PHYSICS-I/Chapter 2

MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION

Lecturer: Dr. Emine YILDIRIM

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 Vocabulary of Chapter 2
motion=hareket
Kinematic equations=kinematik denklemleri
displacement=yerdegistirme
distance=mesafe
Average velocity=ortalama hiz
Instantaneous velocity= ani hiz
acceleration=ivme
speed=sürat
Position time graph= konum zaman grafigi
velocity time graph=hiz zaman grafigi
Slope= egim
tangent=teget
Gravitational acceleration= yercekimi ivmesi
Air resistance=hava direnci
force=kuvvet
freely falling object=serbest dusen cisim
curve=teget
initial=ilk
final=son
path=yol
speed up=hizlanmak
slow down=yavaslamak
tangent line=teget dogrusu

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 Displacement & Distance
Displacement ≠Distane
●
One dimensional (1D) motion is the motion along
the straight line.
● A change from one position x1 to another position x2
is called displacement Δx, where:
A VECTOR

Δ x=x f −x i = ( final position ) −( initial position )

●
When, Δx=+, The displacement is to the right in
the coordinate system below.
Δx=-, The displacement is to the left in
the coordinate system below.
●
1-D coordinate system:
●
Distance is the length of the path that an object
travels .
A SCALAR

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 Average Velocity
●
Velocity is related to the direction of an object.
●
Average velocity : v ( Displacement ) Δ x x f −x i
x , avg = = =
(Total Time) Δ t t 2−t 1

A VECTOR Subscript x shows that the object travels in x-axis.

●
v x , avg can be +, − or zero .
● v x , avg will be zero, if the object returns to its starting point.
●
Velocity tells us how fast the position of an object is
changing.

Average Speed
Average Speed: S = Total Distance Travelled
avg
Total time
A SCALAR

●
If the object is moving, speed cannot be zero, speed is
always positive.
●
Speed tells us how fast the object is moving.
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●
Unit of both=m/s.
 Average velocity & average speed
●
Example: You drive due east 50 m then 20 m then
due west at 30 m. Total trip takes 50 s.

Your displacement is: Δ x=x f −x i =40 m−0=40 m

Δ x 40
Average velocity : v x , avg= = =0.8 m/ s
Δt=50 s Δ t 50
Total distance travelled: |50m|+|20m|+|-30m|=100m
total dis . travelled 100
Average speed : S avg = = =2 m/ s
Δt 50
●
As we see average speed is quite different from
average velocity!
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 Problem 3: A person walks first at a constant speed of 5 m/s
along a straight line from point A to point B and then back along the
line from B to A at a constant speed of 3 m/s. What are (a) her
average speed over the entire trip and (b) her average velocity over
the entire trip?
●
Solution: a) Let’s say distance between A and B is x m.

A V1=5 m/s B
A person walk from A to B at t1 =(X/5) s
Xm
A V2=3 m/s B A person walk from B to A at t2 =(X/3) s

Xm

total distance travelled x+ x

Average speed : =
total time t 1 +t 2
2x
= =3.75 m/ s
8 x /15
b) Δ x=0 , because she returns her initial position
Δx
Average velocity : =0
Δt

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Instantaneous Velocity & Instantaneous Speed
●
The instantaneous velocity is the velocity at a
particular instant in time.
●
Mathematically, the instantaneous velocity is
Δ x dx
defined as follows: v x ≡ lim =
Δ t dt
Δ t →0

dx
Here means : derivative
dt
of position with respect to time
●
The slope of the graph of position(x) versus time(t)
gives us instantaneous velocity.

●
The instantaneous speed is equal to the
magnitude of intantaneous velocity. S=|vx |.
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 Problem 7: A position – time graph for a particle moving along the
x axis is shown in Figure (a) Find the average velocity in the time interval
t=1.5 s to t=4 s. (b) Determine the instantaneous velocity at t=2 s by
measuring the slope of the tangent line shown in the graph. (c) At what value
of t is the velocity zero?
a)

Negative sign
indicates that the
direction of velocity
is in -x axis.

Δ x x f −x i 2−8
Average velocity : v x , avg : = = =−2.4 m/ s
Δ t t f −t i 4−1.5
b) Slope of the tangent line (blue line) gives us instantaneous velocity.
To obtain instantaneous velocity, we can choose two points on the tangent
line.
Δ y 0−9.5
v x : slope : m= = ≈−3.8 m/ s
Δ x 3.5−1

c) Velocity is zero at t=4s, because, slope of tangent line at t=4s is zero.

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 Average Acceleration & Instantaneous
Acceleration

●
If the velocity is changing with time then there is non-zero acceleration.

A VECTOR
●
Mathematically, average acceleration is defined as:

Δ v x v xf −v xi
a x , avg= = negative & positive sign
Δt Δt Shows the direction of acceleration.
●
Mathematically, instantaneous acceleration is defined as:

Δ v x dv x d x 2
a x ≡ lim = = 2
Δ t →0 Δ t dt dt
dv x
means derivative of velocity with respect to time
dt

●
The slope of the graph of velocity(v) -time(t) gives us instantaneous acceleration.

●
Unit of acceleration:m/s2

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 Velocity & Acceleration
●
Is an object speeding up or slowing
down?

+=positive
-=negative

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 Problem 21:
2,
A particle moves along the x axis according to the equation
x=2+3 t−t where x is in meters and t is in seconds. At t =3 s, find (a) the
position of the particle, (b) its velocity, and (c) its acceleration.
Solution:
2,
a) at t=3 s, x=? To obtain position, substitute t=3s into x=2+3 t−t
2,
x (t )=2+3 t−t
2
x (3)=2+3(3)−3 =2 m

b) at t=3s, v=? Here velocity is in specific time, so we find instantaneous velocity.

Remember! instantaneous velocity=derivative of position
2
dx d (2+3 t−t )
v (t )= =
dt dt
v (t )=3−2 t
at t=3 s v (3)=3−2(3)=−3 m/ s

c) at t=3s, a=? Here acceleration is in specific time, so we find instantaneous

acceleration
Remember! instantaneous acceleration=derivative of velocity
dv d (3−2 t )
a(t )= =
dt dt
2
a(t )=−2 m/ s
Here, acceleration is constant and it is -2m/s2 at any time.Thus, at t=3s, a=-2m/s2

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 Problem 20:
2
An object moves along the x axis according to the
equation x=(3 t −2 t +3)m ,Determine (a) the average speed between t=2
s and t=3 s, (b) the instantaneous speed at t=2 s and at t =3s, (c) the average
acceleration between t=2 s and t=3 s, and (d) the instantaneous acceleration at
t=2 s and t=3 s.
Solution: a) 2
x i at t=2 s : x (2)=(3(2) −2(2)+3)m=11 m
2
x f at t=3 s : x (3)=(3(3) −2(3)+3)m=24 m
total distance travelled=distance between 24 m and 11 m =13m
total distance travelled
average speed=
Δt
13 m
= =13 m/ s
3 s−2 s
|v x|=instantaneous speed
b)
dx
v x= instantaneous velocity
dt
dx
v x = =(6 t−2)m/ s
dt
at t i=2 s , instantaneous speed :|v xi|=|6(2)−2|=10 m/ s
at t f =3 s , instantaneous speed :|v xf|=|6(3)−2|=16 m/ s

Δ v x v xf −v xi
c) average acceleration : a x , avg = =
Δt Δt
We found vxf & vxi in part b)
16−10 2
= =6 m/ s
3−2
d v x d (6 t−2) 2
d ) instantaneous acceleration : a x = = =6 m/ s at t =2 s , 3 s
dt dt
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●
Here, Instantaneous acceleration is constant, so Instantaneous acceleration is the same at any time.
Notice that instantaneous acceleration=average acceleration, because a is independent of time.
●
Graphical Relationships Between x, vx and ax
. REMEMBER!!
Decreasing slope=Decreasing velocity

Negative slope=
Negative velocity

Increasing slope=
Increasing velocity
I

Negative slope= Slope of curved line=diagonal line

Negative acceleration Slope of diagonal line=horizontal line
Slope of horizontal line=zero

.At tD , slope of x-t graph is zero , so v=0 .

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 Problem 58: A student drives a moped along a straight road as described by
the velocity – time graph in Figure. Sketch this graph in the middle of a sheet
of graph paper. (a) Directly above your graph, sketch a graph of the position
versus time, aligning the time coordinates of the two graphs. (b) Sketch a
graph of the acceleration versus time directly below the v x -t graph, again
aligning the time coordinates. On each graph, show the numerical values of x
and ax for all points of inflection. (c) What is the acceleration at t=6 s? (d)
Find the position (relative to the starting point) at t= 6 s. (e) What is the
moped’s final position at t =9 s?
●

Slope of region III=-4 m/s2

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Area of shaded region=34m

Particle Under Constant Acceleration
●
Instantaneous & average acceleration are the same.
dv x v xf −v xi
ax= =a x , avg = =a constant
dt t
●
We use Kinematic Equations (Eqs.) to predict unknown
information about an object’s motion.
●
Kinematic (Eqs.) for motion with constant acceleration:
v xf =v xi +a x t
1
x f −x i = (v xi +v xf )t
2 NOT valid UNLESS, a=constant
1 2
x f −x i =Δ x=v xi t + a x t
2
2 2
v xf =v xi +2 a x (x f −x i )

The above subscripts have the following meanings:

v xf =final velocity in x−axis
v xi =initial velocity in x−axis
x f =final position in x−axis
x i =initial position in x−axis
a x =constant acceleration in x−axis 15 / 34
Problem 35: The driver of a car slams on the brakes when he sees
a tree blocking the road. The car slows uniformly with an acceleration of
-5.6 m/s2 for 4.2 s, making straight skid marks 62.4 m long ending at the
tree. With what speed does the car then strike the tree?

Solution:

Knowns: Unknown: vf =?
2
a=−5.6 m/ s
t =4.2 s
Δ x=62.4

Identify the correct kinematic equation

1 2
Δ x=v xi t + a x t
2
Substituting knowns into above Eq .
1 2
62.4=v xi 4.2− 5.6(4.2)
2
Solve above Eq . for v xi v xi =26.6 m/ s
Let’s find the velocity when the car strikes the tree.

v xi =26.6 m/ s
v xf =v xi +at
=26.6+(−5.6)4.2=3.10 m/ s
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●
Problem 38: A particle moves along the x axis. Its position is given
2
by the equation x=2+3 t −4 t with x in meters and t in seconds.
Determine (a) its position at the instant it changes direction and (b) its
velocity when it returns to the position it had at t=0.
Solution:
a) We have seen on page 13 that when the object reverse the direction of
travel, its velocity is zero. Thus, we will find the time at which velocity is
zero.

Let’s assume v=0 at time t:

2
dx d (2+3 t −4 t )
velocity : v x (t )= = =3−8 t
dt dt
v x (t )=3−8 t=0 t=(3/8)s
v x =0 at t=(3/8) s=0.38 s The particle changes its direction at t=0.38s
Let’s obtain the its position at t=0.38s
2
x (t )=(2+3 t−4 t )
2
x (0.38)=(2+3(0.38)−4 (0.38) )=2.6 m
b) Let’s find the initial position at t=0s.
2
x (t )=(2+3 t−4 t )m
2
x (0)=(2+3(0)−4 (0) )=2 m
Let’s find the time at which the particle
2
returns the initial position of 2 m.
x (t )=(2+3 t−4 t )
2
2 m=(2+3 t−4 t )m
2
2 m=(2+3(t )−4(t ) ) t=0.75 s The particle returns its initial position at t=0.75s
●
We can obtain the velocity when the particle returns its initial position. 17 / 34

v x (t )=3−8 t v x =3−8(0.75)=−3 m/ s
Meaning of minus sign: particle moves in -direction
 Problem: A jet plane lands with a speed of 100 m/s and can accelerate at a maximum rate
of -5 m/s2 as it comes to rest. (a) From the instant the plane touches the runway, what is the minimum
time it needs before it can come to rest? (b) Can this plane land at a small tropical island airport where
the runway is 0.8 km long?
Solution: a)
Knowns: Wanted: t=?
v xi =100 m/ s
2
a=−5 m/ s
v xf =0 Coming to rest means zer0 velocity

Identify the correct kinematic equation

v xf =v xi +at
Plug known parameters in above Eq .
0=100−5 t Solving this Eq . for t
t =20 s
The plane needs at least 20 s to STOP.
b) First of all, we find displacement of the plane before coming to rest.
Then, figure out whether Δ x≤0.8 km or not?

1 2
Δ x=v xi t + at
2
Plug known parameters in above Eq .
1 2
Δ x=100(20)− (5)(20) Solving this Eq . for Δ x
2
Δ x=1000 m=1 km
The plane will NOT land, because the runway is too short (1km>0.8km) 18 / 34
 Recall!!
●
We will have to solve an quadratic equation like
ax +bx +c=0 as follows:
2

●
Discriminant method is used to find roots of
quadratic equations.
2
ax +bx +c=0 , such a quadratic eq . has two roots .
2 2
−b+ √ b −4 ac −b− √ b −4 ac
x 1= and x 2=
2a 2a
2
If b ≥4 ac , the roots are real

Note:“Eq.” is abbreviation of equation

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Problem: Speedy Sue, driving at 30 m/s, enters a one-lane tunnel. She
then observes a slow-moving van 155 m ahead traveling at 5 m/s. Sue applies her
brakes but can accelerate only at -2m/s2 because the road is wet. Will there be a
collision? If so, determine how far into the tunnel and at what time the collision
occurs. If not, determine the distance of closest approach between Sue’s car and the
van.

xsi =0, xvi=155m , vsi=30 m/s,

Solution: Given parameters:
vvi=5m/s, as = -2 m/s2 , av =0

Quadratic equation,
Use discriminant!

Collision time

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 Freely Falling Objects
●
Near the surface of the Earth, freely falling objects have a constant
downward acceleration with magnitude g=9.81 m/s2 .
●
The freely falling object means that the only gravitational force acts
on the object-no other forces acting, no air resistance.
●
The acceleration of freely falling object is the same, no matter how
light or heavy.
●
The acceleration g is always in downward direction.

●
Kinematic equations for freely falling objects:

v yf =v yi −g t
1
y f − y i = (v yi +v yf )t
2 Minus sign means that motion is in the
1 2 downward direction (negative y-axis)
y f − y i =Δ y=v yi t − g t
2
2 2
v yf =v yi −2 g( y f − y i )
●
Notice that above Eqs. are similar to the Eqs. on page 15. We only
replace x with y, because freely falling motion in vertical direction
(y-axis).

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Freely Falling Objects (Continued)

EXPERIMENT
●
Astronaut David Scott did an experiment on the
lunar surface. On the Moon, there is no air
resistance.

●
He dropped a feather and a hammer at the same
time, they simultaneously fell to the lunar
surface.

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 Problem 43: A ball is thrown directly downward with an
initial speed of 8 m/s from a height of 30 m. How many seconds later
does the ball strike the ground?

●
Solution:

Given quantities: v yi =−8 m/ s minus sign shows downward direction

h=30 m Δ y= y f − y i =0−30=−30 m
Wanted quantity: t=?

1 2
Δ y=v yi t − g t
2
1 2
−30=−8 t − 9.8 t
2
2
30−8 t −(4.9)t =0
Use disriminant method to obtain t
2
−b± √ b −4 ac
x=
2a
2
8− √ (−8) −4 (−4.9)30
c=30 ' b=−8 , a=−4.9 t = =1.79 s
2(−4.9)
2
8+ √ (−8) −4 (−4.9)30
t= =−3.42 s
2(−4.9)
Time is scalar quantity so only positive value count

The answer is 1.79 s.

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 Problem 53: A student throws a set of keys vertically upward to
her sorority sister, who is in a window 4m above.The keys are caught 1.5 s
later by the sister’s outstretched hand. (a) With what initial velocity were
the keys thrown? (b) What was the velocity of the keys just before they
were caught?
2
Solution: a) Knowns: Δ y= y f − y i =4−0=4 t=1.5 s g=9.8 m/ s
Are the keys in freely falling motion
wanted=v i =?
even they are thrown upwards? 1 2
Δ y=v yi t − g t
2
1 2
4=v yi (1.5)− (9.8)(1.5) solving for v yi gives
2
v yi =10 m/ s

b) vyf =?
v yf =v yi −g t
=10−9.8(1.5)=−4.7 m/ s

Minus sign indicates direction of velocity is downward

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Problem 55: A man sitting on a tree limb wishes to drop vertically onto
a horse galloping under the tree. The speed of the horse is 10 m/s, and the distance
from the limb to the saddle is 3 m. (a) What must be the horizontal distance
between the saddle and limb when the man makes his move? (b) How long is he in
the air?
Knowns :
Solution: a)
Man ' s initial speed=v yi=0
displacement of man=Δ y=−3 m
initial Speed of the horse : v xi =10 m/ s
the man is in freely falling motion
wanted : Δ x=?
●
The man moves vertically, while the horse moves
horizontally.

1 2
Δ y=v yi t− g t
2
2
−3=0−4.9 t solving for t gives t=0.78 s
The time required for the man to fall=the time required for the horse to reach him

Δ x=v xi t=10(0.78)=7.8 m

b) t=? Answer t=0.78 s

In part a), we found that he drops on the horse at 0.78s.

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 Problem 50: The height of a helicopter above the ground is given by
h =3t3, where h is in meters and t is in seconds. After 2 s, the helicopter
releases a small mailbag. How long after its release does the mailbag reach the
ground?

Solution: First of all, we find height and initial velocity of helicopter at 2s.
3
3 3 dx d (3 t ) 2 2
h=3 t =3(2) =24 m v= = =9 t =9(2) =36 m/ s
dt dt
For mail bag :
initial position : y i=24 m
When the helicopter releases a mailbag, the
final position : y f =0 mailbag starts its freely falling motion with the
velocity of 36 m/s upward
initial velocity : v yi=36 m/ s upward
a y =−g
1 2
y f − y i=v yi t− g t
Quadratic eq.
2
2
0−24=36 t−4.9 t
2
24+36 t−4.9 t =0 solving for t
t=−0.61 s t=7.96 s answer is 7.96 s

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Problem 72: A test rocket is fired vertically upward from a well. A catapult gives it
an initial velocity of 80 m/s at ground level. Subsequently, its engines fire and it
accelerates upward at 4 m/s2 until it reaches an altitude of 1000 m. At that point its
engines fail, and the rocket goes into free fall, with an acceleration of 9.8 m/s2. (a) How
long is the rocket in motion above the ground? (b) What is its maximum altitude? (c)
What is its velocity just before it collides with the Earth? (Hint: Consider the motion
while the engine is operating separate from the free-fall motion.)

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 KINEMATIC EQUATIONS DERIVED FROM CALCULUS
●
We can obtain kinematic Eqs. by using calculus with the condition
that acceleration is constant. We integrate acceleration to find
velocity and integrate velocity to find position.

●
Let’s write the definition of acceleration as follows:
dv x
ax=
dt
a x dt=dv x →We integrate both side of this eq .
tf v xf

∫ a x dt=∫ dv x a is constant so it comes out of integral

ti v xi
tf v xf

a x ∫ dt =∫ dv x
ti v xi
t v xf
a x t | =v x |
0 v xi
a x t=v xf −v xi
v xf =v xi +at

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KINEMATIC EQUATIONS DERIVED FROM CALCULUS (Continued)
●
We can derive another kinematic Eq. by using the definition of
velocity.

dx
v x= velocity with constant acceleration=v xf =v xi +at
dt
v x dt=dx We integrate both side of this eq .
tf xf tf xf

∫ v x dt =∫ dx ∫ (v xi +at )dt=∫ dx
ti xi ti xi
1 2 t xf
(v xi t + a t ) |0 =x | xi
2
1 2
v xi t + a t =x f −x i
2
1 2
x f =x i +v xi t a t
2

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 KINEMATIC EQUATIONS DERIVED FROM CALCULUS (Continued)
●
We can use the definition of acceleration and the chain rule to derive
another kinematic Eq.

dv x
ax= we divide and multiply this eq . by dx
dt
dv x d x vx
ax=
d x dt
dv x
a x =v x
dx
a x dx=v x dv x integrate both side of Eq .
xf v xf xf v xf

∫ a x dx=∫ v x dv x a x ∫ dx=∫ v x dv x
xi v xi xi v xi

xf1 2 v
a x x | = v x |v
xi
xf

2 xi

1 2 2
a x ( x f −x i )= (v xf −v xi )
2
2 2
2 a x (x f −x i )=(v xf −v xi )
Δx
2 2
v =v +2 a x Δ x
xf xi

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 Problem :The acceleration of a marble in a certain fluid is
proportional to the speed of the marble squared and is given
(in SI units) by a=-3v2 for v > 0. If the marble enters this
fluid with a speed of 1.5 m/s, how long will it take before the
marble’s speed is reduced to half of its initial value?
●
Note: If velocity, position and acceleration are given
analytically, not numerically, we must use calculus method.

31 / 34
 Problem:

●
Solution:

Knowns : t 1=1.5 s t 2=3.1 s , v (t )=25+18 t

wanted : Δ x=? Use definition of velocity
dx
v= v dt=dx
dt
(25+18 t )dt=dx integrate both side of the eq .
t2 xf

∫ (25+18 t )dt=∫ dx
(t 1 ) xi
2 t2 xf
(25 t +9 t )| =x |
t1 xi
2 2
[25(3.1)+9(3.1) ]−[25(1.5)+9(1.5) ]=Δ x
Δ x=106.2 m

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 REFERENCES
1) Physics For Scientist and Engineers, SERWAY
and JEWETT, 9th Edition.

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 Recommended problems in chapter
2:
●
1,12,19,28,41,42,52,56,57,59,65,62,74
These problems are highly recommended. You make a good
practice by solving these problems.

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