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Next generation cellular networks

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 Recent Researches in Communications and IT

Next generation cellular networks

ZORAN BOJKOVIC(1), ZORAN MILICEVIC(2), DRAGORAD MILOVANOVIC(1)
1
University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 1, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
2
Telecommunication and IT Department GS of SAF, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: The higher data rate (up to 100 Mbps) and strict quality of service (QoS) requirements of multimedia
applications may not be fully supported over the current cellular networks. Since the transmit power of a data
link increases with the data rate when a specific link quality is maintained, providing very high data rate
services will require either the expenditure of high amounts of power or limiting the link to a short distance.
Therefore, there are interests on investigating next-generation cellular network structures for higher data rates
and coverage as well as scalability in addition to the continuing research on advanced wireless communication
technologies. This decade is expected to bring many exciting changes to the wireless communication networks,
enabling mobile broadband Internet services on a wide range of user devices. These changes are part of the
wireless networks, evolution to fourth generation (4G) technologies. An overview of next generation cellular
network is provided in this work including background and integration of cellular and Internet services. Next
section deals with multihop cellular networks (MCNs) together with load balancing and cooperation in MCNs.
Finally, the third part describes 4G cellular standards and reports on some research issues in this area.
Key-words: integrated services, multihop networks, IMT-Advanced systems

1 Introduction Several overlaid wireless networks including 3G

networks, WLANs, and WMANs may exist over the
Cellular networks have been developed for voice
same geographical area. IP mobility support for next
telephone service using circuit-switched technology.
generation heterogeneous mobile networks is shown
There are usually complex and large in terms of their
in Fig. 1 [20]. The provision of authentication,
network scale and operational features, high speed
authorization, and accounting (AAA) together with
mobility, low delay rate, and wide area coverage.
quality of service (QoS) control, are also provided.
The aim-of the process is to have an all-IP network
architecture to provide high-bit rate multimedia
services including voice, video and data [1].
Multimedia services require multiple sessions over
one physical channel which could be provided by
packet-switched networks. The common protocol set
for packet switched networks is IP [2].
The 3G cellular technologies include UMTS
(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) and
CDMA2000 (Code-Division Multiple Access). The
UMTS evolved from the GSM (Global System for
Mobile) network in Europe, and CDMA2000
evolved from CDMA. Both CDMA2000 and UMTS
are defined by ITU (International
Fig. 1. IP mobility support for next generation
Telecommunication Union) in IMT-2000 framework
heterogeneous mobile networks.
[3]. Based on the combination of circuit and packet
switching, both CDMA2000 and UMTS combine Mobile IP version 6 (MIPV6) and its hierarchical
mobile and IP technologies to provide personal mobility management extensions may provide a
communications and personalized content. A data solution for internetwork mobility. The Internet and
session is established to carry IP packets between the cellular systems have been designed and
network access server and the mobile node (MN) in implemented by people with different backgrounds in
both CDMA2000 and UMTS networks. Both computers and communications, respectively. Their
networks use tunnels to support user mobility. integration can be considered a first step toward next

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generation networks, where heterogeneous networks Market conditions and technical realities dictate that
must work together in order to provide differential future networks will be integrated and coexist with
services to users in seamless and transparent manner. current ones. Thus 3G/4G networks integrate with
Next generation cellular networks are expected to the current crop of successfully deployed wireless
provide richer and more diverse multimedia services. communication systems.
However, the current cellular network architecture
Consider two examples concerning availability and
may not be economically feasible to cater to the
service integration.
requirements of future mobile communication
services. As for availability, when a cellular subscriber powers
As an alternative to cellular communications, ad hoc her Internet-capable phone, it can - using the Internet
networking is a wireless communication technology connection – inform a buddy list manager that turns
distinguished by communicating via multihop her presence indicator to on. However, when the
transmissions. The multihop cellular network (MCN) same cellular user initiates (or receives) phone call,
which combines the characteristics of ad hoc the present system is unable to reflect for a current
networking with these of cellular network, has been available status (i.e., busy). The reason is that the
drawing a lot of attention. Namely, MCN includes process of initiating (or receiving) a call uses
capacity enhancement, coverage extension network different signaling protocols and a separate voice
scalability and power reduction. The major channel. Thus, it is impossible to derive an aggregate
motivation for integrating multihop transmission in state of the subscriber based on only using one
cellular networks is to enhanced coverage and network, and its protocol.
network capacity. Relaying can be used to assist The second example is the service integration. SMS
communications to and from mobile hosts (MHs) at allows a cellular subscriber to receive short text
the cell edge or MHs experiencing deep fading in messaging on her cellular phone. However, if she
their home base station (BS). does not have physical access to her cellular phone,
This article starts with the background of the or it is rendered inoperable, she cannot receive SMS
problem. Next, integration of cellular and internet messages destined to the phone. It should be possible
services including a cooperation in multihop cellular for the subscriber to inform the cellular network, to
networks will be analyzed. Some examples will be make intelligent decisions on her behalf such that the
included, too. Finally, 4G cellular standards, together SMS is converted to an Internet instant message and
with challenges conclude the presentation. It is routed to her Internet-connected personal assistant
pointed out that there are still a number of open (PDA) in real-time.
research issues that need to be solved in order to
provide an efficient and effective multihop 3 Integration of cellular and
transmissions in cellular networks in the future. Internet services
A standard-based approach for an integration of
2 Background cellular and Internet services can be obtained by
The road to 4G runs through 3G networks. The using the wireless intelligent network (WIN)
Internet and cellular systems have been designed and standards [5]. WIN specifies the capabilities and
implemented with different background in computers protocols used by all participating entities in the
and communications, so their integration is an cellular network. For the Internet, SPIRITS protocol
important task. The first generation (1G) cellular as a proposed standard by the IETF (Internet
network was an analog circuit-switched system. Engineering Task Force) is used in [6]. WIN
Mobile handsets were bulky, voice quality was poor provides an effective service platform for services
and security nonexistent. 2G networks improved on executing in the cellular network. However, the
the disadvantages and provided additional data current trend points toward providing services on the
services like short messaging service (SMS). 2,5G is Internet. The integration architecture and its
an intermediate step toward 3G, utilizing Internet implementation is shown in Fig.2. The network
protocols and packet switching in portion of the infrastructure consists of cellular phones, mobile
cellular network, but, unlike 3G, the 2,5 network is switching center MSC, home location register HLR,
not Internet to the core [4]. 4G networks are a step visitor location register VLR, service control point
beyond 3G providing data transmission speed SCP, short message service center SMS-C. The goal
equivalent to a local area network and more of this architecture is to provide services that further
personalized services for its users. integrate the Internet and the cellular network. The

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centerpiece of the architecture is the event manager 4 Load balancing in multihop cellular
which straddles both networks. It insulates the
cellular network entities from Internet protocols.
networks
Also, it is responsible for authenticating use agents There exists interest in integrating multihop relaying
and maintaining subscription state. functionalities into cellular wireless networks.
Multihop cellular networks can potentially enhance
coverage data rates, QoS performance in terms of
call blocking probability, bit error rate, as well as
QoS for different users. The next generation cellular
wireless networks will support high data rates and
provide QoS for multimedia applications with
increased network capacity. Under limited frequency
resources, the conventional approach to increase
network capacity is to install more base stations
(BSs) to exploit spatial reuse. Because of cost of the
BS transceiver which is quite high, this solution is
not very efficient. An alternative approach is to
employ relay stations (RSs) as intermediate nodes to
establish multihop communication paths between
Fig. 2. Architecture for Internet and cellular network mobile hosts (MHs) and their corresponding BSs.
integration. This has spurred increasing interest in developing
new architecture and corresponding protocols for
Home location register HLR serves as primary future generation multihop cellular networks
database repository of subscriber information. Visitor (MCNs). Existing architectures and protocols for
location register VLR maintains temporary records of MCNs are different. RSs can be preinstalled by
subscribers. Mobile switching center MSC provides network operators [8] or be other idle MHs who are
cellular radio telephony switching functions. Service not transmitting their own data [9]. Depending on
control point SCP stores program logic for a service how radio resources are allocated for routing paths of
subscribed to by a cellular subscriber. SMS-C is a active connections, different protocols at the medium
short message service control center for providing access control and routing layers can be designed.
SMS service to subscribers. This architecture makes Radio resources for MHs at different hops may be
possible presence, availability, location information, allocated in time division duplex (TDD) or
and service integration, even for those cellular end- frequency-division duplex (FDD) mode. Frequency
points that are themselves not connected to the bands other than the cellular frequency band may be
Internet. In that way, we arrive to some advantages. used for relaying [10]. Advanced techniques using
For one, the cellular endpoint does not use precious cooperative diversity can be employed to enhance
radio bandwidth for services. Secondly, the network performance compared to simple relaying
architecture introduces services to subscribers who schemes [11, 12].
will use them if they do not have to upgrade their
phone or pay extra money to connect to the Internet. In order to balance traffic load among highly loaded
Also, finally it allows the network operator to recoup (hot) cells and lightly loaded (cool) cells, relaying
investment made in existing cellular networks while can be proposed as it is presented in Fig.3 [13].
moving to 3G-4G networks. Primary and secondary relaying schemes are
presented, too. It was assumed that each cell is
The presented architecture for Internet and cellular assigned a finite number of channels. Preinstalled
network integration uses the publish/subscribe RSs are available to regulate traffic from hot cells to
mechanism that has proved to be well suited for an cool cells using transmission in unlicensed frequency
event-based mobile communication model [7]. User bands. Each RS and MH are equipped with two air
agents (software programs) on the Internet subscribe interfaces, a C (cellular) interface for
to events on the cellular network. When an event communications with a BS, and R (relaying)
occurs, the cellular network notifies the user agent, interface for communications with MHs or other
which subsequently executes the desired service. RSs.

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5 Cooperation in multihop cellular

networks
Cooperative wireless communication systems require
the incorporation of relay terminals into cellular
networks and also need multihop transmission due to
the half duplex nature of wireless terminals.
Cooperative communication schemes can provide
enhancements in terms of end-to-end throughput
even if they require additional expenditure of radio
resources arising from the need for multihop
transmissions. All these schemes necessitate two-
phased (two-hop) communications as the relay
station (RS) needs to be informed of the signals that
are transmitted by a source terminal. The cooperative
schemes adopted in multihop cellular networks
include: cooperative multiple-input multiple-output,
cooperative multiple-input single-output, cooperative
single-input multiple-output, conventional relaying.
Fig. 3. Primary and secondary relaying schemes. • In cooperative multiple-input multiple-output, the
mobile station (MS) and relay station (RS) listen to
In a conventional system, if an MH wishes to the transmission of the base station (BS) during the
establish a new call and cannot find and available first phase. In the second phase, both (BS) and RS
channel in its home BS, it is blocked. In a multihop transmit simultaneously using the same radio
cellular network MCN using primary relaying, this source. Hence, the cooperative space-time coding
MH switches to its R interface and establishes can be used. If the MS can combine the received
multihop communication with a neighboring BS signals during the first and second phase
through multiple RSs. appropriately, it can benefit from cooperative
For example, if MH2 (Fig.3) cannot find an available diversity.
channel in its congested BS A, it will try to • In cooperative multiple-input single-output, only
communicate with the noncongested BS B through the RS listens to the transmission of the BS during
RS1 and RS2. On the other hand, RS2 communicates the first phase. In the second phase, both BS and
with BS B by using its C interface on a channel RS transmit simultaneously using same radio
allocated by BS B. If a new call cannot be diverted resource. Hence, cooperative space-time coding
from a congested cell to neighboring cells, primary can be used. If the MS can combine the received
relaying is not possible. Thus, the secondary relay signals from the BS and RS, it can benefit from
scheme will be activated, i.e., secondary relaying will cooperative transmit diversity.
be used. A new call initiated by MH could not be • In the case of cooperative single-input multiple-
accommodated by either BS A or its neighboring output, the MS and RS listen to the transmission of
cells using the primary relaying. In this case, an the BS during the first phase. In the second phase,
ongoing call from MH1 may be diverted to BS B by only the RS transmits. It relays the signals it has
using multihop connection through RS1 and RS2. received during the first phase. If the MS can
The channel allocated for MH1 is released and re- combine the received signals during the first and
allocated to MH2. The implementation of these two second phase appropriately, it can benefit from
relaying schemes reduces call blocking probability cooperative receive diversity.
significantly from the case where no relaying scheme
is employed as in conventional cellular networks. • In the first phase of conventional relaying, the RS
receives the transmissions of the BS that are
Also, QoS fairness in terms of call blocking destined to a given MS. In the second phase, the
probability by balancing traffic among congested and RS simply forwards to the MS the signals it has
noncongested cells is improved. This is most suitable received during the first phase. This scheme
for time-division multiple access (TDMA)-based provides only path loss savings, whereas
cellular systems. cooperative schemes provide diversity gain as well.

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6 IMT-Advanced systems Degradation in SINR for Reuse 1 relative to Reuse 3

is approximately 10 dB. While the increase in
This time expected to bring many changes to the
capacity due to the availability of increased
wireless communication networks, enabling true
bandwidth can offset the capacity loss due to SINR
mobile broadband Internet services on a wide range
degradation, the capacity of users with very weak
of user devices. These changes are part of the
SINR (cell edge users) still degrades. Hence,
wireless networks evolution to fourth generation
interference management schemes are critical to
(4G) techniques and networks in line with IMT
improve the performance of cell edge users.
(International Mobile Telecommunication)-advanced
Therefore, both 802.16m schemes and 3GPP-LTE,
technology requirements and definitions in the Radio
have focused on several interference management
Sector of the ITU-R (International
schemes for improving system performance. These
Telecommunication Union).
techniques include semi-static radio resource
management (RRM), through adaptive fractional
The evolution to 4G/IMT-Advanced systems enables
frequency reuse (FFR) mechanisms, power control,
new services and usage models with the higher
and smart antennas techniques to null interference
efficiencies of a highly self-configurable network
from other cells.
infrastructure. These challenges should be met with
simpler Internet-friendly and flat network
architectures that make the best use of multiple bands
and multiple carriers in licensed and unlicensed
spectrum to provide broadband quality of experience
at competitive cost.

The multihop relaying method for cellular wireless

networks was considered by 3GPP (Third Generation
Partnership Projects) under the name opportunity-
driven multiple access (ODMA) [14]. Spectral
efficiency and robustness against multipath
impairments are two major advantages of orthogonal
frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). When
applied in OFDM-based wireless networks,
cooperative schemes can be used at each subchannel Fig. 4. SINR distribution for a network with multiple
comprising several frequency diverse subcarriers. frequency reuse factors.
The orthogonal frequency-division multiple access
(OFDM)-based on IEEE802.16 standard is developed While in details WiMAX and LTE have somewhat
for providing broadband coverage for mobile users in different designs, there are many concepts, features,
single-hop wireless metropolitan area network [15]. and capabilities commonly used in both systems to
This standard is also referred to as mobile WiMAX. meet a common set of requirements and expectations.
For example, at the physical layer both technologies
Two main 4G standards are IEEE802.16m (WiMAX) deploy orthogonal frequency-division multiple access
and 3GPP Long Term Evaluation (LTE). Most 4G (OFDMA)-based designs combined with various
systems including WiMAX 802.16m [16, 17], are modes of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
targeting single-frequency deployments. Frequency configurations and fast link adaptation with time
reuse results in a significant increase in system frequency scheduling. Also, medium access control
capacity. Also, it degrades the performance (MAC) of both systems support multicarrier
experiences by cell edge users due to the increased operation and heterogeneous networks of cells,
interference caused by out-of-cell transmissions. consisting of a mix of macrocells, femto cells, and
Signal-to-interference-plus-noise radio (SINR) relay nodes, which bring all kinds of challenges and
distribution for a network with multiple frequency solutions for mobility, interference, and traffic
reuse factors (500m cell) is shown in Fig.4 [19]. management.

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7 Research issues Important future research areas for the design of

OFDM-based multihop cellular networks include:
There are some research issues related to designing
multihop networks (MHNs). Research problems are • design of fully adaptive relaying schemes,
involved in both relaying and cooperative
• link adaptation and end-to-end throughput
transmission strategies. The research problems center
around challenges in developing routing and resource performance evaluation,
allocation schemes for MCNs. • timing and frequency offset estimations,

The fundamental question in any relaying strategy in • resource allocation,

an MCN is how to perform joint resource allocation • hardware testbed development,
and routing such that maximum performance gains in
terms of network capacity, coverage and QoS • design of MIMO-OFDM receivers.
performance can be achieved. Resource allocation
depends on the physical layer design where either Efficient adaptive relaying schemes should be
time-division duplex (TDD) or frequency-division designed to improve the spectral efficiency of the
duplex (FDD) is employed for transmission on network.
different hops of each routing path between mobile Efficient link adaptation mechanisms should be
host (MH) and its corresponding base station (BS). developed, and then the end-to-end throughput
Also, it depends on whether out-of-band relaying is performance of multihop cellular networks should be
employed or not as well as how many interfaces each evaluated. These issues should be explored with
MH carries. Generally speaking, resource allocation realistic channel models.
should be done such that the best trade-off between
spatial reuse gain and capacity reduction due to Timing and frequency offset estimations are critical
interface effects can be achieved. The design of a for the satisfactory performance of OFDM-based
joint resource allocation and routing scheme should multihop cellular networks. Based on these facts,
be done such that the congestion level is low enough, efficient synchronization algorithms to be used at the
while the desired QoS performance in terms of bit terminals can be developed.
error rate (BER) or signal-to-interference-and-noise Efficient OFDM subcarrier allocation strategies
ratio (SINR) can be achieved. should be developed. Otherwise, the improvement in
spectral efficiency promised by relaying cannot be
When cooperative diversity is employed, several optimized.
research issues arise in different layers of the
protocol stack. Here, the resource allocation, Also, hardware testbed development must be carried
clustering and routing problems should be tackled out. In order to fully explore cooperative diversity
jointly. As in the relaying schemes, interference related issues, implementation models of elementary
should be carefully considered in solving this joint OFDM-based relay network nodes need to be
problem. At the physical layer, several design developed and physically, implemented on a selected
implementations can be considered to achieve the hardware platform. This will allow to verify the
potential diversity gain from cooperative diversity. theoretical benefits of using cooperative diversity in
To realize a distributed space-time code or OFDM-based multihop networks and further develop
distributed phased array (beamforming) technique practical methods for improving transmission
can be employed to realize the diversity gain. Space- efficiency.
time code implementation, which is a specific When realistic assumptions are made instead of the
implementation of the decode-and-forward scheme, usual idealistic assumptions, many factors like the
is challenging because of the distributed nature of impact of fast fading, feedback delay, imperfect
relay nodes [18, 19]. In addition, development of an channel estimation and imperfect synchronization
optimal space-time code is still an active research require further research. All these factors must be
area. Also, beamforming implementation, taken into account. When designing MIMO-OFDM
signalization of simultaneous transmissions from receivers, the introduction of multiple antennas at
multiple relay nodes for coherent summation of their any terminal of a relay network can improve the end-
signals at the receiving side is a challenging task. to-end performance.

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8 Conclusions References:
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