Figure 62.4.

62.4.1 Dimensioning the reinforcement

In accordance with the above models, the reinforcement in the zone of intermediate
supports should be designed for a tensile force of:
T 2d = 0,20 p d l = As f yd
2
With fyd Ý 400 N/mm (40.2).

The lower reinforcement in end bays should be designed for a force equal to:
T 1d = 0,16 p d l = As f yd
2
With fyd Ý 400 N/mm (40.2).

The lower reinforcement in intermediate bays should be designed for a force equal to:
T 1d = 0,09 p d l = As f yd
2
With fydÝ 400 N/mm (40.2).

In addition to the main reinforcement described in the previous paragraph, a minimum

of 0.1% reinforcement should be placed in each direction and in each face of the element.

In respect of the end supports, special attention should be paid to the anchorage of the
reinforcement (see figure 62.3.1.c), which should have an anchorage length that lies between
the support axis and the end of the member.

Where required, additional reinforcement may be distributed in the supports in

accordance with Article 60.

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62.4.2 Verifying nodes and struts

When verifying nodes and struts, it is sufficient to check the compression at the
supports.
Red ≤
f 2cd
a e be
Rid ≤
f 2cd
a i bi
where:

Red Design reaction at an end support.

Rid Design reaction at an inner support.
ae , be Dimensions of the end support (figure 62.3.1.b).
ai , bi Dimensions of the inner support (figure 62.4.2).
f2cd Concrete strength for bi-axial compression states.
f 2cd = 0,70 f cd
Figure 62.4.2

RESULTANT

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Article 63 Corbels

63.1 Definition

Corbels are defined as short cantilever beams where the distance a between the line of
action of the main vertical load and the section adjacent to the support is less than, or equal to,
the effective depth d at that section (figure 63.1).

The effective depth d1 as measured at the outer edge of the area where the load is
applied, should be equal to, or greater than, 0.5d
Figure 63.1

PRINCIPAL REINFORCEMENT CENTROID

COMMENTS

A corbel is a static type (concentrated loads)and geometric type (sharp changes in the geometry of
the member) “D” region.

63.2 Verifying elements and reinforcement dimensioning

Since it is a D region, the general method of analysis is the one described in Article 24.

The verifications of struts, ties and nodes and the properties of the materials to be taken
into consideration are those established in Article 40.

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COMMENTS

The general method described in Articles 24 and 40 allows the specific case of figure 63.2 to be
tackled in addition to the favourable or unfavourable effects of the forces existing in the section of column
located above the cantilever.
Figure 63.2

NODE

The application of the general method is always desirable since it enables the general operation of
the “D” region to be controlled, together with its connection to the adjacent “B” regions.

63.2.1 Verifying nodes and struts and the reinforcement design

The equivalent strut-and-tie model could be that described in figure 63.2.

The slope angle θ of the diagonal compressions (struts) may adopt the following
values:

cotg θ = 1.4 if the corbel is monolithically concreted with the column.

cotg θ = 1.0 if the corbel is concreted onto the hardened concrete of the column.
cotg θ = 0.6 as for the previous case if the hardened concrete surface has a low
level of roughness.

The effective depth d of the corbel (figures 63.1 and 63.2) should meet the following
condition:
a
d≥ cotg θ
0,85

63.2.1.1 Dimensioning the reinforcement

The main reinforcement As (figure 63.2.1.1) should be dimensioned for a design tension
of:
T 1d = F vd tgθ + F hd = As f yd
2
with fyd Ý 400 N/mm (40.2).
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 Figure 63.2.1.1

Horizontal stirrups (Ase) should be evenly distributed in order to resist a total stress of:
T 2d = 0,20 F vd = Ase f yd
with fyd Ý 400 N/mm2 (40.2).

63.2.1.2 Verifying nodes and struts

Where the geometric conditions described in 63.2.1 are met, it is sufficient to verify the
compression at the support (node 1, figure 63.2).
F vd ≤
f 1cd
bc
where:

b, c Support plan dimensions.

f1cd Concrete strength for bi-axial compression states.
f 1cd = 0,70 f cd

COMMENTS

The expression given in the article is only valid if Fhd ≤ 0.15 Fvd. If this is not the case, then the node
should be verified using the general method as described in Articles 24 and 40.

63.2.1.3 Reinforcement anchorage

Both the main reinforcement and the secondary reinforcement should be suitably
anchored at the end of the corbel.

63.3 Suspended loads

If a corbel is subjected to a suspended load by means of a beam (figure 63.3.a),

various strut-and-tie systems should be studied, in accordance with Articles 24 and 40.

In all cases, horizontal reinforcement should be distributed close to the upper face of
the corbel.

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COMMENTS

The case of corbels subjected to suspended loads may be approached by means of the following
simplified manner:

It is assumed that a load fraction of Fvd equal to 0,5Fvd is acting as if applied to the upper part of the
cantilever. Another load fraction Fvd equal to 0,6Fvd, is assumed to be acting on the lower part of the cantilever.
A model of the type described in fFigure 63.3.b is employed to calculate the required reinforcement.

In all cases, secondary reinforcement should be distributed as described in 63.2.1.1.3, together with
the suspended vertical reinforcement that is necessary to guarantee transmission of load 0.5Fvd to the upper
part of the cantilever.

The values of 0.5 and 0.6 defined for the load fraction operating on the upper and lower parts, are
approximate values.

Figure 63.3.c shows one possible reinforcement distribution.

Figure 63.3.a

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 Figure 63.3.b

Figure 63.3.c

Article 64 Members subjected to bursting forces

In those elements where a change in the direction of the forces occurs because of the
geometry of the element, transverse tensile stresses may appear that must be resisted by
reinforcement, in order to prevent failure of the cover (see figure 64).

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Figure 64

The binding reinforcement may be designed in general terms based on the indications
described in Articles 24 and 40.

XII - 48