e ST-VIVEKANAND sesessoeg) OD Me LADPUR DELHI -110081 CHEMISTRY PROJECT DETERMINING THE HARDNESS OF WATER IN DRINKING WATER NAME - LOVE SAINI CLASS - XIIC ROLLNO. -CERTIFICATE This is to certify that student of Class XII of has completed the Investigatory Project on topic Under the guidance of. Subject teacher). This project is absolutely genuine and does not contain of any plagiarized materials. The references taken in this project have been declared at the end of th is report. SIGNATURE(PRINCIPAL) SIGNATURE (SUBJECT TEACHER) SIGNATURE (EXAMINER)ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | would like to thank my chemistry teacher, Mr/Mrs for guiding me throughout this project work. | should also thank our lab assistant who helped me to line up the project and helped me with practical work. A special acknowledgement goes to our principal (name of principle) who gave me the golden opportunity of this wonderful project, which also helped me in doing a lot of research and | came to know about so many now things. | wish to thank my parents as well for their support and encouragement without which | could not have completed this project in the limited time frame. In the end, | want to thank my friends who displayed appreciation for my work and motivated me to continue my work.Determinination of Total Hardness in Drinking WaterWhat is Water Hardness? ES een cy Doe rene eee aera, Ni Dey Pee Te) Tca > Hard Water vs Soft Water = HARD WATER high mineral content Cae*, Mg?* mineral water \ high pH water SOFT WATER low mineral content sometimes Na* reverse osmosis water, isTemporary vs Permanent Hardness of Water DEFINITION CAUSATIVE AGENT REMOVAL THROUGH BOILING OTHER REMOVAL METHODS BCU terol leg Als Alans) e-ls'm acetal) occurs due to the presence of calcium hydregencarbonate and magnesium hydrogencarbonate Carbonates and bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium fac lee lal cegor- aM et -R LI iC lasleh lo Ral anal acy boiled er Ter er, Peer Water Permanent hardness Feel Baek chlor magnesium and fer] Csi16 laa) Sulfates or chlorides of calcium and magnesium Hardness cannot be removed by boiling Using water softeners or using ion-exchange columnsTest Methods Eee Tee ee es Bea Bet) The titration method is based on the use of a Ca, fentration eee eff Se eTis eee ae Pere mae ees to Cee See Seer Ce a See ad nation of a metal ion with a complexing eee ts ea eee eee Soe eeeCalculation of Total Hardness Deeg an b Tt Pe ad Beer ae Te Se Uae eee Des Ded Dad eee ay Set Cee CTs Ser Cea) Cee a See OE a color change of the indicator. Se Cee eT ey titration process with an Cee EC TOES Ti Ey Crue cs Se eens ee eae Deen Deus coer Fe Coe! Senne Rn rere ce content, and One a, effec rorImplications on Health Drinking hard water can result in complications such as kidney stones, dry skin, and brittle hair It can also See ae ed Cer Pur Ld Pee oe CeeRecommendations for Water Treatment Reducing the hardness of water can help get rd of unwanted signs such as scaly buildup and mab Te ple and atford: cin Pci ane ae Seer uEY Tian De ety Se ee etsBenefits of Water Softening The benefits of water softening are many and range from impxoved skin and hair to extending the life of SCE Ee eg Cae Ca ees ee ee STC Ee Cg ue uy ee ec CR e ea CeCe ee ie Pete ea eer eee eae eo a era Rene eee Case Ce deposits on surfaces, including olassware, geConclusion sting and treating hard water is essential for maintaining good h eee ee a heey ble for testing hardness and the treatment options avaliable to reduc eo SC nae taneyBIBLIOGRAPHY www.google.com 2. http:/ /en.wikipedia.or: 3 N.C.E.R.T Class 12 Chemistry 4 Dinesh Chemistry 5 Comprehensive Chemistry