‫اﺳم اﻟﻣﺟﻠﺔ‬ Journal of Civil Engineering and Management

‫اﻟﺗﺎرﯾﺦ واﻟﻌدد‬ ISSN 1392-3730 / eISSN 1822-3605

2023 Volume 29 Issue 7: 577–586
https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2023.19175
‫راﺑط اﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻧوان اﻟﺑﺣث‬

SELECTION OF WEARABLE SENSORS FOR HEALTH

AND SAFETY USE IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
‫اﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺑﺎﺣﺛﯾن‬
Güler AKSÜT 1, Tamer EREN 2*

1Ministry of National Education, TOKI Mevlana Primary School, Yozgat, Turkey

2Department of Industrial Engineering, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾﻧﺔ‬ Received 27 August 2021; accepted 10 February 2023
‫وﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﻘﺑول‬
‫اﻟﺧﻼﺻﺔ‬ Abstract. Construction industry workers; are exposed to serious safety and health risks, hazardous work environments,
and intense physical work. This situation causes fatal and non-fatal accidents, reduces productivity, and causes a loss of
money and time. Construction safety management can use wearable sensors to improve safety performance. Since there
are many types of sensors and not all sensors can be used in construction applications, it is necessary to identify suitable
and reliable sensors. This requirement causes a sensor selection problem. The study aims to determine the priority order
of physiological and kinematic sensors in preventing risks in the construction industry. Within the scope of this purpose,
five criteria and seven alternatives were determined in line with the literature research and expert opinions. The criteria
weights were calculated with the AHP method, and the alternatives were ranked with PROMETHEE and AHP. Providing a
proactive approach to the use of sensors in the construction industry will provide safer working conditions, identify work-
ers at risk, and help identify and predict potential health and safety risks. It will contribute to the literature on improving
construction health and safety management.
Keywords: occupational health and safety, construction industry, sensor, AHP, PROMETHEE. ‫اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﺗوﺿﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬

Introduction ‫ اﺟراء‬5 ‫ﻣﻘدﻣﺔ ﺗﺗﻛون ﻣن‬

In the construction sector, which is considered a labor- construction health and safety (Awolusi et al., 2018; Ahn
intensive and dangerous occupation, the number of oc- et al., 2019; Häikiö et al., 2020). Various applications in
cupational injuries that cause loss of life or not is higher the field of safety and health; include prevention of mus-
than in other sectors (International Labour Organization, culoskeletal disorders, prevention of falls, assessment of
‫ﺧطورة‬ ‫ﯾوﺿﺢ‬
n.d.). As it has been for years in Turkey, the most acciden- hazard recognition abilities, fatigue monitoring, and men-
‫ ﻗطﺎع اﻟﻌﻣﺎل‬occurred in the construction sector in 2019. The
tal deaths tal and physical workload assessment (Ahn et al., 2019).
number of workers who lost their lives in the work acci- The foundation of construction project success, which
‫واﻻﺻﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ‬
dent of 47,701 insured was 368 (Gözüak & Ceylan, 2021). deals with the complex interaction between humans, ma-
‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬Researchers
‫ ﺗﺣدث ﺑﮫ‬and practitioners must combat the threat chines, and the surrounding environments, provides safe
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘطﺎﻋﺎت‬
of occupational injury by focusing on identifying safety and healthy working conditions (Sato & Coury, 2009).
‫وﻋدد‬hazards
‫اﻻﺧرى‬and recommending proactive injury measures Wearable devices can record real-time information that a
(Antwi-Afari
‫اﻻﺻﺎﺑﺎت وﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ‬ et al., 2020). In the construction industry, person monitors about their movement activities and phy-
employee fatigue, excessive physiological demands, and siological state. Wearable sensor-based health monitoring
‫اﯾﺟﺎد ﺣﻠول‬
errors caused by physically demanding tasks can lead to systems can include flexible sensors that can be attached
potential risks such as injuries or accidents and a decrease directly to the human body or different types of sensors
in productivity in the long run (Gatti et al., 2014). that can be integrated into elastic bands, clothing, and tex-
Workers can take precautions against hazards and ris- tile fibers.
‫اﺗﺧﺎذ‬ Safety‫ﻛﯾف‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﻟﻠﻌﻣﺎل‬ in the
‫ﯾوﺿﺢ‬workplace is another area where
ks by wearing appropriate personal protective equipment wearable sensors and smart fabrics can play an essential
‫اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎطﺎت اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﺿد اﻟﻣﺧﺎطر‬
(PPE) (Kritzler et al., 2015). Many researchers have sug- precautionary role. Various risk situations through these
gested using wearable sensor-based systems in the field of ‫اﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌدات‬
systems, for ‫ارﺗداء‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬
example; ‫ﻣن‬possible to manage accidental
it is
‫اﻟﺷﺧﺻﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ‬

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

‫ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺑﺎﺣث‬
Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unre-
stricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
578 G. Aksüt, T. Eren. Selection of wearable sensors for health and safety use in the construction industry

falls, wrong posture, handling of loads with the wrong at construction sites. Kim & Nussbaum (2013) investigat-
hand, and monitor fatigue levels as well as the worker’s ed the ability of a commercially available inertial motion
stress (Majumder et al., 2017). capture (IMC) system to quantify exposures during five
In construction activity classification for construction simulated manual material handling to reduce the number
workers, it is essential to identify a reliable and suitable of physical exposures in the workplace over the long term.
sensor that aids in developing health and safety monito- In their study, Khusainov et al. (2013) presented a holistic
ring systems (Bangaru et al., 2020). In this study, the prob- expression of the literature on sensor-based monitoring
lem of prioritizing the kinematic and physiological sensors of daily activities and mobility as four main axes, applica-
to prevent risks in construction is discussed in Turkey. The tions, sensor types, and tracking device framework. Re-
‫ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟدراﺳﺔ ﺗم ﺗﻧﺎول ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ‬
weights of the criteria; are prevention of falls, prevention search gaps in the distribution of available studies by sen-
‫ﺗﺣدﯾد أوﻟوﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺷﻌرات‬
of musculoskeletal disorders, evaluation of physical work- sor types and applications, data collection, processing, and
‫اﻟﺣرﻛﯾﺔ واﻟﻔﺳﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔﺗﻣت‬
load and fatigue, evaluation of hazard recognition abilities, analysis, are identified as limitations and difficulties. They
‫ﻣﻧﺎﻗﺷﺔ ﻣﻧﻊ اﻟﻣﺧﺎطر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﻧﺎء‬
and monitoring of the mental status of employees. Alter- aim to prioritize future research directions by systemati-
‫ اﻷوزان اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر؛ ھﻲ‬.‫ﻓﻲ ﺗرﻛﯾﺎ‬
natives are listed as IMU, EMG, PPG, EDA, Eye Tracker, cally presenting the literature study in the field wholly and
‫اﻟوﻗﺎﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺳﻘوط‬
EKG, and EEG in both AHP and PROMETHEE methods. systematically, facilitating the identification of research
‫واﻟوﻗﺎﯾﺔاﻻﺿطراﺑﺎت اﻟﻌﺿﻠﯾﺔ‬
As a result of the literature review, we have not en- gaps. They aim to prioritize future research directions by
‫ وﺗﻘﯾﯾم ﻋبء اﻟﻌﻣل‬،‫اﻟﮭﯾﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬
countered a study with the integration of AHP and PRO- systematically presenting the literature study in the field
‫ وﺗﻘﯾﯾم ﻗدرات‬،‫اﻟﺑدﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌب‬
METHEE methods by addressing the ranking problem wholly and systematically, facilitating the identification of
‫وﻣراﻗﺑﺔ‬،‫اﻟﺗﻌرف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺧﺎطر‬
of the sensors in the construction sector to the best of research gaps.
‫ ﯾﺗم‬.‫اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻧﻔﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣوظﻔﯾن‬
our knowledge. The fact that it will be included in the Yang et al. (2016) aimed to develop a method that au-
‫إدراج اﻟﺑداﺋل ﻣﺛل‬toIMU،
first studies is essential in terms of contribution the li- tomatically detects and documents near-misses based on
EMG، PPG، EDA،
terature. Sensor selection is vital in construction, Eye
where the kinematic data of an employee obtained from Wea-
Tracker،‫اﻟﻘﻠب‬
labor-intensive production has more fatal and non-fatal ‫ﻛﮭرﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺧطﯾط‬ rable Inertial Measurement Units (WIMU). Hwang et al.
accidents than in other industries.(ECG) ‫ﻛﮭرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟدﻣﺎغ‬
By determining the‫وﺗﺧطﯾط‬
cri- (2016) investigated the suitability of a PPG (Photoplethys-
(EEG) ‫ﺑطرﯾﻘﺗﻲ‬
teria weights of the most critical risks encountered AHP in the mography; PPG) sensor embedded in a wristband tracker
‫و‬PROMETHEE.
sector, sensor selection is made. A proactive approach is for construction use. Lee et al. (2017) aimed to monitor
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻧﺣو‬
presented. It will be helpful to identify the‫اﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﻧظﯾم ھذه‬at
employees ‫ﯾﺗم‬ the usability and reliability of wearable sensors in the on-
‫اﻷدﺑﯾﺎت‬and
risk, identify and predict potential health ‫ﺗﺿﻣﯾن‬safety‫ ﯾﺗم‬:‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬
risks, duty and off-duty activities of roofing workers. Majumder
،1 ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺳم‬
and close a significant gap in the literature on‫اﻟﺻﻠﺔ‬
creating‫اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ ذات‬
safe et al. (2017) presented a low-cost, non-invasive activity
working conditions. ‫ وﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺳم اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬.‫ﺑﻌد اﻟﻣﻘدﻣﺔ‬ monitoring and health system. Maman et al. (2017) ai-
‫اﻟدراﺳﺔ‬
This article is organized as follows: The ‫ﻓﻲ‬relevant
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ‬scien-
‫اﻟطرق‬ med to develop a task-independent, data-driven method
،3 1,
tific literature is included in Section ‫اﻟﻘﺳم‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﺧطواﺗﮭم‬
following the ‫ﺗﻘدﯾم‬
intro-‫وﯾﺗم‬ through inexpensive wearable sensors that could be used
duction. In Section 2, the methods used ‫اﻟﻧﻣذﺟﺔطرق‬ AHP ‫و‬and
in the study to model physical fatigue. Nath et al. (2017) presented a
their steps are introduced. In Section 3, the modeling
PROMETHEE ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ‬
of low-cost, ubiquitous approach that uses built-in smartp-
the AHP and PROMETHEE methods ‫وﺗم ﺗﻘدﯾم‬used
،‫ﺗﺿﻣﯾﻧﮫ‬
in the‫اﻟدراﺳﺔﺗم‬
study‫ﻓﻲ‬ hone sensors to autonomously identify potential work-re-
is included, and an application has‫اﻟﻘﺳم‬ been ‫اﻻﺧﯾروﯾﺗﺿﻣن‬
made. The.‫اﻟطﻠب‬ final lated ergonomic risks and discreetly monitor employee
section includes the results of the‫واﻟﻣﻘﺗرﺣﺎﺗﻠﻠﻌﻣل‬ ‫ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ اﻟدراﺳﺔ‬
study and suggestions body postures.
for future work. ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬. Schal et al. (2018) investigated the potential benefits of
using wearable sensors used by Occupational Health and
1. Scientific literature review ‫ﻣراﺟﻌﺔ اﻷدﺑﯾﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ‬ Safety (OHS) specialists, especially personal activity mo-
nitors, in the workplace and the perceptions that hinder
Abdelhamid and Everett (2002) presented a comprehen- their adoption. Mardonova and Choi (2018) examined the
sive assessment of absolute physiological demands in classification of wearable devices and the characteristics
construction work based on standardized work intensity of the sensors that can be attached to them. Cheung et al.
tables to protect the safety and health of the workforce, (2018) aimed to improve the safety management of hazar-
increase productivity, and accept physiological limits to dous gas by integrating Building Information Modeling
prevent long-term physical fatigue. Chang et al. (2009) (BIM) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies
how construction workers manifest the extent of physi- at an underground construction site. Awolusi et al. (2018)
ological strain in different tasks before and after shifts at reviewed various applications of wearable technology for
a high-rise construction site. They investigated steel fas- personalized trending and construction safety monitoring.
teners, scaffolders, concrete workers, mold makers, elec- Hwang et al. (2018) investigated the feasibility of measu-
trician-plumbers, and various workers by making some ring the emotions of field workers using a wearable EEG
physiological measurements, using demographic data and (electroencephalogram; EEG) sensor. Jebelli et al. (2018)
determining subjective fatigue symptoms. Wu et al. (2010) proposed using a ready-to-use wristband-type wearable
investigated the performance and feasibility of the sensor sensor to obtain the physiological signals of construction
network by meeting, verifying, and analyzing the autono- workers to assess their physical and mental state. In their
mous information requirement of accidents using a Zig- study, they investigated the distinguishing power of three
bee RFID sensor network to prevent possible near-misses biosignals: skin temperature (ST), photoplethysmogram
‫ﯾﻘﺎرن ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺑﺣوث‬
‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 2023, 29(7): 577–586 579

(PPG), and electrodermal (EDA), in detecting the phy- 2.1. AHP method
sical and mental states of workers while working on the
It is concerned with information gathering, evaluation,
construction site. Their results confirmed the applicability
decision making, and exchanges to analyze complex prob-
of the wristband-type wearable sensor to assess the mental lems at all levels of an organization. Often these decisions
and physical condition of construction workers. are made through individual or collective judgment after
Ahn et al. (2019) examined wearable applications in weighing the advantages and disadvantages of policy op-
construction health and safety. Bangaru et al. (2020) eva- tions under conditions of uncertainty and risk (Saaty &
luated the data quality and reliability of the inertial mea- Niemira, 2001). In the 1980s, Saaty developed AHP, one of
surement unit IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit; IMU) of the MCDM methods. AHP, a systematic decision-making
the armband and forearm EMG (EMG) sensors for cons- method, includes qualitative and quantitative techniques.
truction efficiency classification. Antwi-Afari et al. (2020) It helps obtain a single evaluation value based on differ-
proposed a non-invasive approach to identify safety ha- ent criteria or indicators. It simplifies the decision-making
zards among construction workers to examine the feasi- process by dividing a complex problem, where each ele-
bility of using workers’ gait interruption models. Bangaru ment must be independent of the others, into a series of
et al. (2021) proposed an automatic construction worker structural stages in the hierarchy of criteria (Saaty, 1980).
activity recognition method based on an Artificial Neural Decision-making is a process that includes the fol-
Network (ANN) that can recognize complex constructi- lowing steps (Saaty, 1990, 1994, 2008; Saaty & Niemira,
on activities. Marra et al. (2021) proposed an innovati- 2001). ‫ھﯾﻛﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﺑﻧﻣوذج ﯾظﮭر اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ وﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬
ve technique to demonstrate the feasibility of producing (1) Structuring the problem with a model that shows
sensor fabrics. The strain sensor they made was found to the essential elements of the problem and their re-
engage in monitoring heart and respiratory rates. Stefana lationships
et al. (2021) investigated the wearable devices recommen-
A decision hierarchy is a structuring of goals from a
ded for ergonomic purposes in the scientific literature
broad perspective, by structuring above with the goal of
and analyzed how they could support the improvement
the decision, then through the middle levels (criteria on
of ergonomic conditions. Antwi-Afari et al. (2022) aimed which the next items depend) to the lowest level (usual-
to automatically recognize and classify different types of ly a set of alternatives). Figure 1 shows the hierarchical
inappropriate working postures in construction using structure.
deep learning-based networks and wearable insole sensor ‫إﻧﺷﺎء ﻣﺻﻔوﻓﺔ اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟزوﺟﯾﺔ‬
data. The study’s findings revealed that it improves the he- (2) Creating a pairwise comparison matrix
alth and safety of construction workers. Lee et al. (2022) In AHP calculations, pairwise comparisons are made
developed a model to assess workers’ exposure to slip, trip, between the decision elements in each component in ter-
and fall hazards by predicting abnormal gait patterns from ms of their importance according to the control criteria.
a series of steps from a waist-mounted IMU sensor. The components are also compared in pairs for their cont-
As a result of the literature review, we have not found ribution to the goal. Relative importance values are evalua-
a study in which the MCDM was applied, and the sensors ted using the preference scale listed from 1 to 9 in Table 1.
were sorted to the best of our knowledge.
Goal
2. Materials and methods ‫اﻟﻣواد واﻷﺳﺎﻟﯾب‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟدراﺳﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺎوﻟت ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ اﻻﺧﺗﯾﺎر‬
Criteria
In the study, which deals with the selection problem of ‫ﺗم ﺗﺣدﯾد اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺷﻌرات اﻟﺣرﻛﯾﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻔﺳﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗﺳﻠﺳل اﻟﮭرﻣﻲ ﻣﻊ اﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎد‬
kinematic and physiological sensors, alternatives and cri- ‫واﻟﺑداﺋل واﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟرأي اﻟﺧﺑراء‬
‫ ﺗم ﺻﻧﻊ اﻷوزان اﻟﻣﻌﯾﺎرﯾﺔ ﻣن‬.‫ﻋرض اﻻدب‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﺑﺎدل‬
teria were determined according to expert opinionMCDM and ‫ ﻣﻊ‬AHP، ‫وﻛﺎن ﺗرﺗﯾب اﻟﺑداﺋل‬ Alternatives
literature review. The criterion weights were made from ‫ ﯾﺗم ﺗﺣدﯾدھﺎ ﺑواﺳطﺔ طرق‬AHP
MCDM with AHP, and the ranking of the alternatives was PROMETHEE.
Figure 1. A hierarchy with interdependence
determined by AHP and PROMETHEE methods. (Saaty & Vargas, 1998)

Table 1. Significance scale values and definitions (Saaty, 2008)

Importance Level Definition Description

1 Equally important Both options are equally important
3 Moderately important Experience and judgment make one criterion slightly superior to the other
5 Strongly important Experience and judgment favor one criterion over the other
7 Demonstrated dominance One criterion is considered superior to the other
9 Extreme dominance Evidence showing that one criterion is superior to another has great credibility
2, 4, 6, 8 Intermediate values Values between two consecutive judgments to be used when reconciliation is
needed
‫ﺟدول ﯾوﺿﺢ ﻗﯾم وﺗﻌﺎرﯾف ﻣﻘﯾﺎس اﻷھﻣﯾﺔ‬
580 G. Aksüt, T. Eren. Selection of wearable sensors for health and safety use in the construction industry

In the AHP method, the consistency ratio should be less Defining the Problem
than 0.10. If the value found is more significant than 0.1,
the binary comparison matrix should be rechecked, and Determination of Criteria
the steps should be repeated after the corrections are
made. Identifying Alternatives

(3) Determination of weights and ranking of alterna- Ranking the Alternatives by Finding the Criterion Weights with AHP
tives ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد اﻷوزان وﺗرﺗﯾب اﻟﺑداﺋل‬
With the principle of hierarchical structure, the al-

Super Decisions V.2.6.0 -RC1

Creating the Hierarchical Structure

ternatives at the lowest level are ranked according to the

general purpose of the highest level by obtaining their Making Binary Comparisons

available weights.
Ranking of Decision Options

2.2. PROMETHEE method EEHTEMORP ‫طرﯾﻘﺔ‬ Ranking of Alternatives with the PROMETHEE Method

One of the MCDM methods is the PROMETHEE method.

Jean Pierre Brans developed it in 1982. The partial ranking Entering the Criterion Weights into the Program

Visual PROMETHEE Academic

of the alternatives is presented with PROMETHEE I, while
the full ranking is presented with PROMETHEE II (Brans Preference Functions and Determination of Parameters

& Mareschal, 2005). Advantages of this method over oth-

ers; include the ability to determine qualitative quantities, Determination of Positive and Negative Advantage Values

the amounts of data that can be processed, configuring the

problem, presentation on the GAIA plane, and good soft- Ranking of Alternatives
‫ﺟدول ﯾوﺿﺢ ﻣﺧطط ﺗدﻓﻖ‬
ware support (Stefanović et al., 2019). The PROMETHEE ‫اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ‬
method, which has been used for decades, continues to Figure 2. Flow chart of the problem
be renewed, and its ease of use has made it a standard
method (Velasquez & Hester, 2013). country’s economy and the welfare of the working popula-
The method consists of five steps (Brans & Vincke, tion (Valero et al., 2017). Ensuring high job security for
1986): employees is a top priority for employers (Bangaru et al.,
1. The set of alternatives, the value of the alternative 2021). Within this priority, it is important to take proac-
for each criterion, and the relative weight of each of tive measures by preventing potential risks such as fatigue,
the criteria are determined. injury, or accident for workers in the construction sector,
2. Based on criteria, the appropriate one of the stand- which is a labor-intensive industry.
ard preference functions are determined for the The construction workforce is exposed to life-threa-
pairs of alternatives. tening and non-life-related injuries due to the lack of ap-
3. Preference indices are determined for each pair of propriate safety training and monitoring systems. Various
alternatives. researchers have stated that wearable sensor-based sys-
4. Partial ranking is determined by PROMETHEE tems would be suitable for use in construction health and
I, and positive and negative advantages are deter- safety to cope with the existing challenges (Hwang et al.,
mined for alternatives. 2018). Determining the priority order of physiological and
5. PROMETHEE II determines the exact ranking for kinematic sensors, which are among the sensor types, in
alternatives. The net advantage values and a full preventing risks in construction has been considered a
ranking for all alternatives are made by performing problem. Alternatives and criteria were determined in
a total ranking for each of the alternatives. line with expert opinions and literature review. Calcula-
ting the criterion weights was done by the AHP method,
3. Application ‫اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻖ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ اﻻﺧﺗﯾﺎر‬ and the ranking of the alternatives was made by the AHP
‫اﻟﺣرﻛﻲ‬ and PROMETHEE methods.
In the study in which the selection problem of kinematic
‫أﺟﮭزة‬ ‫وﺗﻧﺎﻗش‬
and physiological sensors is discussed, the methodology 3.2. Determination of criteria ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر‬
of the problem is given in Figure 2. ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺷﻌﺎر‬
‫ اﻟﻣﻧﮭﺟﯾﺔ‬،‫اﻟﻔﺳﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ‬ According to the literature and expert opinion, the cri-
teria in the prevention and evaluation of risks of sensors
3.1. Problem definition ‫ﻣن اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﺗﻌرﯾف اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ‬
used in construction safety and health; are preventing
Construction projects; exposes workers to intense physi- falls, evaluating physical workload and fatigue, preventing
cal exertion, hazardous work environments, and serious musculoskeletal disorders (improper posture, repetition,
safety and health risks. These risks cause an increase in the vibration, etc.), monitoring of the mental status of em-
number of fatal and non-fatal accidents, paralyzing safety ployees, evaluation of hazard recognition abilities (Schall
(Ahn et al., 2019). Poor occupational health and injuries et al., 2018; Awolusi et al., 2018; Jebelli et al., 2018; Ahn
caused by inadequate working conditions also affect the et al., 2019).
Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 2023, 29(7): 577–586 581

3.3. Identifying alternatives ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد اﻟﺑداﺋل‬ od flow rate caused by heart activity (Hwang et al., 2016).
Electromyography (EMG) Sensor: It captures muscle
In the study, in which the kinematic and physical sensors
load used for ergonomic evaluation and muscle activity
used to prevent risks in construction are considered as
used to evaluate forces (Nimbarte et al., 2010).
the selection problem, Inertial Measurement Unit ‫ﻓﯾﮭﺎ‬(IMU),
‫ھذه اﻟدراﺳﺔ ﺗم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
Electrocardiogram (ECG) Sensor: Cardiac activity
electrocardiogram (ECG), photoplethysmogram (PPG),
‫أﺟﮭزة اﻻﺳﺗﺷﻌﺎر‬ ‫ اﺳﺗﺧدام‬facilitates the determination of the physi-
measurement
electrodermal activity (EDA), eye tracking, which is
widely used especially in construction safety and ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺟﺳدﯾﺔ‬ological
health, ‫اﻟﺣرﻛﯾﺔ‬status of workers. Measurements of heart rate
electromyography (EMG), electroencephalogram‫(ﻓﻲ‬EEG) ‫ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﻣﻧﻊ اﻟﻣﺧﺎطر‬heart rate variability, and heart rate reserve
variability,
derived from heart rate are vital in determining emplo-
alternatively according to the literature (Hwang ،‫اﻻﺧﺗﯾﺎر‬
et al., ‫اﻟﺑﻧﺎء ﺗﻌﺗﺑرﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ‬
yees’ physical and mental state (Hwang et al., 2016; Jebelli
2016; Majumder et al., 2017; Awolusi et al., 2018; Mardo-
‫اﻟﻘﯾﺎس ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺻور‬ ‫وﺣدة‬
et al., 2018).
nova & Choi, 2018; Ahn et al., 2019; Bangaru et al., 2021)
‫( اﻟذاﺗﻲ‬IMU)،‫ﻣﺧطط‬ Electroencephalogram (EEG) Sensors: It is used to
determined.
Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) Sensor: ‫اﻟﻘﻠب‬ IMU ‫ﻛﮭرﺑﯾﺔ‬
assess
(ECG)، the mental state of workers in the workplace and
is
the
‫ﻣﺧطط اﻟﺗﺣﺟم اﻟﺿوﺋﻲ‬ effectiveness of training programs (Jebelli et al., 2019).
widely used in the construction industry as a wearable
Electrodermal Activity (EDA): EDA has been widely
sensor to measure the kinematic motion of objects, inc-
(PPG)،‫اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺷﺎط‬
used in security research to measure perceived risk beca-
luding construction workers, equipment, and tools‫اﻟﺟﻠدي‬(Ban-(EDA)، ‫وﺗﺗﺑﻊ‬
use activities in the sympathetic nervous system stimulate
garu et al., 2021). IMU sensors are worn on employees’
‫وھوﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ،‫ اﻟﻌﯾن‬risk (Herrero-Fernández, 2016; Schmidt-Daffy
perceived
bodies; they are used to determine workers’ body posture,
acceleration, and orientation (Kim & Nussbaum, 2013).‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫واﺳﻊ‬
2013).‫ﻧطﺎق‬
The application of IMUs to monitor human movement ،‫ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺑﻧﺎء واﻟﺻﺣﺔ‬Tracking: Using eye-tracking to measure eye mo-
Eye
vements and positions relative to the participant’s head
‫ﻛﮭرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺿل‬
is becoming popular as part of the ergonomic evaluation ‫ﺗﺧطﯾط‬
helps evaluate hazard recognition skills and construction
that does not significantly disrupt employees’ work(EMG)،
perfor- ‫ﻣﺧطط ﻛﮭرﺑﯾﺔ‬
safety training (Hasanzadeh et al., 2017).
mance (Stefana et al., 2021). Gait analysis has been used to
‫( اﻟدﻣﺎغ‬EEG)
assess fall risk in construction environments. Given that
3.4. Ranking the alternatives by finding
trips, falls, and slips can be caused by poor interactions
the criterion weights with AHP
between the ground and the foot surface, monitoring a PHA ‫اﻷوزان اﻟﻣﻌﯾﺎرﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
worker’s foot movement during successive walks provides The AHP method was used in the study in ‫إﯾﺟﺎد‬
which‫ﺧﻼل‬five
‫ ﻣن‬crite-
‫ﺗرﺗﯾب اﻟﺑداﺋل‬
information on the impact of internal (e.g., fatigue) and ria and seven alternatives were determined. Super Decision
extrinsic (e.g., job site hazard) factors. On a worker’s fall V.2.6.0-RC1 program was used in AHP calculations. The
risks, IMUs placed at waist level or the lower body provi- display of the hierarchical structure is given in Figure 3.
ded gait parameters (e.g., distance, stride duration) or gait Pairwise comparisons were made with the group deci-
stability metrics to capture disruptions in a worker’s gait sion of 7 expert decision-makers, consisting of a class A
pattern (Ahn et al., 2019). occupational safety specialist, an academician in the field
Photoplethysmography (PPG) Sensor: A PPG sen- of occupational health and safety, and five academicians
sor is used for heart rate monitoring, which consists of working in the field of occupational health and safety ex-
light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on spectrographic te- pert decision-makers were asked to respond to pairwise
chnology and a photodetector for optical detection of blo- comparisons according to Saaty’s 1–9 scale in Table 1.

‫اﻟﮭﯾﻛل اﻟﮭرﻣﻲ ﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻘرار‬

Figure 3. Hierarchical structure of the decision problem

582 G. Aksüt, T. Eren. Selection of wearable sensors for health and safety use in the construction industry

In all paired comparisons created, the condition that the by the PROMETHEE method. The criteria weights ob-
consistency ratio is less than 0.1 was met. An example tained by the AHP method were entered into the Visual
comparison from the pairwise comparisons made in Fig- PROMETHEE Academic Version Program. Table 2 con-
ure 4 is given. tains the preference functions for problem-solving (Brans
In Figure 5, the weights of the criteria obtained by the & Mareschal, 2005). In our study, the First Type (Ordi-
AHP method using the Super Decision Program and the nary) Function, one of the preference functions, was used.
ranking of the alternatives are given. While PROMETHEE Data Entry is presented in Figure 6,
the alternatives are listed in Figure 7.
3.5. Ranking of alternatives with ‫ﺗرﺗﯾب اﻟﺑداﺋل ﻣﻊ‬ With the PROMETHEE Method in Figure 7, which
the PROMETHEE method ‫طرﯾﻘﺔ ﺑروﻣﯾﺛﻲ‬ is the result of the solution, phi+ positive superiority val-
ues, phi- negative superiority values, and the difference
In our study, EMG, IMU, EDA, ECG, Eye Tracker, PPG,
of positive and negative superiority values in the rank-
and EEG will be determined as alternatives and ranked
ing of the alternatives show the phi net priority value.

‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام طرﯾﻘﺔ‬PROMETHEE
‫ واﻟﺗﻲ‬،7 ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﻛل‬
‫ھو ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ اﻟﺣل‬، phi+ ‫ﻗﯾم اﻟﺗﻔوق اﻹﯾﺟﺎﺑﯾﺔ‬،
‫ واﻟﻔرق‬،‫ ﻗﯾم اﻟﺗﻔوق اﻟﺳﻠﺑﯾﺔ‬- ‫ﻓﺎي‬
‫ﻟﻘﯾم اﻟﺗﻔوق اﻹﯾﺟﺎﺑﯾﺔ واﻟﺳﻠﺑﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗرﺗﯾب‬
‫ ﻣن اﻟﺑداﺋل ﺗظﮭر ﻗﯾﻣﺔ اﻷوﻟوﯾﺔ اﻟﺻﺎﻓﯾﺔ ﻟـ‬phi.

Figure 4. Pairwise comparison

‫أوزان اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر وﺗرﺗﯾب اﻟﺑداﺋل‬

Figure 5. Criterion weights and ranking of alternatives Figure 6. PROMETHEE data entry
Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 2023, 29(7): 577–586 583
‫ﺟدول ﯾوﺿﺢ وظﺎﺋف اﻟﺗﻔﺿﯾل‬
Table 2. Preference functions (Brans & Mareschal, 2005)

Generalised criterion Definition Parameters to fix

Type 1: Usual Criterion

P
I
0 d ≤ 0
P (d ) =  –
1 d > 0

0 d

Type 2: U-shape Criterion

P
I
0 d ≤ q
P (d ) =  q
1 d > q

0 q d

Type 3: V-shape Criterion

P
I
0 d≤0
d
( d )  p
P= 0≤d ≤ p p

1 d>p

0 p d

Type 4: Level Criterion

P
I 0 d ≤q
1
I
( d )  2
P= q<d ≤ p p, q

2 1 d>p

0 q p d

Type 5: V-shape whit indifference Criterion

P
I  0 d ≤q
 d − q
P (d ) 
= q<d ≤ p p, q
 p−q
 1 d>p

0 q p d

Type 6: Gaussian Criterion

P
I
 0 d ≤0

P (d ) =  −
d2 s
1 − e 2 d > 0
2s

0 q d
584 G. Aksüt, T. Eren. Selection of wearable sensors for health and safety use in the construction industry

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‫ﺗرﺗﯾب أوﻟوﯾﺎت أﺟﮭزة االﺳﺗﺷﻌﺎر اﻟﻔﺳﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ واﻟﺣرﻛﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
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‫ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر‬R., Anw-
‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫وﺗم‬
the alternatives are; IMU, EMG, PPG, and EDA are listed er, S., Zang,Y., Umer, W., & Manu, P. (2022). Deep learning-
‫ ﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام أﺳﺎﻟﯾب‬PROMETHEE ‫ﻟﺣل اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ‬.
as Eye tracker, ECG, and EEG. based networks for automated recognition and classification
‫أوزان اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗم اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﺑﻌد‬
of awkward working postures in construction using wearable
‫طرﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ رأي اﻟﺧﺑراء ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬AHP‫؛ ﻣﻧﻊ ل‬
insole sensor data. Automation in Construction, 136, 104181.
Conclusions ‫اﻻﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎﺟﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﮭﯾﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ اﻟوﻗﺎﯾﺔ ﻣن االﺿطراﺑﺎت‬،)0.39564( ‫اﻟﺳﻘوط‬
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104181
Awolusi, I., Marks, E., & Hallowell,‫واﻟﺗﻌب‬
(0.27846)، ‫اﻟﻌﻣل اﻟﺑدﻧﻲ‬
M. (2018). ‫ ﻋبء‬tech-
Wearable ‫ﺗﻘﯾﯾم‬
This study discusses the problem of determining the (0.13558)، ‫اﻟﻣﺧﺎطر‬safety
‫اﻟﺗﻌرف ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ ﻗدرات‬and
‫ﺗﻘﯾﯾم‬
nology for personalized construction monitoring
priority order of physiological and kinematic sensors in ‫ﻟﻠﻣوظﻔﯾن‬Automation
‫اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻧﻔﺳﯾﺔ‬in‫رﺻد‬
trending: Review of(0.10819)
applicable devices. Con-
preventing risks to construction safety and health. Five struction, 85, 96–106. ‫ ﯾﺗم ﺳرد اﻟﺑداﺋل ﻛﻣﺎ‬.‫ ﻣرﺗﺑﺔ ﺣﺳب‬IMU، EMG،
(0.08211)
criteria and seven alternatives were identified. AHP and PPG ‫و‬EDA ‫و‬Eye Tracker ‫و‬ECG ‫و‬EEG ‫ﻣﻊ ﻛل ﻣن‬
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.10.010
PROMETHEE methods were used to solve the prob- Bangaru, S., Wang, C., & Aghazadeh, AHP F. (2020). Data quality
lem. The weights of the criteria obtained following the and reliability‫وطرق‬
assessment of wearable EMG
PROMETHEE. ‫اﺳﺗﺷﻌﺎر‬
and‫أﺟﮭزة‬
IMU ‫ظﮭرت‬
sensorIMU
expert opinion with the AHP method; prevention of for construction activity recognition. Sensors, 20(18),
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺗﺑﺎره اﻟﺑدﯾل اﻷﻛﺛر أھﻣﯾﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻊ اﻟﺳﻘوط ﻣﻊ‬ 5264.
falls (0.39564), prevention of musculoskeletal disorders https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185264
‫أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﯾﺎر اﻟوزن واﻟوﻗﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺿﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﮭﯾﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬
(0.27846), assessment of physical workload and fatigue Bangaru, S., Wang, C., Busam,
‫ﻣﺳﺗﺷﻌر‬ S., & Aghazadeh,
.‫اﺿطراﺑﺎت‬ EMG، ‫اﻟﻌﺿﻼت‬ F. (2021). ANN-
‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﯾﯾم‬ ‫ﺿروري‬
(0.13558), assessment of hazard recognition abilities based automated scaffold builder activity recognition through
‫ﯾﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﺣﻣل واﻟﻘوى اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻘﯾﯾم اﻟﻣرﯾﺢ‬
(0.10819), monitoring of the mental status of employees wearable EMG and IMU sensors. Automation in Construction,
‫ أﺟﮭزة اﺳﺗﺷﻌﺎر‬.‫ اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ‬PPG ‫و‬EDA، ‫وھﻲ‬
(0.08211) sorted as. Alternatives are listed as IMU, EMG, 126, 103653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103653
‫ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﮫ اﻟﺧﺻوص‬
Brans, J.-P., & Vincke, P. (1986). How to select and how to rank
PPG, EDA, Eye Tracker, ECG, and EEG with both AHP
and PROMETHEE methods. IMU sensors have emerged projects: The PROMETHEE method.‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬
‫و‬ ،‫واﻟﺗﻌب‬ ‫اﻟﺑدﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﯾﯾم ﻋبء‬
European ‫ ﻓﻲ‬of
Journal ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬
Op-
‫اﻟﻧﻔﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣراﻗﺑﺔ‬
erational Research, 24(2), 228–236. ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺧﺎطر‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻌدﯾد‬ ‫اﻟوﻗﺎﯾﺔ ﻣن‬
as the most crucial alternative for preventing falls with the ‫ ﺗﻌﻘب اﻟﻌﯾن‬.‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣرﺗﺑﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ واﻟراﺑﻌﺔ‬،‫ﻣن اﻟﻣوظﻔﯾن‬,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(86)90044-5
highest criterion weight and preventing musculoskeletal ‫اﻟﻣﺧﺎطر واﻟﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ‬Promethee
‫ﻣﮭﺎرات اﻟﺗﻌرف‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﯾﯾم‬ ‫ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﺎﻋد‬
Brans, J.-P., & Mareschal, B. (2005). methods. In Mul-
disorders. The EMG sensor, essential in evaluating muscle ‫ﻣﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ھذا‬analysis:
tiple criteria decision ‫ ﺗﻣت‬.‫اﻟﺧﺎﻣﺳﺔ‬
State of‫اﻟﻣرﺗﺑﺔ‬
the art‫ﻓﻲ‬ ،‫اﻟﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬Interna-
surveys. ‫اﻟﺗدرﯾب ﻋﻠﻰ‬
load and forces used for ergonomic evaluation, followed tional series in operations research &‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺷﻌر‬management science (Vol.
the IMU. PPG and EDA sensors, which are particularly ‫اﺳﺗﺷﻌﺎر‬Springer,
78, pp. 163–186). ‫ﺑواﺳطﺔ أﺟﮭزة‬New York,
ECGNY. ‫و‬EEG ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﯾﯾم اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
effective in assessing physical workload and fatigue, and https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23081-5_5 ‫اﻟﻣﺎدﯾﺔ‬
preventing many risks by monitoring the mental state Chang, F.-L., Sun, Y.-M., Chuang, K.-H.,
‫ﻟﻠﻣوظﻔﯾن‬ & Hsu,
‫اﻟﻧﻔﺳﯾﺔ‬ D.-J. (2009).
‫واﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬.
of employees, ranked third and fourth. The eye tracker, Work fatigue and physiological
‫اﻟﺳﻼﻣﺔ واﻟﺻﺣﺔ؛ ﺿﻣﺎن اﻟﺟودة واﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ‬oc-
symptoms in different
which helps assess hazard recognition skills and construc- cupations of high-elevation
‫ﻋﻠﻰ أداء اﻷﻋﻣﺎل‬ construction
‫ﺑﺷﻛل إﯾﺟﺎﺑﻲ‬workers.
‫ﻋﻧﮫ ﻟﻠﺗﺄﺛﯾر‬Applied
‫ال ﻏﻧﻰ‬.
tion safety training, ranked fifth. This sensor was followed Ergonomics, 40(4), 591–596.
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗم اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﻣن ﺧﻼل أﺟﮭزة االﺳﺗﺷﻌﺎر ﻟﻠﺻﺣﺔ و‬
by ECG and EEG sensors used to evaluate the physical https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2008.04.017
‫ﯾﺟب ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻟﺳﻼﻣﺔ واﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮭﺎ ﻟﻣﻧﻊ إﺻﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻣوظﻔﯾن‬.
and mental states of the employees. Chen, J., Qiu, J., & Ahn, C. (2017). Construction worker’s awk-
‫ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﺗوﻓﯾر ظروف ﻋﻣل أﻛﺛر أﻣﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟدراﺳﺔ‬،
ward posture recognition through supervised motion ten-
Safety and health; Ensuring quality and productivity ‫ﻟﻠﺧطر‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌرﺿﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻣوظﻔﯾن‬in ‫ﻋن‬ ‫االﺳﺗﺷﻌﺎر ﻟﻠﻛﺷف‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام أﺟﮭزة‬
is indispensable for positively affecting business perfor- sor decomposition. Automation Construction, 77, 67–81.
‫اﻟﻘطﺎع‬
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.01.020 ‫ھذا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
mance. The data obtained through sensors for health and ‫واﻟﺗﻧﺑؤ‬
Cheung, W.-F., Lin, ‫واﻟﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬
T.-H., &‫اﻟﺻﺣﺔ‬ ‫( ﻋﻠﻰ‬2018).
Lin, Y.-C. ‫ اﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ‬A‫اﻟﻣﺧﺎطر‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬con-
real-time ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋدة ﻓﻲ‬
safety must be processed and used to prevent employee in- ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬hazardous gas inte-
struction safety monitoring system for
jury. By providing safer working conditions with the study, grating wireless ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬
sensor‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬
network‫وﻓﻲ‬ and building
.‫اﺳﺗﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫ ﻧﮭﺞ‬information
‫ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﺗوﻓﯾر‬
using sensors to detect employees at risk in this sector will ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬Sensors,
modeling technologies. ‫ اﻟﺗرﺗﯾب‬18(2),
‫ﯾﻣﻛن إﺟراء‬
436. MCDMs ‫ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻟـ‬
help identify and predict potential health and safety risks ‫أﺟﮭزة اﺳﺗﺷﻌﺎر ﻟرﺻد اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ واﻟﻣوﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ‬
https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020436
by providing a proactive approach. In the future, a com- Gatti, U., Schneider, S., & Migliaccio, ‫واﻟﺗﺷﯾﯾد‬G.‫اﻟﺑﻧﺎء‬
(2014).
‫ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ‬.Physiological
parative ranking can be made using different MCDMs for condition monitoring of construction workers. Automation
environmental and location monitoring sensors in the in Construction, 44, 227–233.
construction industry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2014.04.013
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