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Periodic Table

The document provides information about elements P, Q, R and S including their reactions with water and physical states. It also contains multiple choice questions about properties and positions of various elements in the periodic table, including Group I and Group VII elements. The questions assess understanding of reactivity trends, physical properties and reactions of representative elements.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

9 views

Periodic Table

Uploaded by

Aarya Modi

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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1 Some properties of four elements, P, Q, R and S, are shown in the table.

Two of these elements are in Group I of the Periodic Table and two are in Group VII.

physical state at
element reaction with water
room temperature

P reacts vigorously solid

Q does not react with water solid
R reacts explosively solid
S dissolves giving a coloured solution liquid

Which statement is correct?

A P is below R in Group I.
B Q is above R in Group I.
C Q is below S in Group VII.
D R is below S in Group VII.

2 Rubidium is a Group I metal.

Which statement about rubidium is not correct?

A It has a higher melting point than lithium.

B It has one electron in its outer shell.
C It reacts vigorously with water.
D It reacts with chlorine to form rubidium chloride, RbCl .

3 Which statement about the elements in Group I is correct?

A Hydrogen is evolved when they react with water.

B Ions of Group I elements have a –1 charge.
C Sodium is more reactive than potassium.
D Solid sodium is a poor electrical conductor.

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4 The diagram shows a simplified form of the Periodic Table:

W X
Y

Which elements will form an acidic oxide?

A W and Z B W only C X and Y only D Y only

5 Which statements about Group I and Group VII elements are correct?

1 In Group I, lithium is more reactive than potassium.

2 In Group VII, chlorine is more reactive than fluorine.

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
6 Which element forms an acidic oxide?

A
B C D

7 The table shows the symbols of three metals with names that begin with the letter C.

Which row correctly shows the melting point of the metals?

8 The diagram shows elements W, X, Y and Z in a section of the Periodic Table.

W
X Z
Y

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
9 Element X is in Group I of the Periodic Table.

Which row shows the type of oxide and whether element X is metallic or non-metallic?

10 Which element is in the same group of the Periodic Table as lithium?

11 The positions of four elements in the Periodic Table are shown.

Which element does not form a compound with chlorine?

C
A D
B

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
12 The table shows some properties of the Group I metals.

What are the properties of rubidium?

A melts below 63 °C, very soft, reacts explosively with water

B melts below 63 °C, very soft, reacts slowly with water

C melts above 181 °C, very soft, reacts explosively with water

D melts above 181 °C, very soft, reacts slowly with water

13 X is a Group I metal.

Y and Z are Group VII elements.

When X reacts with Y a salt is formed. A solution of this salt reacts with Z to form a different salt.

What are X, Y and Z?

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
14 Which pair of elements will react together most violently?

A chlorine and lithium

B chlorine and potassium
C iodine and lithium
D iodine and potassium

15 The table shows some information about elements in Group VII of the Periodic Table.

Which information about iodine completes the table?

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
16 The positions of elements W, X, Y and Z in the Periodic Table are shown.

Y
X Z

Which elements form basic oxides?

A W, X and Y B W and X only C Y only D Z only

17 Elements in Group I of the Periodic Table react with water.

Which row describes the products made in the reaction and the trend in reactivity of the
elements?

products trend in reactivity

A metal hydroxide and hydrogen less reactive down the group

B metal hydroxide and hydrogen more reactive down the group
C metal oxide and hydrogen less reactive down the group
D metal oxide and hydrogen more reactive down the group

18 Which statement about the elements of Group I is correct?

A Lithium is more dense than sodium.

B Potassium has a higher density than lithium.
C Potassium is less reactive than sodium.
D Sodium has a higher melting point than lithium.

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
19 Element X is a non-metal.

In which position of the Periodic Table could element X be found?

A at the bottom of Group I

B at the top of Group 0
C at the top of Group I
D in the transition elements

20 The diagrams show the labels of four bottles.

Which label is not correct?

A B C D

Bromine Iodine Potassium Sodium

Br2 I2 K Na

Harmful liquid. Danger Danger Danger

Do not spill. Avoid breathing vapour Store under water. Store under oil.
from the solid.

21 Fluorine is at the top of Group VII in the Periodic Table.

Which row shows the properties of fluorine?

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
22 Group I metals are also known as the Alkali Metals.

Which statement about the metals in Group I is not correct?

A In their reactions they lose electrons.

B Their atoms all have one electron in their outer shell.
C They form +1 ions in their reactions with non-metals.
D They form covalent compounds by sharing electrons.

23 Which element will be less reactive than the other members of its group in the Periodic Table?

A astatine
B caesium
C fluorine
D rubidium

24 Bromine is in Group VII on the Periodic Table.

Which describes the appearance of bromine at room temperature?

A grey solid
B purple fumes
C red-brown liquid
D yellow gas

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
25 The diagram shows an outline of the Periodic Table.

U V W X Y

Which of the elements U, V, W, X and Y would react together in the ratio of 1 : 1?

A U and X B U and Y C V and Y D W and X

26 The element rubidium, Rb, is immediately below potassium in the Periodic Table.

It reacts with bromine to form the compound rubidium bromide.

Which descriptions of this compound are correct?

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
27 Element X is in Group VII of the Periodic Table.

It reacts with aqueous potassium bromide as shown.

X2 + 2KBr → 2KX + Br2

Which statements about X are correct?

relative atomic mass reactivity

A greater than that of bromine less reactive than bromine

B greater than that of bromine more reactive than bromine
C less than that of bromine less reactive than bromine
D less than that of bromine more reactive than bromine

28 The diagram shows a section of the Periodic Table.

Which element is described below?

‘A colourless, unreactive gas that is denser than air.’

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
29 Element X is below iodine in the Periodic Table.

Which row correctly shows the physical state of element X at room temperature and its reactivity
compared with that of iodine?

physical state
reactivity compared
of element X at
with that of iodine
room temperature

A gas less reactive

B solid less reactive
C gas more reactive
D solid more reactive

30 The diagram shows an outline of part of the Periodic Table.

X
Y Z

Which statement about elements X, Y and Z is not correct?

A All are metals.

B All conduct electricity.
C All form coloured compounds.
D All react with oxygen.

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
31 The table shows some properties of two elements in Group VII of the Periodic Table.

Which properties is fluorine likely to have?

32 X is a monatomic gas.

gas X

Which statement about X is correct?

A X burns in air.
B X is coloured.
C X is unreactive.
D X will displace iodine from potassium iodide.

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
33 The diagram shows a section of the Periodic Table.

I II III IV V VI VII 0

V W X

Y Z

Which elements will conduct electricity at room temperature?

A V, W and X B V, Y and W C W, X and Z D Y and Z

34 The equation shows the reaction between a halogen and aqueous bromide ions.

X2 + 2Br (aq) → 2X (aq) + Br2

…1… …2… …3…

Which words correctly complete gaps 1, 2 and 3?

35 The table compares the properties of Group I elements with those of transition elements.

Which entry in the table is correct?

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
36 The diagram shows the positions of elements P, Q, R, S and T in the Periodic Table.

These letters are not the chemical symbols for the elements.

S T

Q R

Which statement about the properties of these elements is correct?

A P reacts more vigorously with water than does Q.

B P, Q and R are all metals.
C T exists as diatomic molecules.
D T is more reactive than S.

37 Which is not a property of Group I metals?

A They are soft and can be cut with a knife.

B They corrode rapidly when exposed to oxygen in the air.
C They produce an acidic solution when they react with water.
D They react rapidly with water producing hydrogen gas.

38 Solutions of a halogen and a sodium halide are mixed.

Which mixture darkens in colour because a reaction occurs?

A bromine and sodium chloride

B bromine and sodium fluoride
C chlorine and sodium fluoride
D chlorine and sodium iodide

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
39 Astatine is an element in Group VII of the Periodic Table. It has only ever been produced in very
small amounts.

What is the best description of its likely properties?

40 Which statement describes the trends going down group VII of the Periodic Table?

A The boiling point and melting point both decrease.

B The boiling point and melting point both increase.
C The boiling point decreases but the melting point increases.
D The boiling point increases but the melting point decreases.

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 Two statements about argon are given.
1 Argon has a full outer shell of electrons.

2 Argon is very reactive and is used in lamps.

Which is correct?

A Both statements are correct and statement 2 explains statement 1.

B Both statements are correct but statement 2 does not explain statement 1.
C Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect.
D Statement 2 is correct but statement 1 is incorrect.

2 Part of the Periodic Table is shown.

Which element is a gas that does not form a compound with potassium?

A B
C D

3 Two statements about noble gases are given.

1 Noble gases are reactive, monatomic gases.

2 Noble gases all have full outer shells of electrons.

Which is correct?

A Both statements are correct and statement 2 explains statement 1.

B Both statements are correct but statement 2 does not explain statement 1.
C Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect.
D Statement 2 is correct but statement 1 is incorrect.

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 The Group 0 elements are unreactive.

The gas used to fill balloons is ....... X....... .

This gas is unreactive because it has ....... Y....... electrons in its outermost shell.

Which words correctly complete gaps X and Y?

5 Hydrogen and helium have both been used to fill balloons.

Which property of helium makes it the preferred choice to hydrogen?

A easily compressed into a gas cylinder

B forms monatomic molecules
C lower density
D unreactive

6 The following statements are about elements in the Periodic Table.

1 Their atoms have a full outer shell of electrons.

2 They form basic oxides.
3 They are found in Group 0.
4 They are present in small quantities in the air.

Which statements are correct for the noble gases?

A 1, 2 and 3 B 1, 2 and 4 C 1, 3 and 4 D 2, 3 and 4

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7 The noble gases, which are in Group 0 of the Periodic Table, are all very ....... 1....... .

....... 2......., one of these gases, is used to provide an inert atmosphere in lamps.

Another, ....... 3......., is used for filling balloons because it is less dense than air.

Which words complete the sentences about noble gases?

8 The diagram shows a section of the Periodic Table.

Which element is described below?

‘A colourless, unreactive gas that is denser than air.’

A
B
C
D

9 An inert gas X is used to fill weather balloons.

Which descriptions of X are correct?

number of outer
structure of gas X
electrons in atoms of X

A 2 single atoms
B 2 diatomic molecules
C 8 single atoms
D 8 diatomic molecules

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
10 Why is argon gas used to fill electric lamps?

A It conducts electricity.
B It glows when heated.
C It is less dense than air.
D It is not reactive.

11 The diagram shows a light bulb.

filament

argon

Why is argon used instead of air in the light bulb?

A Argon is a good conductor of electricity.

B Argon is more reactive than air.
C The filament glows more brightly.
D The filament does not react with the argon.

12 Why are weather balloons filled with helium rather than hydrogen?

A Helium is found in air.

B Helium is less dense than hydrogen.
C Helium is more dense than hydrogen.
D Helium is unreactive.

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13 Statement 1: Helium is a reactive gas.

Statement 2: Helium can be used to fill balloons.

Which is correct?

A Both statements are correct and statement 2 explains statement 1.

B Both statements are correct but statement 2 does not explain statement 1.
C Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect.
D Statement 2 is correct but statement 1 is incorrect.

14 X is a monatomic gas.

gas X

Which statement about X is correct?

A X burns in air.
B X is coloured.
C X is unreactive.
D X will displace iodine from potassium iodide.

15 An element does not conduct electricity and exists as diatomic molecules.

In which area of the Periodic Table is the element to be found?

A C D
B

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
16 Elements in Group 0 of the Periodic Table have uses.

These noble gases are ……1.….. and this explains why argon ……2…… be used in lamps.

Which words correctly complete gaps 1 and 2?

17 An inert atmosphere is needed in a lamp to lengthen the useful life of the metal filament.

Why is argon, rather than helium, used for this purpose?

argon is more abundant argon is less dense

in the air than helium

A
B
C
D

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 The Periodic Table lists all the known elements.

Elements are arranged in order of ....... 1 ....... number.

The melting points of Group I elements ....... 2 ....... down the group.

The melting points of Group VII elements ....... 3 ....... down the group.

Which words correctly complete the gaps 1, 2 and 3?

2 Which information about an element can be used to predict its chemical properties?

A boiling point
B density
C melting point
D position in the Periodic Table

3 Which statement about the Periodic Table is correct?

A Elements in the same period have the same number of outer electrons.
B The elements on the left are usually gases.
C The most metallic elements are on the left.
D The relative atomic mass of the elements increases from right to left.

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4 Which statement is correct for the element of proton number 19?

A It is a gas that dissolves in water.

B It is a hard metal that is not very reactive with water.
C It is a non-metal that burns quickly in air.
D It is a soft metal that is highly reactive with water.

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 (a) For each of the following, give the name of an element from Period 2 (lithium to neon), which
matches the description.
Elements may be used once, more than once or not at all.

(i) an element which is gaseous at room temperature and pressure

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) an element which forms an oxide that is a reactant in photosynthesis

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) an element that is a product of photosynthesis

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) an element that makes up approximately 78% by volume of the air

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(v) an element which has atoms with a full outer shell of electrons

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(vi) an element which exists as both diamond and graphite

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(vii) an element that reacts vigorously with cold water

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(viii) a soft metallic element which is stored in oil

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Give the formula of a compound that contains

(i) only boron and oxygen, ................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) only lithium and nitrogen. .............................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 10]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 Rubidium, Rb, is a Group I element. It has similar physical and chemical properties to the other
elements in Group I.

(a) Predict how many electrons there are in the outer shell of a rubidium atom.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Predict one physical property of rubidium which is the same as that of a transition element
such as iron.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(d) When rubidium is added to cold water a reaction occurs.

(i) Suggest two observations that would be made when rubidium is added to cold water.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) What would be the colour of the solution if methyl orange was added to it after the reaction?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between rubidium and water.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iv) Put the Group I elements, caesium, lithium, potassium, rubidium and sodium in their order
of reactivity with water

most reactive least reactive

[1]

(v) Suggest one safety measure that should be used when rubidium is added to cold water.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) The phosphate ion has the formula PO43–.

Deduce the formula of rubidium phosphate.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [Total: 12]

3 The table below shows the elements in the third period of the Periodic Table, the
number of
electrons in their outer energy level, their oxidation state in their common compounds
and their melting points.

element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

number of outer electrons 1 2

oxidation state +1 +2 +3 +4 / –4 –3 –2 –1 0
melting point / °C 98 650 660 1414 317 115 –101 –189

(a) Describe and explain the variation in oxidation state across the period.

...............................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) The firstthreeelements,Na,MgandA l, are metals.

Describe the structure of a typical metal.

................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) Explain why Na, Mg and Al are good conductors of electricity.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Which element exists as diatomic molecules of the type X2?

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(e) Silicon has a similar structure to diamond.

Explain why silicon has the highest melting point in the period.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(f) Sodium chloride is a crystalline solid with a high melting point. It dissolves in water to give a
neutral solution. Phosphorus trichloride is a liquid at room temperature. It reacts with water

to form an acidic solution.

Suggest an explanation for these differences in properties.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(g) Describe how you could show that magnesium oxide is a basic oxide and not an amphoteric
oxide.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(h) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram showing the bonding in magnesium oxide. Show outer electrons
only.

[3]

[Total: 17]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 Choose from the following list of gases. A gas may be chosen once, more than once or not at all.

sulfur dioxide hydrogen methane carbon monoxide

argon ethene butane

(a) It is used to bleach wood

pulp. ............................................................................................ [1]

(b) When burned in oxygen, the only product is

water. ............................................................. [1]

(c) It can
polymerise. ................................................................................................................ [1]

(d) It is used to provide an inert atmosphere for

welding. ......................................................... [1]

(e) When reacted with oxygen, the only product is carbon

dioxide. .......................................... [1]

(f) It is produced by the decay of vegetation in the absence of

oxygen. .................................. [1]

[Total: 6]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 The halogens are a group of non-metals in Group VII of the Periodic Table.

(a) The reactivity of the halogens decreases down the group.

Describe an experiment which shows that chlorine is more reactive than iodine. Include an
equation in your answer.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) The halogens form interhalogen compounds. These are compounds which contain two different
halogens.

Deduce the formula of the compound which has the composition 0.013 moles of iodine atoms
and 0.065 moles of fluorine atoms.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

chlorine
supplied

crystals
of iodine

I2(s) + Cl 2(g) → 2ICl (l)

dark brown

When more chlorine is added and the tube is sealed, a reversible reaction occurs and the
reaction comes to equilibrium.

ICl (l) + Cl 2(g) ICl 3(s)

dark brown yellow

(i) Give another example of a reversible reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain the term equilibrium.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) Chlorine is removed from the tube and a new equilibrium is formed.

Explain why there is less of the yellow solid and more dark brown liquid in the new equilibrium
mixture.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(e) A sealed tube containing the equilibrium mixture is placed in ice-cold water. There is an increase
in the amount of yellow solid in the equilibrium mixture.

What can you deduce about the forward reaction in this equilibrium?

ICl (l) + Cl 2(g) ICl 3(s)

Explain your deduction.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 13]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
6 The table shows the melting points, boiling points and electrical properties of five substances,
A to E.

electrical electrical
melting point boiling point
substance conductivity conductivity
/ °C / °C
of solid of liquid

A –7 59 poor poor
B 1083 2567 good good
C 755 1387 poor good
D 43 181 poor poor
E 1607 2227 poor poor

Choose a substance from the table above to match each of the following descriptions. A
substance may be used once, more than once or not at all. Justify each choice with evidence
from the table.

One has been completed as an example.

D
This substance is covalent and is a solid at room temperature (25 °C). ..................
Its melting point is above room temperature. It has a low melting point and...............
evidence ..................................................................................................................... it does

not conduct as a liquid, so it is covalent.

....................................................................................................................................................

(a) This substance has a giant covalent structure. ..................

evidence ....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) This substance is a metal. ..................

evidence ....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) This substance is a liquid at room temperature (25 °C). ..................

evidence ....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(d) This substance is an ionic solid. ..................

evidence ....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [Total: 11]

1 Magnesium and calcium are in group 2 of the periodic table. They are less reactive
than the metals in group 1.
(a) Calcium reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, and hydrogen, H2 .
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s) + H2(g)
Describe what would be seen when a piece of calcium is dropped into a
container of water.
(2)

. . . . . . . . .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Magnesium reacts very slowly with cold water but it reacts faster with steam, H2O,
and forms magnesium oxide, MgO, and hydrogen.
Write the balanced equation for the reaction between magnesium and steam.
(2)

(c) The electronic configurations of magnesium and calcium are

magnesium 2.8.2
calcium 2.8.8.2
When magnesium and calcium react with water they form positive ions.
Suggest an explanation, in terms of their electronic configurations, why calcium is
more reactive than magnesium.
(2)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) A sample of calcium bromide contains 0.2 g calcium and 0.8 g bromine by mass.
Calculate the empirical formula of calcium bromide.
(relative atomic masses: Ca = 40, Br = 80)
(3)

empirical formula = ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 1 = 9 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 The positions of five elements, A, B, C, D and E, are shown in the periodic table.

These letters are not the atomic symbols of these elements.

(a) Use only elements A, B, C, D and E to answer (i) and (ii).

(i) Give the letters of all the elements that are metallic.
(1)

. . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give the letters of the two elements that have the most similar chemical
properties.
(1)

. . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) An atom of element B contains more protons than an atom of element A.

State how many more protons there are in an atom of element B than in an atom
of element A.
(1)

. . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) An atom of element E has atomic number 10 and mass number 22.
(i) How many electrons does this atom contain?
Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
(1)
A 10
B 12
C 22
D 32

(ii) 10% of the atoms in a sample of element E have a mass number of 22.
All the other atoms in this sample have a mass number of 20.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of element E.
(3)

. . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

relative atomic mass = ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) The element below E in the periodic table is used to fill filament light bulbs.
Explain why this element is suitable for this use.
(2)

. . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 9 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 The elements in group 3 of the periodic table are boron, aluminium, gallium, indium

and thallium.
(a) Elements can be classified as metals or non-metals.
Explain, using its position in the periodic table, whether indium is a metal or a
non-metal.
(2)

. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Each aluminium atom has 13 electrons.

State the electronic configuration of an aluminium atom.
(1)

. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Boron has an atomic number of 5.

There are two isotopes of boron, boron-10 and boron-11.
(i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
Every boron atom contains
(1)
A five protons
B five neutrons
C eleven electrons
D eleven neutrons

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(ii) Explain what is meant by the term isotopes.
(2)

. . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) A sample of boron contains the two isotopes, boron-10 and boron-11.
The relative atomic mass of boron is 10.8
Give the reason why the relative atomic mass is closer to 11 than 10.
(1)

. . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 3 = 7 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 (a) Atoms contain protons, neutrons and electrons.

Complete the table to show the relative mass and relative charge of each particle
and its position in an atom.
(3)

relative mass relative charge position in atom

proton +1
neutron 1 in nucleus
electron

(b) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
An atom of an element always contains
(1)
A more protons than neutrons
B equal numbers of protons and neutrons
C more electrons than protons
D equal numbers of protons and electrons

Ca Cl K N Ne O

From the box, choose the symbol of

(i) an atom in group 2 of the periodic table
(1)

.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) an atom that readily forms an ion with a charge of 2–

(1)

.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) The formula of aluminium nitrate is Al(NO3)3
(i) State the total number of atoms in the formula Al(NO3)3
(1)

............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) What is the most likely formula of aluminium nitride?

Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
(1)
A Al(NO3)2
B AlNO3
C AlNO2
D AlN

(Total for Question 4 = 8 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 (a) The table shows the number of electrons, neutrons and protons in particles P, Q,
R, S, T and V.

number of
particle
electrons neutrons protons
P 1 0 1
Q 3 4 3
R 8 8 8
S 13 14 13
T 18 16 16
V 18 20 20

(i) Which particle is a negatively charged ion?

Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
(1)
A P
B S
C T
D V

(ii) Which particles are atoms of metals?

Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
(1)
A P and R
B Q and R
C Q and S
D Q, S and V

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Each element has an atomic number.
(i) State what is meant by atomic number.
(1)

. . . .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) The atomic number of boron is 5.

Boron exists as two isotopes boron-10 and boron-11.
Use this information to explain why boron-10 and boron-11 are isotopes.
(2)

. . . .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) A sample of boron contains

19.7% of boron-10.
80.3% of boron-11.
Use this information to calculate the relative atomic mass of boron.
(3)

. . . .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 5 = 10 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 Nitrogen can form ionic compounds with reactive metals and covalent compounds with non-metals.

(a) Nitrogen reacts with lithium to form the ionic compound lithium nitride, Li3N.

(i) Write the equation for the reaction between lithium and nitrogen.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Lithium nitride is an ionic compound. Draw a diagram which shows its formula, the charges
on the ions and the arrangement of the valency electrons around the negative ion.

Use x for an electron from a lithium atom.

Use o for an electron from a nitrogen atom.

[2]

(b) Nitrogen fluoride is a covalent compound.

(i) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of the
covalent compound nitrogen trifluoride, NF3.

Use x for an electron from a nitrogen atom.

Use o for an electron from a fluorine atom.

[2]

(ii) Lithium nitride has a high melting point, 813 °C. Nitrogen trifluoride has a low melting point,
–207 °C.
Explain why the melting points are different.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 In the Periodic Table, the elements are arranged in columns called Groups and in rows called
Periods.

(a)
a) Complete the table for some of the elements in Period 3.

group number I II III IV V VI VII

symbol Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

number of
valency electrons

valency

[2]

(ii) What is the relationship between the group number and the number of valency electrons?

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Explain the relationship between the number of valency electrons and the valency

for the elements Na to Al,

.............................................................................................................................................

for the elements P to Cl.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
[4]

(b) Across a period, the elements change from metallic to non-metallic.

(i) Describe how the type of oxide changes across this period.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Describe how the type of bonding in the chlorides formed by these elements changes
across this period.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 11]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 Scandium, proton number 21, is not a typical transition element.

(a) Scandium is a low density metal which has only one oxidation state in its compounds. Scandium
compounds are white solids which form colourless solutions. Titanium, the next metal in the
period, is a far more typical transition element. How would the properties of titanium differ from
those of scandium?

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Scandium fluoride is an ionic compound. The valency of scandium in scandium fluoride is
three.
Draw a diagram which shows the formula of this compound, the charges on the ions and the
arrangement of the valency electrons around the negative ions.

Use × to represent an electron from a fluorine atom.

Use ○ to represent an electron from a scandium atom.

[3]

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 9]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 The soluble salt hydrated lithium sulfate is made by titration from the soluble base lithium hydroxide.

burette filled with

sulfuric acid

conical flask

aqueous lithium hydroxide

and a few drops of a pH indicator

(a) The sulfuric acid is added slowly from the burette until the indicator just changes colour. The
volume of sulfuric acid needed to just neutralise the lithium hydroxide is noted.
Describe how you would continue the experiment to obtain pure dry crystals of hydrated lithium
sulfate.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [5]

(b) Using 25.0 cm3 of aqueous lithium hydroxide, concentration 2.48 mol / dm3, 2.20 g of hydrated
lithium sulfate was obtained.
Calculate the percentage yield, giving your answer to one decimal place.

2LiOH + H2SO4 → Li2SO4 + 2H2O

Li2SO4 + H2O → Li2SO4.H2O

Number of moles of LiOH used = .......................

Number of moles of Li2SO4.H2O which could be formed = .......................

Mass of one mole of Li2SO4.H2O = 128 g

Maximum yield of Li2SO4.H2O = ....................... g

Percentage yield = .......................% [4]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) An experiment was carried out to show that the formula of the hydrated salt is Li2SO4.H2O.
A sample of the hydrated salt was weighed and its mass recorded. It was then heated and the
anhydrous salt was weighed. This procedure was repeated until two consecutive masses were
the same. This procedure is called ‘heating to constant mass’.

(i) What is the reason for heating to constant mass?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The mass of the hydrated salt is m1 and the mass of the anhydrous salt is m2. Explain how
you could show that the hydrated salt has one mole of water of crystallisation per mole of
the anhydrous salt.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 13]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 Ammonia is a compound which only contains the elements nitrogen and hydrogen. It is a
weak base.

(a) (i) Define the term base.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Given aqueous solutions of ammonia and sodium hydroxide, both having a
concentration of 0.1 mol / dm3, how could you show that ammonia is the weaker
base?

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber Process. The economics of this process require
that as much ammonia as possible is made as quickly as possible.
Explain how this can be done using the following information.

The conditions for the following reversible reaction are:

● 450 °C
● 200 atmospheres pressure
● iron catalyst

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) the reaction is exother

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

Complete the equation for the preparation of hydrazine from ammonia.

.....NH3 + NaCl O → N2H4 + ............ + H2O [2

(d) The structural formula of hydrazine is given below.

H H

N N

H H

Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of
the covalent compound hydrazine.
Use x to represent an electron from a nitrogen atom.
Use o to represent an electron from a hydrogen atom.

[3]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(e) Hydrazine is a weak base and it removes dissolved oxygen from water. It is added to
water in steel boilers to prevent rusting.

(i) One way it reduces the rate of rusting is by changing the pH of water.
What effect would hydrazine have on the pH of water?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Give a reason, other than pH, why hydrazine reduces the rate of rusting.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 15]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
6 Germanium is an element in Group IV. The electron distribution of a germanium atom is
2 + 8 + 18 + 4. It has oxidation states of +2 and +4.

(a) Germanium forms a series of saturated hydrides similar to the alkanes.

(i) Draw the structural formula of the hydride which contains three germanium atoms
per molecule.

[1]

(ii) Predict the general formula of the germanium hydrides.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of
the covalent compound germanium(IV) chloride, GeCl 4.

Use o to represent an electron from a chlorine atom.

Use x to represent an electron from a germanium atom.

[2]

(c) Describe the structure of the giant covalent compound germanium(IV) oxide, GeO2.
It has a similar structure to that of silicon(IV) oxide.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(d) Is the change GeCl 2 to GeCl 4 reduction, oxidation or neither? Give a reason for your
choice.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
7 (a) Give three differences in physical properties between the Group I metal, potassium, and
the transition element, iron.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................

3. ................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) The following metals are in order of reactivity.

potassium
zinc
copper

For those metals which react with water or steam, name the products of the reaction,
otherwise write ‘no reaction’.

potassium .........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

zinc ...................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

copper ...............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

[Total: 8]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 Boron exists as two isotopes.
10 11
These are boron-10, 5B, and boron-11, 5B.
(a) The diagram shows an atom of the isotope, boron-10.

electron

neutron
proton

(i) State the electronic configuration of boron.

(1)

. . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
In the periodic table, boron is in period
(1)
A 2
B 3
C 5
D 10

(iii) The table shows the three particles present in atoms and their relative masses
and charges.
Complete the table.
(2)

particle relative mass relative charge

1
electron
1837

neutron

proton +1

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
*(b) A sample of boron contains 20% boron-10 and 80% boron-11.
In part (a) you were given the structure of a boron-10 atom.
Describe the structure of a boron-11 atom and explain why, in this sample, boron
has a relative atomic mass of 10.8.
(6)

. . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Mendeleev was a Russian chemist who produced the first version of the periodic
table.
Give one similarity and one difference between his version of the periodic table
and the periodic table shown on page 2.

. . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(2)

(Total for Question 1 = 12 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 The Group I metals show trends in both their physical and chemical properties.

(a)
a) How do their melting points vary down the Group?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Which element in the Group has the highest density?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) All Group I metals react with cold water. Complete the following equation.

........Rb + ........H2O → ................ + ................

[2]

(b) Lithium reacts with nitrogen to form the ionic compound, lithium nitride.

(i) State the formula of the lithium ion. .............…….. [1]

(ii) Deduce the formula of the nitride ion. .............…….. [1]

(iii) In all solid ionic compounds, the ions are held together in a lattice.
Explain the term lattice.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iv) What is the ratio of lithium ions to nitride ions in the lattice of lithium nitride?
Give a reason for your answer.

........ lithium ions : ........ nitride ions

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 9]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 Vanadium is a transition element. It has more than one oxidation state.
The element and its compounds are often used as catalysts.

(a) Complete the electron distribution of vanadium by inserting one number.

2 + 8 + .......... + 2
[1]

(b) Predict three physical properties of vanadium which are typical of transition elements.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................

3. ................................................................................................................................. [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) Vanadium(V) oxide is used to catalyse the exothermic reaction between sulfur dioxide
and oxygen in the Contact Process.

2SO2 + O2 2SO3

The rate of this reaction can be increased either by using a catalyst or by increasing the
temperature. Explain why a catalyst is used and not a higher temperature.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) The oxidation states of vanadium in its compounds are V(+5), V(+4), V(+3) and V(+2).
The vanadium(III) ion can behave as a reductant or an oxidant.

(i) Indicate on the following equation which reactant is the oxidant.

2V3+ + Zn → 2V2+ + Zn2+

[1]

(ii) Which change in the following equation is oxidation?

Explain your choice.

V3+ + Fe3+ → V4+ + Fe2+

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 The table below includes information about some of the elements in Period 2.

element carbon nitrogen fluorine neon

symbol C N F Ne
structure macromolecular simple simple single
molecules N2 molecules F2 atoms Ne
boiling point / °C 4200 –196 –188 –246

(a) Why does neon exist as single atoms but fluorine exists as molecules?

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) What determines the order of the elements in a period?

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) When liquid nitrogen boils the following change occurs.

N2(l) → N2(g)

The boiling point of nitrogen is very low even though the bond between the atoms in a
nitrogen molecule is very strong. Suggest an explanation.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the outer shell (valency) electrons in a
molecule of nitrogen.

[2]

[Total: 7]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 For each of the following, select an element from Period 4, potassium to krypton, which
matches the description.

(a) A metal that reacts rapidly with cold water to form a compound of the type M(OH)2 and
hydrogen.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Its only oxidation state is 0. ........................................................................................ [1]

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) This is one of the metals alloyed with iron in stainless steel. ..................................... [1]

(e) It can be reduced to an ion of the type X–. .................................................................. [1]

(f) It can form a covalent hydride having the formula H2X. .............................................. [1]

(g) Its soluble salts are blue and its oxide is black. .......................................................... [1]

(h) It is a liquid at room temperature. ............................................................................... [1]

[Total: 8]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 Zinc alloys have been used for over 2500 years.

(a)
a) Explain the phrase zinc alloy.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Making alloys is still a major use of zinc. State one other large scale use of zinc.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Describe the bonding in a typical metal, such as zinc, and then explain why it is
malleable. You may use a diagram to illustrate your answer.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

(iv) Suggest why the introduction of a different atom into the structure makes the alloy
less malleable than the pure metal.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Zinc metal is made by the reduction of zinc oxide. The major ore of zinc is zinc blende,
ZnS. Zinc blende contains silver and lead compounds as well as zinc sulfide.
Zinc blende is converted into impure zinc oxide by heating it in air.

2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2

(i) Describe how zinc oxide is reduced to zinc.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Some of the zinc oxide is dissolved in sulfuric acid to make aqueous zinc sulfate.
Write a balanced symbol equation for this reaction.

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(iii) This impure solution of zinc sulfate contains zinc ions, silver(I) ions and lead ions.
Explain why the addition of zinc powder produces pure zinc sulfate solution.
Include at least one ionic equation in your explanation.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [4]

(iv) Describe how zinc metal can be obtained from zinc sulfate solution by electrolysis.
A labelled diagram is acceptable. Include all the products of this electrolysis. The
electrolysis is similar to that of copper(II) sulfate solution with inert electrodes.

[4]

[Total: 18]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
6 Selenium and sulfur are in Group VI. They have similar properties.

(a) One of the main uses of selenium is in photoelectric cells. These cells can change light
into electrical energy.

(i) Name a process which can change light into chemical energy.

....................................................................................................................................

(ii) Name a device which can change chemical energy into electrical energy.

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) The electron distribution of a selenium atom is 2 + 8 + 18 + 6.

(i) Selenium forms an ionic compound with potassium. Draw a diagram which shows
the formula of this ionic compound, the charges on the ions and the arrangement of
the valency electrons around the negative ion.
Use o to represent an electron from an atom of potassium.
Use x to represent an electron from an atom of selenium.

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(ii) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule
of the covalent compound selenium chloride.
Use x to represent an electron from an atom of selenium.
Use o to represent an electron from an atom of chlorine.

[3]

(iii) Predict two differences in the physical properties of these two compounds.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) The selenide ion reacts with water.

Se2– + H2O → HSe– + OH–

What type of reagent is the selenide ion in this reaction? Give a reason for your choice.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 13]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
7 Choose an element from the list below which best fitsthedescription.

Rb Fe Si I P Sr

(a) An element which reacts with cold water. ............... [1]

(b) It is a solid at room temperature and exists as diatomic molecules, X2. ............... [1]

(c) It can form two oxides, XO and X2O3. ............... [1]

(d) This element has a hydride of the type XH3. ............... [1]

(e) It has a macromolecular structure similar to that of carbon. ............... [1]

[Total: 5]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 Use your copy of the Periodic Table to answer these questions.

(a) Choose an element from the Periodic Table to match each description.
You may give either the name or the symbol.

(i) It is the most reactive metal. ................................................................................ [1]

(ii) It is the only non-metal which is a liquid at r.t.p.. ................................................. [1]

(iii) An isotope of this element is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors. ......................... [1]

(iv) This Group VII element is a solid at r.t.p.. ............................................................ [1]

(v) This element is in Group V and Period 4. ............................................................ [1]

(vi) This unreactive gas is used to fill lamps. ............................................................. [1]

(b) Predict the formula of each of the following compounds.

(i) germanium oxide .......................................................................................................

(ii) tellurium bromide ................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Give the formula of each of the following ions.

(i) strontium ....................................................................................................................

(ii) fluoride ................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 10]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 Nickel is a transition element.

(a) Predict three differences in the chemical properties of nickel and barium.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) Nickel ores are converted into nickel(II) oxide. This can be reduced to impure nickel by
heating with carbon. The nickel is purified by the following reversible reaction.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) Ni(CO)4(g)

nickel carbonyl

(i) Impure nickel is heated at 60 °C. The forward reaction occurs.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) → Ni(CO)4(g)

impure

The nickel carbonyl, a gas, moves into a hotter chamber at 200 °C. The backward
reaction occurs and the nickel carbonyl decomposes.

Ni(CO)4(g) → Ni(s) + 4CO(g)

pure

Is the forward reaction exothermic or endothermic? Give a reason for your answer.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Explain why the forward reaction is favoured by an increase in pressure.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) Suggest what happens to the impurities.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(iv) Suggest another method of refining nickel. Give a brief description of the method
which you have suggested. A labelled diagram is acceptable.

[4]

[Total: 12]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 Choose an element which fitseachofthefollowingdescriptions.

(i) It is a yellow solid which burns to form an acidic oxide.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) This element is a black solid which, when heated, forms a purple vapour.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Most of its soluble salts are blue.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iv) It has a basic oxide of the type MO which is used to treat acidic soils.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(v) It is an unreactive gas used to fill balloons.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 5]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 Titanium is a transition element. It is isolated by the following reactions.

titanium ore → titanium(IV) oxide → titanium(IV) chloride → titanium

TiO2 TiCl 4 Ti

(a) Why is it usually necessary to include a number in the name of the compounds of
transition elements?

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Titanium(IV) chloride is made by heating the oxide with coke and chlorine.

TiO2 + 2Cl 2 TiCl 4 + O2

2C + O2 2CO

Explain why the presence of coke ensures the maximum yield of the metal chloride.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Explain why the change, titanium(IV) chloride to titanium, is reduction.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Complete the table which shows some of the properties of titanium and its uses.
The first line has been completed as an example.

property related use

soluble in molten steel making steel titanium alloys

........................................................................ making aircraft and space vehicles

resistant to corrosion, especially in sea water ...............................................................

[2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(e) The titanium ore contains 36.8% iron, 31.6% titanium and the remainder is oxygen.

(i) Determine the percentage of oxygen in this titanium compound.

percentage of oxygen = ........................................................................... % [1]

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of atoms for each element.

The number of moles of Fe is shown as an example.
number of moles of Fe = 36.8 / 56 = 0.66

number of moles of Ti = ...........................................................................................

number of moles of O = ..................................................................................... [1]

(iii) What is the simplest ratio for the moles of atoms?

Fe : Tii

............. ............. .............

[1]

(iv) What is the formula of this titanium compound?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 10]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 Chromium is a transition element.

(a)
a) Predict two differences in the physical properties of chromium and sodium.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Predict two differences in the chemical properties of chromium and sodium.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Chromium is used to electroplate steel objects. The diagram shows how this could be
done.
add more
chromium(III)
+ sulfate(aq) –

lead anode object to

be plated
chromium(III)
sulfate(aq)

(i) Give two reasons why steel objects are plated with chromium.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) The formula of the chromium(III) ion is Cr3+ and of the sulfate ion is SO42–. Give the
formula of chromium(III) sulfate.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Write the equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(iv) A colourless gas, which relights a glowing splint, is formed at the positive electrode
(anode). Name this gas.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(v) During electrolysis, it is necessary to add more chromium(III) sulfate but during
copper-plating using a copper anode, it is not necessary to add more copper(II)
sulfate. Explain.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 12]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
6 The first three elements in Group IV are carbon, silicon and germanium.
The elements and their compounds have similar properties.

(a) The compound, silicon carbide, has a macromolecular structure similar to that of
diamond.

(i) A major use of silicon carbide is to reinforce aluminium alloys which are used in
the construction of spacecraft. Suggest three of its physical properties.

[3]

(ii) Complete the following description of the structure of silicon carbide.

Each carbon atom is bonded to four atoms.

Each silicon atom is bonded to carbon atoms. [2]

(b) Germanium(IV) oxide, GeO2, has the same macromolecular structure as silicon(IV)
oxide. Draw the structural formula of germanium(IV) oxide.

[3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) Germanium forms a series of hydrides comparable to the alkanes.

(i) Draw the structural formula of the hydride which contains four germanium atoms
per molecule.

[1]
(ii) Predict the products of the complete combustion of this hydride.

[2]

[Total: 11]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
7 For each of the following select an element from Period 4, potassium to krypton, that
matches the description.

(a) It is a brown liquid at room temperature.

(b) It forms a compound with hydrogen having the formula XH4.

(c) A metal that reacts violently with cold water.

(d) It has a complete outer energy level.

(e) It has oxidation states of 2 and 3 only.

(f) It can form an ion of the type X .

(g) One of its oxides is the catalyst in the Contact Process.

[Total: 7]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 Iron is a transition element.

(a) Which of the following statements about transition elements are correct?

Tick three boxes.

The metals are highly coloured e.g. yellow, green, blue.

The metals have low melting points.

Their compounds are highly coloured.

Their compounds are colourless.

The elements and their compounds are often used as catalysts.

They have more than one oxidation state.

[3]

(b) (i) In which Period in the Periodic Table is iron to be found?

[1]

(ii) Use the Periodic Table to work out the number of protons and the number of
neutrons in one atom of iron.

number of protons = number of neutrons = [1]

carbon monoxide coke iron ore limestone slag

(i) Which substance is a mineral containing largely calcium carbonate?

[1]

(ii) Which substance is formed when impurities in the ore react with calcium oxide?

[1]

(iii) Which substance is also called hematite?

[1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) State two functions of the coke used in the blast furnace.

[2]

(e) Most of the iron is converted into mild steel or stainless steel. Give one use for each.

mild steel

stainless steel [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 The first three elements in Period 6 of the Periodic Table of the Elements are caesium,
barium and lanthanum.

(a) How many more protons, electrons and neutrons are there in one atom of lanthanum
than in one atom of caesium. Use your copy of the Periodic Table of the Elements to
help you.

number of protons ................................................

number of electrons ................................................

number of neutrons ................................................ [3]

(b) All three metals can be obtained by the electrolysis of a molten halide. The electrolysis
of the aqueous halides does not produce the metal.

(i) Complete the equation for the reduction of lanthanum ions at the negative
electrode (cathode).

La3+ + ................ → ................

(ii) Name the three products formed by the electrolysis of aqueous caesium bromide.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[4]

metal + water → ................................. + ............................. [2]

(d) Barium chloride is an ionic compound. Draw a diagram that shows the formula of the
compound, the charges on the ions and gives the arrangement of the valency electrons
around the negative ion.
The electron distribution of a barium atom is 2.8.18.18.8.2

Use x to represent an electron from a barium atom.

Use o to represent an electron from a chlorine atom.

[2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(e) Describe, by means of a simple diagram, the lattice structure of an ionic compound,
such as caesium chloride.

[2]

(f) The reactions of these metals with oxygen are exothermic.

2Ba(s) + O2(g) → 2BaO(s)

(i) Give an example of bond forming in this reaction.

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain using the idea of bond breaking and forming why this reaction is
exothermic.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 Manganese is a transition element. It has more than one valency and the metal and its
compounds are catalysts.

(a) (i) Predict three other properties of manganese that are typical of transition elements.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) Complete the electron distribution of manganese by inserting one number.

2 + 8 + .......... + 2 [1]

(b) It has several oxides, three of which are shown below.

Manganese(II) oxide, which is basic.
Manganese(III) oxide, which is amphoteric.
Manganese(IV) oxide, which is acidic.

(i) Complete the word equation.

manganese(II) + hydrochloric → ............................... + ...............................

oxide acid
............................... [2]

(ii) Which, if any, of these oxides will react with sodium hydroxide?

...............................................................................................................................[1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) Aqueous hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form water and oxygen.

2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

This reaction is catalysed by manganese(IV) oxide

The following experiments were carried out to investigate the rate of this reaction.

A 0.1 g sample of manganese(IV) oxide was added to 20 cm3 of 0.2 M hydrogen

peroxide solution. The volume of oxygen produced was measured every minute. The
results of this experiment are shown on the graph.

volume of
oxygen / cm3

0
0
time / min

(i) How does the rate of reaction vary with time? Explain why the rate varies.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) The following experiment was carried out at the same temperature.

0.1 g of manganese(IV) oxide and 20 cm3 of 0.4 M hydrogen peroxide

Sketch the curve for this experiment on the same grid. [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(iii) How would the shape of the graph differ if only half the mass of catalyst had been
used in these experiments?

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 Period 3 contains the elements sodium to argon. This question asks about the chemistry of each of
the Period 3 elements or their compounds.

(a) Sodium nitrate is a white crystalline solid. When heated it melts and the following reaction
occurs.

2NaNO3(l) → 2NaNO2(l) + O2(g)

A 3.40 g sample of sodium nitrate is heated.

Calculate the

• number of moles of NaNO3 used,

.................................. mol

• number of moles of O2 formed,

.................................. mol

• volume of O2 formed, in dm3 (measured at r.t.p.).

.................................. dm3
[3]

(b) Magnesium reacts slowly with warm water to form a base, magnesium hydroxide.

(i) Explain what is meant by the term base.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between magnesium and warm water.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) Aluminium oxide is amphoteric. It is insoluble in water.

Describe experiments to show that aluminium oxide is amphoteric.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(d) Silicon(IV) oxide has a giant structure.

(i) Name the type of bonding in silicon(IV) oxide.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Give two physical properties of silicon(IV) oxide.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(e) Calcium phosphate is used in fertilisers. The bonding in calcium phosphate is ionic.
Calcium phosphate contains the phosphate ion, PO43–.

(i) What is ionic bonding?

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Deduce the formula of calcium phosphate.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(f) Sulfur tetrafluoride, SF4, can be made by combining gaseous sulfur with fluorine.

S(g) + 2F2(g) → SF4(g)

The reaction is exothermic.

(i) Complete the energy level diagram for this reaction. Include an arrow which clearly shows
the energy change during the reaction.

S(g) + 2F2(g)
energy

[3]

(ii) During the reaction the amount of energy given out is 780 kJ / mol.

The F–F bond energy is 160 kJ / mol.

Use this information to determine the bond energy, in kJ / mol, of one S–F bond in SF4.

S + F F → F S F
F F
F

.................................. kJ / mol [3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(g) Chlorine and compounds of chlorine are important in water treatment and in laboratory testing
for water.

(i) Chlorine is added to water to make the water safe to drink.

Explain why adding chlorine makes water safe to drink.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) A compound of chlorine is used in the laboratory to test for the presence of water.

Name the compound of chlorine used in this test and describe the colour change seen in
a positive result of this test.

name of compound .............................................................................................................

colour change from ................................................... to ...................................................

[3]

(h) Argon is an unreactive noble gas.

(i) Explain why argon is unreactive.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Give one use of argon.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 27]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 (a) Different gases diffuse at different speeds.

(i) What is meant by the term diffusion?

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) What property of a gas molecule affects the speed at which it diffuses?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Helium is a gas used to fill balloons. It is present in the air in very small quantities. Diffusion can
be used to separate it from the air.

Air at 1000 °C is on one side of a porous barrier. The air which passes through the barrier has
a larger amount of helium in it.

(i) Why does the air on the other side of the barrier contain more helium?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Why is it an advantage to have the air at a high temperature?

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Most helium is obtained from natural gas found in the USA. Natural gas contains methane and
7% helium. One possible way to obtain the helium would be to burn the methane.

(i) Write an equation for the complete combustion of methane.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest why this would not be a suitable method to obtain the helium.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Suggest another method, other than diffusion, by which helium could be separated from
the mixture of gases in natural gas.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 7]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 For centuries, iron has been extracted from its ore in the blast furnace. The world production
of pig iron is measured in hundreds of million tonnes annually.

(a) The following raw materials are supplied to a modern blast furnace.

iron ore which is hematite, Fe2O3

limestone which is calcium carbonate
carbon in the form of coke
air

Describe the essential reactions in the blast furnace. Each of the four raw materials must
be mentioned at least once. Give the equation for the reduction of hematite.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [6]

(b) Each year, blast furnaces discharge millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere. This will increase the percentage of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

(i) Explain why this increased percentage of carbon dioxide may cause problems in the
future.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Until the early eighteenth century, charcoal, not coke, was used in the blast furnace.
Charcoal is made from wood but coke is made from coal. Explain why the use of
charcoal would have a smaller effect on the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(iii) A method being developed to produce iron with lower emissions of carbon dioxide
is by electrolysis. Hematite, Fe2O3, is dissolved in molten lithium carbonate and
electrolysed. The ore is spilt into its constituent elements.

Write an equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).

....................................................................................................................................

Complete the equation for the reaction at the positive electrode (anode).

........O2– → ............... + ............... [3]

[Total: 13]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 The following reactivity series shows both familiar and unfamiliar elements in order of
decreasing reactivity. Each element is represented by a redox equation.

Rb Rb+ + e–
Mg Mg2+ + 2e–
Mn Mn2+ + 2e–
Zn Zn2+ + 2e–
H2 2H+ + 2e–
Cu Cu2+ + 2e–
Hg Hg2+ + 2e–

Two of the uses of the series are to predict the thermal stability of compounds of the metals
and to explain their redox reactions.

(a) Most metal hydroxides decompose when heated.

(i) Complete the equation for the thermal decomposition of copper(II) hydroxide.

Cu(OH)2 → ............... + ............... [1]

(ii) Choose a metal from the above series whose hydroxide does not decompose when
heated.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b)
b) Define in terms of electron transfer the term oxidation.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Explain why the positive ions in the above equations are oxidising agents.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Describe an experiment which would confirm the prediction made in (c)(i).

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(d)
d) Which metal in the series above can form a negative ion which gives a pink / purple
solution in water?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Describe what you would observe when zinc, a reducing agent, is added to this
pink / purple solution.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
[Total: 8]
4 This question is concerned with the elements in Period 5, Rb to Xe.

(a) The electron distributions of some of these elements are given in the following list.

element A 2+
element B 2+
element C 2+
element D 2+
element E 2 + 8 + 18 + 18 + 4
element F 2 + 8 + 18 + 18 + 7

(i) Identify element C. ............................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Which element in the list does not form any compounds?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Which element in the list forms a chloride of the type XCl 2?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iv) Which two elements would react together to form a compound of the type XY4?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(v) Which element in the list would react with cold water to form an alkaline solution and
hydrogen?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Predict two differences in physical properties and two differences in chemical properties
between rubidium and the transition metal niobium.

physical .............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

chemical ...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 9]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 Strontium and sulphur chlorides both have a formula of the type XCl 2 but they have
different properties.

property strontium chloride sulphur chloride

appearance white crystalline solid red liquid

melting point / oC 87 -8

particles present ions molecules

electrical conductivity of solid poor poor

electrical conductivity of liquid good poor

(a) The formulae of the chlorides are similar because both elements have a valency of 2.
Explain why Group II and Group VI elements both have a valency of 2.

[2]

(b) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one covalent
molecule of sulphur chloride.
Use x to represent an electron from a sulphur atom.
Use o to represent an electron from a chlorine atom.

[3]

(c) Explain the difference in electrical conductivity between the following.

(i) solid and liquid strontium chloride

[1]

(ii) liquid strontium chloride and liquid sulphur chloride

[1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
6 The elements in Period 3 and some of their common oxidation states are shown below.

Element Na Mg Al Si P S l Ar
Oxidation
State +1 +2 +3 +4 –3 –2 –1 0

(a) (i) Why do the oxidation states increase from sodium to silicon?

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) After Group(IV) the oxidation states are negative and decrease across the period.
Explain why.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[2]

(b) The following compounds contain two elements. Predict their formulae.

aluminium sulphide ............................................

silicon phosphide ............................................ [2]

(i) It has a similar structure to diamond.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) It reacts violently with cold water to form a solution pH = 14.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) It has a gaseous oxide of the type XO2, which is acidic.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(d) The only oxidation state of argon is zero. Why it is used to fill light bulbs?

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(e) Draw a diagram that shows the arrangement of the valency electrons in the
ionic compound sodium phosphide.

Use o to represent an electron from sodium.

Use x to represent an electron from phosphorus. [3]

(f) Sodium reacts with sulphur to form sodium sulphide.

2Na + S → Na2S

An 11.5 g sample of sodium is reacted with 10 g of sulphur. All of the sodium reacted but
there was an excess of sulphur.
Calculate the mass of sulphur left unreacted.

(i) Number of moles of sodium atoms reacted = .....................

[2 moles of Na react with 1 mole of S]

(ii) Number of moles of sulphur atoms that reacted = ..................

(iii) Mass of sulphur reacted = ...................g

(iv) Mass of sulphur left unreacted = .................g [4]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 Where in the Periodic Table is the metallic character of the elements greatest?

2 Argon, Ar, has a higher relative atomic mass than potassium, K, but appears before it in the
Periodic Table.

Ar
K

Why is argon listed before potassium in the Periodic Table?

A Argon has fewer neutrons than potassium.

B Argon has fewer protons than potassium.
C Argon has more neutrons than potassium.
D Argon has more protons than potassium.

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 J and K are two elements from the same period in the Periodic Table.

The table gives some properties of J and K.

Which statement about J and K is correct?

A J forms an acidic oxide.

B J is found to the left of K in the Periodic Table.
C K forms positive ions when it reacts.
D K is more metallic than J.

4 In the outline of the Periodic Table below, some elements are shown as numbers.

1 2
3 4
5 6
7

Which two numbers are metals in the same period?

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 7 C 3 and 5 D 5 and 6

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 Calcium, on the left of Period 4 of the Periodic Table, is more metallic than bromine on the right of
this period.

Why is this?

Calcium has

A fewer electrons.
B fewer protons.
C fewer full shells of electrons.
D fewer outer shell electrons.

6 The diagram shows one period of the Periodic Table.

Li
Li B B C N O F Ne

Which two elements form acidic oxides?

A carbon and lithium

B carbon and neon
C carbon and nitrogen
D nitrogen and neon

7 Which property of elements increases across a period of the Periodic Table?

A metallic character
B number of electron shells
C number of outer shell electrons
D tendency to form positive ions

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
8 W, X, Y and Z are elements in the same period in the Periodic Table.

W and Y are metals. X and Z are non-metals.

Which shows the correct order of these elements across the period?

A W X Y Z

B X Z W Y

C Y W X Z

D W Y X Z

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 Use the Periodic Table on page 2 to help you answer this question.
Give the name or symbol of
(a) the element in group 3 and period 4.
(1)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) an element in period 3 that is a good conductor of electricity.

(1)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) the element in group 7 that is the most reactive.

(1)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) the element in group 5 that is present in a molecule of ammonia.

(1)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(e) an element with an atom containing 8 electrons in its outer shell.

(1)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 Use the Periodic Table on page 2 to help you answer this question.

(a) Part of the Periodic Table is shown.

E D

B C

In each part of this question, place a cross ( ) in one box to identify the letter, A to
E, that represents

(i) a metal that reacts violently with water

(1)
A B C D E

(ii) a noble gas

(1)
A B C D E

(iii) a Group 2 metal

(1)
A B C D E

(iv) a halogen
(1)
A B C D E

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Complete these sentences by placing a cross ( ) in one box next to the correct answer.
(i) The elements in the Periodic Table are arranged in order of increasing
(1)
number of neutrons
atomic number
relative atomic mass
mass number

(ii) Elements in the same group in the Periodic Table have the same number of
(1)
electrons in the outer shell
protons in the nucleus
neutrons in the nucleus
atoms

(Total for Question 2 6 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 The table shows the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in some atoms and ions.

Atom or ion Protons Neutrons Electrons

P 6 8
Q 5 6
R 9 10 10
S 3 4
T 6 6

(a) (i) Which particles have the same mass?

(1)
A electrons and protons
B electrons and neutrons
C neutrons and protons
D electrons, neutrons and protons

(ii) What is the atomic number of P?

(1)
A 6
B 8
C 12
D 14

(iii) What is the mass number of Q?

(1)
A 5
B 6
C 10
D 11

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Which group of the Periodic Table contains element T?
(1)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................... and .......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Which letter represents a positive ion?
(1)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) The diagram shows the arrangement of particles in another ion.

proton

neutron

electron

How does the diagram show that this ion has a negative charge?
(1)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 3 = 7 marks)

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4 An atom of an element has an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 12.

(a) Using this information, complete the table to show the numbers of protons,
neutrons and electrons in one atom of this element.
(2)

number of protons

number of neutrons

number of electrons

(b) The Periodic Table shows the positions of five elements, J, Q, T, X and Z.
The letters do not represent the symbols for the elements.

Period 1 2 Group 3 4 0
1
2 J Q
3 T
4 X Z
5
6

(i) How many electrons are there in the outer shell of an atom of X?
(1)

. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) There are 31 protons in an atom of X.

Using this information, explain how many protons there are in an atom of Z.
(2)

. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(iii) What is the electronic configuration of an atom of Q?
(1)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) State one similarity and one difference between the electronic configurations
of atoms of J and T.
(2)

similarity ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

difference .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 4 = 8 marks)

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5 The diagram shows a section of the Periodic Table and the symbols for the first 20 elements.

H He

Li Be B C N O F Ne

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca

(a) (i) What name is given to a horizontal row of elements such as Na to Ar?
(1)

. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Name two metals in the row Na to Ar.

(1)
. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................... and .......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Which is the least reactive element in the row Na to Ar?

Explain your answer.
(2)

least reactive element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................... .................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

explanation ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) State, in terms of electronic configurations, why the elements in the column Li to K
have similar chemical properties.
(1)

. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) (i) Which element has atomic number 6?

(1)

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(ii) Which element has atoms with an electronic configuration of 2.8.6?

(1)

. . . . . . . ....... ................... ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(d) An atom has atomic number 8 and mass number 18.
How many protons, neutrons and electrons does this atom contain?
(2)

protons .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

neutrons ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

electrons ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 5 = 9 marks)

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6 The table shows the electronic configurations of four elements.

Element Electronic configuration

chlorine 2.8.7

argon 2.8.8

potassium 2.8.8.1

calcium 2.8.8.2

(a) Why is argon an unreactive element?

(1)

. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Krypton is an unreactive element in the same group of the Periodic Table as argon,
but in Period 4. It has an atomic number of 36.
Deduce the electronic configuration of krypton.
(1)
A 2.8.8.8
B 2.8.18.8
C 2.8.8.2.8.8
D 2.8.8.8.8.2

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(c) Calcium reacts with chlorine to form the ionic compound calcium chloride (CaCl2).
(i) Describe, in terms of electrons, how an atom of calcium reacts with two
chlorine atoms to form calcium chloride.
You may use a diagram in your answer.
(3)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Write the formula of a calcium ion.

(1)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) In the reaction between calcium and chlorine, both oxidation and reduction occur.
Which row shows the element that is oxidised and the element that acts as
the reducing agent in this reaction?
(1)

Element that acts as the

Element that is oxidised
reducing agent
A calcium calcium

B calcium chlorine

C chlorine calcium

D chlorine chlorine

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(d) A student uses a flame test to distinguish between separate samples of calcium chloride
and potassium chloride.

This is the student’s method.

There is one mistake in step 1 and one mistake in step 3.

step 1 dip a platinum wire into some concentrated sodium hydroxide solution
step 2 dip the platinum wire into the sample
step 3 place the wire and sample into a luminous Bunsen flame
step 4 record the colour of the flame

Describe a correct method for step 1 and step 3.

(2)

step 1 ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

step 3 ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(e) What colour is the flame when the test on potassium chloride is carried out correctly?

(1)
A green
B lilac
C orange
D red

(Total for Question 6 = 10 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 The Periodic Table is shown on page 2.
(a) In the Periodic Table, which number increases from 3 to 10 in Period 2?
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) In the Periodic Table, which number increases from 9 to 226 in Group 2?
(1)

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(c) An atom of boron contains protons, neutrons and electrons.

Use words from the box to complete the sentences.
Your may use each word once, more than once or not at all.

protons
ons ne ons e trons

(i) The particles with the smallest mass are ............................................................................................ .

(1)

(ii) The particles with a negative charge are ............................................................................................ .

(1)
(iii) The two types of particle in the nucleus of a boron atom
(1)

are ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. and ............................................................................................ .

(iv) In a boron atom there are equal numbers of
(1)

............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ and ............................................................................................ .

(v) The element boron has isotopes.
(1)

These isotopes have different numbers of ............................................................................................ .

(Total for Question 1 = 7 marks)

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2 The diagram shows the positions of some elements in the Periodic Table.

1 2 3 4 7 0

H He

Na Cl

K Br

(a) Complete the following sentence.

(1)

The elements in the Periodic Table are arranged in order of ....................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Name an element shown in the diagram that is:

(2)
(i) a metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................. ......................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) a halogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................................................... ................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. and ........................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Draw a dot and cross diagram for the ions in the compound formed in (c)(i).
Show only the outer electrons. Include the charge on each ion.
(3)

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(d) Chlorine reacts quickly with hot iron to form iron(III) chloride.
Bromine reacts less quickly with hot iron to form iron(III) bromide.
Suggest how fluorine reacts with hot iron and name the compound formed.
(2)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(e) When chlorine gas is bubbled through an aqueous solution of sodium bromide,
a displacement reaction takes place.
The ionic equation for the reaction is:

Cl2(g) + 2Br−(aq) o 2Cl−(aq) + Br2(aq)

State the colour change that you would observe in the solution during this reaction.
(2)

Colour at start .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Colour at end .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 11 marks)

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3 Use the the Periodic Table on page 2 to answer this question.
(a) (i) The symbol for silver is
(1)
A Ag B As C S D Si

(ii) The element with an atomic number of 40 is

(1)
A Al B Ar C Ca D Zr

(b) An atom of an element has the electronic configuration 2.8.3

(i) State the number of the group in the Periodic Table in which this element is found.
(1)

. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Explain your answer in terms of the atom’s electronic configuration.

(1)

. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) State the number of the period in the Periodic Table in which this element is found.
(1)

. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) Explain your answer in terms of the atom’s electronic configuration.

(1)

. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(v) Identify the element.

(1)

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(c) Complete the diagram to show the electronic configuration of an atom of fluorine,
using x to represent an electron.
(1)

(Total for Question 3 = 8 marks)

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4 This question is about bonding, structures and properties.

(a) The box gives four types of structure.

giant covalent
valent iant ion
ionic
i iant met
metallic
allic sim

The table shows some properties of four substances, A, B, C and D.

Complete the table by giving the correct type of structure for each substance.
You may use each structure once, more than once or not at all.
(4)

Electrical conductivity Melting

Substance Type of structure
of the solid of the liquid point

A poor poor low

B poor poor high

C good good high

D poor good high

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) is an ionic compound.
The diagram shows the electronic configurations of atoms of magnesium and chlorine.

Mg Cl

(i) Describe how magnesium atoms and chlorine atoms form magnesium ions
and chloride ions.
(3)

. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Draw a diagram to represent the electronic configurations of each of the ions
in magnesium chloride.
Show the charge on each ion.
(3)

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(c) A molecule of carbon dioxide contains double covalent bonds.
Complete the diagram, using dots and crosses, to show the arrangement of the
outer electrons in a molecule of carbon dioxide.

O C O

(2)
(d) Indium is a metal in Group 3 of the Periodic Table.
(i) Describe the structure and bonding in indium.
(3)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Explain why indium is malleable.

(2)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 4 = 17 marks)

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5 The diagram shows the electronic configuration of an atom of element X.

key
e e
= nucleus
e
e = electron

e e
e e
e e

e
e e

(a) (i) How many protons does the nucleus of the atom contain?
(1)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Which group of the Periodic Table contains element X?

Give a reason for your choice.
(2)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Give the formula of the ion formed by element X in its compounds.
(1)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) Element X has three isotopes.
The table gives the mass number of each isotope and its percentage abundance
in a sample of element X.

Mass number Percentage abundance (%)

24 79.0

25 10.0

26 11.0

Calculate the relative atomic mass (Ar ) of element X.

Give your answer to one decimal place.
(3)

relative atomic mass of X = ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 5 = 7 marks)

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6 Boron is an element in Group 3 of the Periodic Table.

An atom of boron can be represented as 115B

(a) Use numbers from the box to complete the sentences about this atom of boron.

3 5 6 11 16

Each number may be used once, more than once or not at all.

(i) The atomic number of boron is ....................................

(1)
(ii) The mass number of boron is ....................................
(1)
(iii) This atom of boron contains . . .................................. protons.
(1)
(iv) This atom of boron contains . . .................................. neutrons.
(1)
(v) This atom of boron contains . . .................................. electrons.
(1)

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(b) Aluminium is another element in Group 3 of the Periodic Table.
Select a word or phrase from the box to complete each sentence about an atom
of aluminium.

fewer m e the same number of

Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(i) Compared to an atom of boron, an atom of aluminium has

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................... protons.

(1)
(ii) Compared to an atom of boron, an atom of aluminium has

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ neutrons.

(1)
(iii) Compared to an atom of boron, an atom of aluminium has

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................... electrons in its outer shell.

(1)
(c) The electronic configuration of aluminium is
(1)
A 2.3
B 2.2.3
C 2.2.8
D 2.8.3

(Total for Question 6 = 9 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
7 This question is about bromine and some of its compounds.

(a) Atoms of bromine can be represented as 79Br and 81Br

(i) State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom of 79Br
(2)

Protons ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Neutrons ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Electrons ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) What name is used for atoms of bromine that have different numbers of neutrons?
(1)

. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Why do all atoms of bromine have the same chemical properties?
(1)

. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) The relative atomic mass of bromine is given in the Periodic Table as 80, but a
more accurate value is 79.9
Suggest, with a reason, which of the atoms 79Br and 81
Br exists in greater
numbers in a sample of bromine.
(2)

. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Hydrogen bromide (HBr) and sodium bromide (NaBr) are compounds of bromine.
(i) Draw a dot and cross diagram to represent a hydrogen bromide molecule.
Show only the outer electrons in each atom.
(2)

(ii) Explain how the atoms are held together in a hydrogen bromide molecule.
(2)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Explain why sodium bromide has a higher melting point than hydrogen bromide.
(3)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) A compound has the percentage composition 13.8% sodium, 47.9% bromine and
38.3% oxygen by mass.
Calculate its empirical formula.
(3)

Empirical formula = ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 7 = 16 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

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