intransitive verbs: get.
2. Scientists do not understand what triggers the migration of birds, and they think that birds might have
built-in biological clocks.
Count nouns: Scientists, birds, clocks. Finite verbs: understand, triggers, think, have.
Uncountable nouns: migration. Transitive verbs: understand, trigger, think, have.
Adjectives: built-in, biological. Intransitive verbs: migrate
Auxiliary verbs: do, might, have.
3. We think violence occurs often in real life, and it occurs in so many television shows.
Count nouns: violence, life, shows. Finite verbs: think, occurs.
Uncountable nouns: - Non-finite verbs: -
Adjectives: real, so many. Linking verbs: occurs.
Adverbs: often. Transitive verbs: -
Auxiliary verbs: think, occurs. Intransitive verbs: occurs.

4. Terry Fox ran all the way across Canada, and he had only one leg.
Count nouns: Terry Fox, leg. Auxiliary verbs: ran, had.
Uncountable nouns: Finite verbs: ran, had.
Adjectives: all, one. Non-finite verbs: -
Adverbs: only. Linking verbs: -

39
Transitive verbs: - Intransitive verbs: ran
5. I will not be able to afford my books, and I earn some money.
Count nouns: books. Lingking V & Finite: be
Uncount nouns: money Auxiliary verbs: will.
Adjectives: able, some. Finite verbs: afford, earn.
Adverb: not Transitive verbs: afford, earn.
6. Professor Mills did not lecture on the Civil War, and he did not cover it on the test.
Count nouns: Professor, test. Adverbs: not, on, on. Linking verbs: -
Propper N: Mills, Civil War Auxiliary verbs: did, did, cover. Transitive verbs & Finite: cover.
Uncountable nouns: lecture. Finite verbs: did, cover. Intransitive verbs & Finite: lecture
Adjectives: - Non-finite verbs: lecture.
7. Behavioral (adj) psychologists (cN) help (finite V, trans) people (cN) change (non – finite V, trans) bad (adj)
habits (cN), and people (cN) often (adv) can (aux) not (adv) change (finite V, intrans) on their own.
8. All the engineers (cN) studied (finite V, trans) the problem (cN), and the building (cN) still (adv) fell (finite
V, intrans) down(adv).
9. Baseball (ucN) and football (ucN) players (cN) walked off (finite V, trans) their teams (cN) on strike (ucN),
and they were (linking V, finite) tired (adj) of not (adv) being (non-finite V, linking) able (adj) to be (non-finite
V, linking) free (adj) agents (cN).
10. Hans (proper N) will (aux) graduate (finite V, intrans) with honors (cN) and then (adv) attend (fininte V,
trans) medical (adj) school (cN)

EXERCISE 2
Identify the pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and determiners in the following sentences.
1. Although bloomers were named after Amelia Bloomer, she did not invent them.
Pronouns: Although, she, them. Conjunctions: Although.
Prepositions: after. Determiners: the.
2. Elizabeth Smith Miller designed them (ProN) to have something (ProN) modest to wear while (conj)
gardening.
3. At (pre) first, they (ProN) consisted of (pre) a (det) short dress worn over (pre) “Turkish trousers”, full pants
gathered at (pre) the (det) ankles.
4. Suffragists, who (proN) liked the (det) freedom of (pre) ‘pantalettes,’ as (conj) they (proN) were called, led
the (det) trend to wear them (proN).
5. Finally, even Amelia Bloomer herself (proN) stopped wearing the (det) “Bloomer costume” because (conj)
it (proN) diverted attention from (pre) more important women’s (det) issues, which (proN) were her main
concern.
6. Each (det) new generation of (pre) women starts a (det) fashion trend.

40
7. You (proN) might ask, “Who (proN) has shocked the (det) nation in (pre) recent years?”
8. Gussie Moran shocked officials but (conj) not herself by (pre) wearing lace-panty undergarments at (pre) the
(det) staid Wimbledon tennis tournament.
9. “Those (proN) are pioneers of (pre) the (det) women’s (det) movement,” said one (det) unnamed source.
10. A (det) woman who (proN) wishes to be free must sometimes appear bold to (pre) everybody (proN) else.

EXERCISE 3
Analyze the bracketed phrases in the following sentences
Ex: (Explaining the process), Dr. Ford drew simple illustrations
Present Participle Phrase/modifier
1. (Leaves falling), air smelling (of crisp apple), and white clouds billowing (against the sky), no other season
matches autumn.

● (Leaves falling): Abs.P/StM

● (of crisp apple): PP/Pre.O (Object of Present Participle)

● (against the sky): PP/M

2. Crowds poured into the streets (to welcome home the victors), (the hometown football team).

● (to welcome home the victors): Inf.P/VM

● (the hometown football team): NP/apposition (đồng vị ngữ) làm rõ nghĩa cho “ the victors”

3. (The team having won all its games), Chicago celebrated (as never before).

● (The team having won all its games): Abs.P/StM

● (as never before): PP/VM

4. (Even the stern history professor), his face smiling and eyes shining, dismissed us (to join the throng).

● (Even the stern history professor): NP/S

● (to join the throng): Inf.P/VM

5. An unnecessary tragedy, (an athlete’s neck injury), marred the final days of (the winning football season).

● (an athlete’s neck injury): NP/apposition

● (the winning football season): NP/OP

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6. (Successfully) merchandising (a product) is creative.

● (Successfully): Av/M

● (a product): NP/DO

7. Americans have always needed (to know the point of it all).

● (to know the point of it all): Inf.P/DO

8. They have also been getting (tougher) by (enforcing strict new anti-litter laws).

● (tougher): A/SC

● (enforcing strict new anti-litter laws): GP/OP

9. (Taking criticism from others) is (painful but useful).

● (Taking criticism from others): GP/S

● (painful but useful): AP/SC

10. (Merely to argue for the preservation of park land) is not (enough).

● (Merely to argue for the preservation of park land): Inf.P/S

● (enough): A/SC

11. (Angry and proud), Claire resolved (to fight back).

● (Angry and proud): AP/M

● (to fight back): Inf.P/DO

12. After (giving birth), most women lapse into (some sort of melancholy).

● (giving birth): GP/OP

● (some sort of melancholy): NP/OP

13. Workers managed (to pipe the gas) through a purifying plant and (into a pipeline).

● (to pipe the gas): Inf/DO

● (into a pipeline): PP/M

14. All human acts – (even saving a stranger from drowning or donating a million dollars to the poor) – may be
(ultimately selfish).

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 ● (even saving a stranger from drowning or donating a million dollars to the poor): GP/apposition

● (ultimately selfish): AP/SC

15. This method of growing plants (without soil) has long been known to scientists but has only recently begun
(to attract amateurs’ attention).

● (without soil): PP/M

● (to attract amateurs’ attention): Inf.P/DO

16. (His leaving the farm) prompted her (to seek a job in town).

● (His leaving the farm): GP//S

● (to seek a job in town): Inf.P/CoV (Complement of Verb)

17. (Crawling through the thicket), I suddenly remembered the box of shells (left on top of the truck).

● (Crawling through the thicket): PrePP/StM

● (left on top of the truck): PPP/NM

18. They (worked fast), one man sawing logs and (the other loading the truck).

● (worked fast): VP/predicator

● (the other loading the truck): Abs.P/StM

19. (Not wanting to appear in court), Marilyn decided (to pay the fine).

● (Not wanting to appear in court): PrePP/StM

● (to pay the fine): Inf.P/DO

20. (All told), fame is fickle.

● (All told): Abs.P/StM

EXERCISE 4
Analyze the subordinate clauses in the following sentences.
Ex: Richard left dirty footmarks wherever he went.
wherever he went: AvC/M
1. Food manufacturers contend that modern processing often robs food of its natural color. (NC/DO)
2. What my son wants to wear is now almost entirely his business. (NC/S)
3. Grocers today must deal with shoppers whose basic attitudes are drastically changed. (AC/NM)
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4. As I talked to my neighbors (AvC/M), I found that all of them did depend on a world that stretched far
beyond their property lines (NC/DO) (AC/M).
5. As it declines in value, money becomes more of an obsession. (AvC/M)
6. If a pitcher who throws only a fastball and a curveball is in a tight situation, the batter can reasonably expect
the fastball. (AvC/M)
“who throws only a fastball”: AC/NM
7. Bloodhounds do not follow tracks as people often believe (AvC/M) … Because a trail so often hangs several
inches or sometimes feet above the ground (AvC/M), hounds can follow a person even if he wades through
water (AvC/M).
8. At present, computers are rapidly moving into offices around the world to take over secretarial chores that
involve processing words.
"that involve processing words" – AC/NM
9. The language is what it is, and not what you want it to be.
"what it is" – NC/SC
“what you want it to be”: NC/SC
10. Don’t handle those cups as if they were made of iron
"as if they were made of iron" – AvC/M

EXERCISE 5
Analyze the following sentences
Ex: He says that he likes coffee.
He says that he likes coffee. :Complex sentence
He says: Main clause
that he likes coffee: subordinate noun clause
1. Listed below are groups of words that are only pieces of sentences, fragments of thoughts.
 Type: Complex sentence
 Main clause: "Listed below are groups of words."
 Subordinate adj clause: "that are only pieces of sentences, fragments of thoughts."
2. As you make revisions, remember to capitalize the first word of each sentence and to end the sentence with a
period.
 Type: Complex sentence
 Main clause: "Remember to capitalize the first word of each sentence and to end the sentence with a
period."
 Subordinate adv clause: "As you make revisions,"
3. To write complete sentences with ease, learn the parts of a sentence that are explained in this chapter.
 Type: Complex sentence
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  Main clause: "Learn the parts of a sentence."
 Subordinate adj clause: “that are explained in this chapter”

4. The use of illegal drug named Ecstasy has increased alarmingly in Britain over the last few years.
 Type: Simple sentence
 Main clause: "The use of illegal drug named Ecstasy has increased alarmingly in Britain over the last
few years."
5. The subject of the sentence is that part about which something is said.
 Type: Complex sentence
 Main clause: "The subject of the sentence is that part "
 Subordinate adj clause: “about which something is said.”
6. John wasn’t happy at school until he found that he had the ability to make people laugh.
 Type: Complex sentence
 Main clause: "John wasn’t happy at school."
 Subordinate adverbial clause: "until he found "
 Subordinate adverbial clause: “he had the ability to make people laugh.”
7. He can with this knowledge prevent or combat destructive fires.
 Type: Simple sentence with compound predicate
8. Delayed by the bad weather, the plane arrived one hour late.
 Type: Simple sentence
9. The beautiful girl sitting in the first row (PrePP) gave me her new address yesterday.
 Type: Simple sentence
10. Ann went to Canada to visit relatives for a week and decided to stay there for work.
 Type: Simple sentence with compound predicate
11. A little confused, the girl didn’t know how to answer the question.
 Type: Simple sentence
12. With growing interest, I read eagerly the book (which/that) he lent me yesterday.
 Type: Complex sentence
 Main clause: "I read the book "
 Subordinate adjectival clause: " he lent me yesterday."
13. The committee found it hard to decide each year who merits the Nobel peace prize.
 Type: Complex sentence
 Main clause: "The committee found it hard to decide each year "
 Subordinate noun clause: “who merits the Nobel peace prize.”
14. They worked without pause, and within an hour they could finish what they had been given.
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  Type: Compound – complex sentence
 Main clauses: "They worked without pause." and "Within an hour they could finish "
 Subordinate noun clause: “what they had been given.”
15. Tom finds a computer very useful for his study and he has decided to find a part time job to save money.
 Type: Compound sentence
 Main clauses: "Tom finds a computer very useful for his study." and "He has decided to find a part-time
job to save money."
16. The police found the man who had a scar on his right cheek guilty of the fire.
 Type: Complex sentence
 Main clause: "The police found the man guilty of the fire."
 Subordinate adj clause: "who had a scar on his right cheek"
17. Although the teacher has already arrived, the students keep talking loudly.
 Type: Complex sentence
 Main clause: "The students keep talking loudly."
 Subordinate adv clause: "Although the teacher has already arrived,"
18. Because of her encouraging remarks (PP), he has been working like a steam engine.
 Type: Simple sentence
 Main clause: "He has been working like a steam engine."
19. Before you pass judgment, you should consider the actualities of the case.
 Type: Complex sentence
 Main clause: "You should consider the actualities of the case."
 Subordinate adv clause: "Before you pass judgment,"
20. Harold doesn’t like making speeches in front of the class because he is very shy.
 Type: Complex sentence
 Main clause: "Harold doesn’t like making speeches in front of the class."
 Subordinate adv clause: "because he is very shy."

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