METHODOLOGY

The research methodology covers the research design, study locale,

sources of data, gatekeeper, data collection procedure, ethical considerations,

rigors of findings, and the data explication.

Research Design

The design proposed for this study will be a phenomenological approach.

Creswell (2015) describes phenomenology as a research that requires a

profound understanding of the human experiences common to certain groups

of people.

Further, this approach is deemed to be the most appropriate in

describing the lived experiences of online English teachers to their strategies on

promoting their properties, how they interact, communicate and understand

their clients. Further, Wertz (2015) describe it to be methodical, systematic,

critical, self-correcting, and progressive in its development and scope.

The goal and subject matter of this method are to understand what has

been called "consciousness" or "lived experience," and in doing so

phenomenology seeks to freshly clarify and shed light on the very meaning of

these words. Such human existence, which emphasize the world, have been

considered preferable given some contexts, aims, and findings of these

investigations.

Locale of the Study

 This study will be conducted in Bacolod City, Negros Occidental. It is a

highly urbanized capital located on the northwestern coast of the large Island

of Negros. It is composed of 61 Barangays with an estimated population of 613

437 as of 2019 (NSO, 2020). Being a highly urbanized area, the city is the seat

of commerce and industry in the whole of the Negros Island. A lot of

businesses, especially in the Business Process Outsourcing (BPO), are located

in the capital employing thousands of individuals catering to various services.

The Learning Management System (LMS) and Virtual Learning

Environment (VLE), commonly known as online teaching platforms, have

become increasingly common in education (Dalton & Turner, 2020), and

Bacolod harbors quite a significant number of these firms offering such

services. Online learning platforms are integrated sets of interactive online

services that provide trainers, learners, and others involved in education with

information, tools and resources to support and enhance education delivery

and management. There are many E-Learning companies in the city that offer

learning platforms. Some of these platforms allow you to host and sell online

courses; others allow you to run your own business. Some simply offer an

interface in which users can interact with your content, but might not be the

best fit for your audience.

With life in the fast-lane, some clients resort through learning courses

conducted on digital channels. Not only can this be cheaper and easier to

manage for businesses, but for teachers, it also means being able to reach
people from a distance. Where face-to-face learning is still very much a

preference academic institutions and businesses makes the most out of the

modern technology. With the industry and commerce now slowing down

because of the CoViD crisis, online tutoring platforms have stepped up to

provide learning (Sherman, 2020).

Informants of the Study

The current study aims to develop an in-depth narration of the lived

experience of non-English graduates teaching in on-line English platforms. Not

intend to generalize this study, choosing a few numbers of participants for the

interview is deemed appropriate. In affirmation, Miles, Huberman and Saldaña

(2014) present that qualitative research is more focused on the depth and

detail and does not have any concrete rules on the number of participants for a

study. In consideration of the study purpose, a purposive homogeneous

sampling method was adopted in the selection of the informants. Purposive

sampling is also known as judgmental or selective sampling, where the

researcher purposely chooses subjects who, in their opinion, are relevant to the

research topic (Sarantakos, 2013). Moving further, a homogeneous sample is

often chosen when the research question being addressed is specific to the

characteristics of the particular group of interest (Laerd, 2018). Homogenous

sampling refers to selecting participants with similar characteristics so that the

researcher can understand an experience shared by these participants while

comparing and contrasting those experiences (Glesne, 2014).

 In this study, the research questions will be confined in a specific setting

that can only be addressed by the participants who are personally immersed in

the experience. It is more directed towards getting a comprehensive and

meaningful data that would recount and delineate the life and work experience

of the subjects. A homogenous sampling allowed the researcher to look at a

particular subgroup in an in-depth manner (Patton, 2015).

Criteria in Choosing the Informants

The proper selection of inclusion criteria will optimize the external and

internal validity of the study, improve its feasibility, lower its costs, and

minimize ethical concerns. Specifically, good selection criteria will ensure the

homogeneity of the sample population, reduce confounding, and increase the

likelihood of finding a true association between exposure/intervention and

outcomes (Salkind, 2018). As such, the informants in this study will be online

English teachers who are graduates of non-English courses. The researcher

proposes four (4) conversation partners, male or female, 25-40 years old,

currently employed in a reputable online firm, with at least three years of

experience in the industry.

Data Gathering Instrument

The researchers will write open-ended questions about the topic to be

studied. The sources of the data will be the information taken from the

interviews. Interview is one of the most common method of collecting

information from individuals. The data collection method is an effective way of

gathering some information of individual's opinions, behavior, and their lived

experiences (Saldaña, 2016).

Data Gathering Procedure

This study will use the creative social activities of storytelling through an

individual in-depth interview, focused group discussion and written essays

with the participants.

The researcher will prepare a questionnaire with general and personal or

specific questions that will be asked to the participants to share their

experiences and knowledge. Interviews will be done individually to the said

participants on their most comfortable and available period. There will a follow

up questions as well for additional information that is needed in this study.

The use of a field note starts from contacting the conversational partners. From

the start of the observation up to the last interview will be recorded. The

conversational partners behaviors while being interviewed will be recorded on

the field notes. The materials to be used for recording the responses of the

participants are two audio recorders. This will secure the accuracy of data

transcription.

In-depth interview is applicable for data collection for this qualitative

study. An interview consists of a researcher talking with another person in

order to gather data about a phenomenon of interest. The individual

responding to the researcher’s questions, often referred to as the study

participant or conversation partner, may be asked to share experiences, ideas,

interpretations, perceptions, and suggestions, known as data, to assist in

answering the research questions guiding the study. The following entry

provides information about preparing for, conducting, and following up an

interview (Sarantakos, 2013).

According to Brinkmann and Kvale (2018) an interview is a conversation,

whose purpose is to gather descriptions of the “life-world” of the interviewee

with respect to interpretation of the meanings of the ‘described phenomena’. In

a similar manner, Mann (2016) adds that an interview is an extendable

conversation between partners that aims at having an ‘in-depth information’

about a certain topic or subject, and through which a phenomenon could be

interpreted in terms of the meanings interviewees bring to it. Accumulating

such meanings can be done in various ways, of which one-on-one interviews

are the most common.

Rigors of Findings – Trusthworthiness of Qualitative Data

In qualitative research, trustworthiness or rigor of a study refers to the

degree of confidence in data, interpretation, and methods used to ensure the

quality of a study (Polit & Beck, 2014). In each study, researchers should

establish the protocols and procedures necessary for a study to be considered

worthy of consideration by readers (Amankwaa, 2016). Experts agree

trustworthiness is necessary (Leung, 2015), and by far, the most accepted

criteria to ensure quality of the findings are the ones originally established by

Lincoln and Guba in 1985. Trustworthiness proceeds through the use of the
following constructs: confirmability, transferability, dependability and

credibility (Guba & Lincoln, 1994).

Confirmability. According to Korstjens and Moser (2018, citing Baxter &

Eyles 1997), confirmability is the degree of which the outcome of inquiry could

be verified by other researchers. Also, Anney (2015, citing Tobin & Begley

2004, p. 279) explains that it is “concerned with establishing that data and

interpretations of the findings are not productions of the agent's imagination

but are apparently derived from the data”. In this study, the researcher will use

check and recheck strategy to construct the confirmability of the findings. The

researcher will conduct information examination of the data collection and

analysis procedures to mark the potential bias or distortion.

Transferability. According to Anney (2015, citing Bitsch, 2005; and Tobin &

Begley, 2004) it is the degree to which the results of qualitative research can be

shifted to other conditions with other respondents and it is the interpretive

equivalent of generalizability. Also, to ensure transferability, the researcher will

facilitate the process through judgment by a potential user via a full

description and purposeful sampling. A purposive sampling permits decisions

to be made about the selection of participants (Palinkas, Horwitz, Green,

Wisdom, Duan, & Hoagwood, 2015). The use of thick description and purposive

sampling will be used by the researchers.

Dependability. According to Anney (2015, citing Bitsch, 2005), dependability

is the firmness of findings over time. It involves participants that are judging
the outcome and the interpretation and the endorsement of the study to make

sure that they are all supported by the data collected from the informants of

the study (Anney, 2015 citing Cohen, Manion, & Morrison, 2011; and Tobin &

Begley, 2004). Hence, to start the dependability of the survey, code and recode

strategy and audit-trail will and data triangulation will be used (Anney, 2015).

For stepwise replication, the research experts have made a separate analysis of

data. The expert’s and the researcher’s data analyses will be contrasted to

reveal a small number of inconsistencies/ discrepancies. These discrepancies

were addressed to achieve dependability. Further, actions taken by the

researcher is to insert the reclassification of units of meanings as well as

separating one of the topics into two. As to triangulation, Nyumba, Wilson,

Derrick and Mukherjee (2018) suggest that the researcher can use data from

informants using two different methods which include one- on-one interview,

and focus group discussion. A focus group is a type of group interview planned

to facilitate a social process where interaction and sharing of views among

people produce valuable information. Sometimes this information appears

through a new awareness of shared understandings which no single individual

group member could give alone if they will be interview separately. In simple

terms, “participants relate their experiences and reactions among presumed

peers with whom they likely share some common frame of reference

(Greenwood, Ellmers, & Holley, 2014, citing Kidd & Parshall, 2000). Moreover,

the researcher will be allowed to establish dependability of the responses in the

first individual interview with the focus group discussion. Another individual
interview will be conducted to clearly gather all the data needed until it will

reach saturation, which means no more new ideas, concepts, or insights

emerged from the informants and in such a way that their responses are

merely a repetition of their previous statements.

Credibility. According to Anney (2015, citing Holloway & Wheeler, 2002; and

Macnee & McCabe, 2008), this refers to the confidence that is placed in the

truth of the research findings. Credibility establishes whether the results of

research represent acceptable information drawn from the participants‟

original data and is a correct interpretation of the participants‟ unique views

(Anney, 2015, citing Graneheim & Lundman, 2004; and Lincoln & Guba,

1985). In this study, the member-checking method will be used by the

researchers. As data from the different informants (using individual interview

and essay narrative writing) are generated, interpretations are continuously

tested from the members from whom data are requested (Anney, 2015 citing

Guba, 1981). In this process, the researcher will send back to the informants

the analyzed and interpreted data. This way, the participants will evaluate the

interpretation made by the researcher and will confirm if indeed the report will

is interpreted correctly. Otherwise, the analysis and interpretation can be

rejected or corrected by the participants. Upon verification, the participants

may write a written consent, signifying their approval of the correctness of the

analysis and interpretations (Thomas, 2017).

Procedure for data explication

 In doing the data explication, the researcher proceeds through

transcription in verbatim, where all interview transcripts will be loaded into an

application for coding and analysis. Given the emergent nature of the data and

the importance of letting participant voices be heard, the researcher will use a

data-driven inductive analysis, allowing themes to develop directly from the

data in the absence of any pre-existing model or framework (Estrade, Dick &

McNeill, 2014). Data analysis in qualitative research is a creative process and

for this study, the researcher will then utilize a six-step thematic analysis

established by Clarke and Braun (2013, in Willig & Stainton, 2017).

Conceptualized in 2006, this analytical scheme includes the following steps:

Familiarization with data. The researcher will read and re-read the data to

familiarize themselves with the statements of the conversation partners, then

will look at each statement and make sure each of these have a complete

thought or can be given meaning.

Generation of initial codes. After the researcher has become familiar with the

data, coding will proceed with each statement be assigned with ‘’units of

meaning’’ and then will be converted into codes.

Searching for themes. Once the transcripts have been coded, the researchers

will use the spreadsheet and text analytics software to identify the cluster of

meanings and initial themes and begins to cluster codes together that have

similar meanings or have a relationship to one another. The researchers shall

keep on the conversation partner’s sentences if these are aligned with the code

and initial themes.

Reviewing themes. The researcher will take the themes and begins to review

them against the data, the researchers will define and further refine the themes

and sub-themes identified in the analysis and makes sure the themes capture

the meaningful aspects of the data without missing any important details

Defining and naming themes. The researcher will start telling the complicated

story of the data in a way which convinces the reader of the merit and validity

of the analysis. She will make sure sufficient evidence of the themes within the

data are provided – i.e., enough data extracts to demonstrate the prevalence of

the theme.

Producing the report. After the themes are defined and named, the researcher

will begin to write up the final report.

Research Ethics Protocol

The following are very important ethical concerns and should be taken

into account while carrying out this qualitative research (Sanjiri et al., 2015

citing Richards & Schwartz, 2002).

Voluntary participation. An article in the website conjointly (2020, citing

Trochim, 2007) states that the principle of voluntary participation requires that

people not be coerced into participating in research. This is especially relevant

where researchers had previously relied on ‘captive audiences’ for their

subjects – prisons, universities, and places like that As such, the participants

will not be forced to take part in the research study.

Informed consent. The principle of informed consent stresses the researcher’s

responsibility to completely inform participants of different aspects of the

research in comprehensible language (Peter, 2015). Clarifications need to

include the following issues: the nature of the study, the participants’ potential

role, the identity of the researcher and the financing body, the objective of the

research, and how the results will be published and used (Sanjiri etal., 2015

citing Orb, Eisenhauer, & Wynaden, 2001). As such, potential research

participants will be entirely enlightened about the procedures of the entire

research and will be encouraged to participate by signing a consent.

Risk of harm. Participants will not be placed in a situation where they are

exposed to risk and harm for their willing participation. Harm can be defined

as both physical and psychological. As such, Peter (2015) suggested that a

number of safeguards should be in place to minimize harm in a research

protocol that involves vulnerable participants or sensitive topics.

Confidentiality. Participants will be guaranteed that the information they have

shared will not disclose to the public or to anyone for that matter. According to

Sanjari et al. (2014), to ensure that participants are protected, the researcher

must endeavor to minimize the possibility of intrusion into the autonomy of

study participants by all means.

Anonymity. The stricter standard in which the participant will remain as

anonymous in this research study will be strictly fulfilled. To do this, both the

participant and the gatekeeper will be granted ethical approval and official

permissions. Researchers will provide discreet information about the start of

the study and provide in-depth details of the study. Participants will be able to

withdraw their participation at any point of this research study on a voluntary

basis. Anonymity would be assured in the study report. As far as the

gatekeeper is concerned, he or she will limit the conditions of entry by defining

the problem of the study, by limiting access to data and respondents, by

limiting the scope of the analysis and by retaining the privileges of publication

(Andoh-Arthur 2019).

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