NOTE MAKING

Q1. Golden lion tamarins are among the most endangered animals on earth. They have fur which
ranges in colour from reddish orange to golden brown. They are the smallest monkeys in the world,
and they weigh only half a kilogram. The species is named after lions because of the ring of fur
around their faces. Their natural habitat is the Atlantic forest in Brazil.

Sadly, it is unusual to see a golden lion tamarin nowadays. They move quickly through the forest, and
there are very few of them left because they are hunted for the pet trade. Victor Wilkins, wildlife
adviser, says, “They suffer terribly if they are caught and put into small cages.” In addition, the rapid
expansion in the human population has resulted in the need for more land to grow crops. Mr. Wilkins
adds, “This has had a terrible effect on their numbers. There were tens of thousands of golden lion
tamarins in the past, but their numbers dropped to hundreds about thirty years ago.”

Golden lion tamarins live in close family groups. In the 1970s, the Brazilian primatologist, Eduardo
Figueiro, realised what was happening to this rare species, and began trying to save them. He says, “It
is so important to preserve and protect this species, which evolved more than 20 million years ago.
Each group of these delightful creatures needs a living space of about two square kilometres of dense
forest. Deforestation has led to the animals being separated from each other and living in isolated
groups of trees. The problem is that the monkeys cannot travel without tree cover, so our first task has
been to plant trees in order to connect these groups. In this way, the monkeys can meet and socialise
with each other.”

Meanwhile, zoos all over the world have begun breeding programmes, which have had some success.
The monkeys have become one of the few primates to be successfully returned to their native home in
the forest, where they live on fruit, flowers and insects. In 2002, the Brazilian government established
new areas of forest as protected reserves. Special patrols have been organised in these reserves to
prevent hunting and forest fires. The danger is that just one fire could destroy the entire population of
golden lion tamarins.

As a result of these actions, the number of golden lion tamarins in the Atlantic forest has grown to
about 1500. There are also another 450 living in zoos throughout the world. Here they can be seen in
close family groups, with the male taking much of the responsibility for the young.

Primatologists are hoping to build on the success that has already been achieved. Some progress has
been made to save the golden lion tamarins, but the future is still uncertain and the species remains
critically endangered. Zoos will continue to work to maintain a stable population of golden lion
tamarins. Introducing them to other parts of the world is not possible because their natural habitat is
the Atlantic forest. Experts hope to increase the population living in the forest to 10000, and this will
help to ensure the survival of this endangered species.

(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes using headings and sub-
headings. Use recognizable abbreviations, whenever necessary (minimum 4). Use a
format you consider suitable. Also supply an appropriate title to it.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words.
Q2. Many people around the world take it for granted that they can simply turn on a tap and get a
glass of clean, fresh water to drink. These people have probably never even considered life without
this basic necessity. However, it is incredible to realize that approximately 748 million people
nowadays still do not have safe drinking water – that is almost one in ten of the world’s population.
These people desperately need easy access to clean water, as it would allow them to take the first
steps out of poverty. With a safe water supply, a child who used to spend four hours a day walking to
fetch water now has time to go to school and get an education. Clean water is also vital because it
means that fewer people suffer diseases.

Water Aid is a charity which is working to improve the lives of some of the people who lack safe
water. Up to now, it has helped over 19 million people, in a wide variety of ways. In some rural
communities, volunteers have worked with villagers to dig wells, often by hand, to give them access
to clean water. In other places, pipes have been laid to carry fresh water from higher ground to taps
that are situated near people’s homes. Where technology is involved, for example if a pump has been
installed to bring water up to the surface from below ground, Water Aid has taught locals how to
mend the pump if it breaks. This means that a safe water supply is available again much more quickly,
and also that communities do not have to rely on skilled technicians who can charge high fees and
may take several days to arrive at the rural location. These local, well-trained pump mechanics also
carry out routine checks and maintenance, and records now show an increase in the number of wells
which provide people with a regular supply of water. Many sets of tool boxes have also been given
out so that the local mechanics have the equipment they need to carry out maintenance and repairs
effectively.

Of course, all this work and equipment requires a huge amount of financial support. Many people
make regular donations to Water Aid, which means that the charity is able to plan ahead with some
confidence. Even donating a small amount of money each month makes a big difference. Supporters
are then kept up to date on the progress of current projects through emails and newsletters. The
charity also arranges a variety of events to raise funds. Examples include marathons, expeditions,
concerts and even cake sales – the list is endless. People can take part in an event that is set up and
promoted by the charity itself, or they can get in touch with the charity and organize their own event.
Water Aid also receives money from governments, organizations and companies around the world
that are committed to improving access to safe water. The organizations range from banks to clothing
manufacturers, and all of these are essential to Water Aid’s work and are an important part of the
solution to the world’s water crisis.
The fourth biggest island in the world, Madagascar, is less known for its lack of clean water and
decent toilets. The Government has been making plans to reach people with these essentials – but
local governments and businesses lack the power or funding to move forward. Meanwhile, climate
change is making water resources harder to protect than ever before. Our work helps the country’s
poorest people unlock their potential with clean water, toilets and hygiene.

(a) On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, make notes on it using
headings and sub-headings. Use recognizable abbreviations (wherever necessary —
minimum four) and a format you consider suitable.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words.

Q3. 1. There are so many things we humans tend to hold back on. We repress a lot of our emotions,
whether they are considered ‘good’ or ‘bad’ ones.

2. Sometimes we hold back on expressing our love for fear of being misunderstood, or perhaps
thinking the timing is not ‘right’. Most commonly, we have been taught to hold back on our
‘negative’ emotions fear, anger, sorrow, pain, etc.
3. As a child, I was often told to squelch those emotions that demonstrated ‘weakness’, I held back my
tears in order to appear strong. I repressed my anger to be a ‘good girl’ or a ‘good boy’ and ‘loving’.

4. Yet, I now realize that holding back anger or any other emotion affects negatively the person who
is holding back. The anger I refused to let out stayed locked up inside fermented, and gave rise to all
kinds of poison. Frustrations and anger were withheld, only to explode when I’d ‘had enough’. This
anger later had to be released through only to explode when I’d ‘had enough’. This anger later had to
be released through illness, situations where the anger was unleashed at someone or something else
(or at myself), or through therapy.

5. What happens when you feel anger (consciously or sub-consciously) but want to hide it? Whatever
we hold back becomes a part of us and gets stored in our body as a tangible manifestation in the form
of headaches, tension, pain, illness, ulcers, cancer, arthritis, back pain, and many other physical
ailments.

6. Of course, we feel that by holding back on expressing our anger we are doing the ‘right’ thing and
not hurting anyone. Yet, little do we know, the other person may need to hear what we have to say,
just as much as we need to express it.

7. Of course, we need to learn how to express our anger or discontent without ‘dumping’ on the other.
We can express ourselves without destroying the other person’s sense of self-worth or attacking them
emotionally, verbally, or physically.

8. Expressing our deepest feelings also applies to expressing feelings of love and appreciation. How
many times have we felt gratefulness towards another being, sometimes just for their presence in our
life, and failed to express it? That person may really need to hear your words of praise to give them a
boost in their own self-esteem. May be they are unaware of what you so clearly see in them.

9. I have found that at times when I expressed feelings of gratitude and love to others, they were
surprised at the way I saw them. Never assume that the other person knows how much you appreciate
them. If you think it and feel it, then say it.

10. Our rational mind has been well trained to dissect and analyze. It likes to hold back on acting
instinctively and instead question scientifically what the ‘right’ action to take is. So, we’ve held our
true selves back, and not expressed that inner inspiration to laugh, cry, scream, give a hug, or say a
kind word when our first feeling guided us to do so.

11. Whatever first thought or feeling comes to you is your intuition, or in other words, your divine
inspiration. Any other thoughts that follow, i.e. ‘maybe I shouldn’t say that’, etc., are only your mind
(ego) doubting and questioning, afraid of making a ‘mistake’.

12. The best thing to do is to follow your first instinct, your inner guidance, which comes as the first
feeling or thought. That is your ‘God-self.’ The universal power of Love guides us towards happiness,
and that is why our first instinct is always the one that will bring us true happiness and inner peace.

13. We can choose to let go of the fear of being wrong, or appearing ridiculous, etc., and act on our
feelings. Be true to yourself. Holding back is only postponing the truth and can harm the other as well
as ourselves. Holding back is postponing the freedom to be who we really are loving, truthful children
who desire to be happy and free from negativity.

14. Let go! Express your truth today! You and your world will be better for it. - (Anita Desai)
 (a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes using headings and
sub-headings. Use recognizable abbreviations, whenever necessary (minimum 4). Use a
format you consider suitable. Also supply an appropriate title to it.

So, to learn to look at everything in a positive way, you have to break free from your negative
Q4. Winning is a habit of real life achievers, and so is positive thinking. You cannot be a winner in
the true sense, be both successful and happy, lead a purposeful life, realize your goal and contribute to
your society unless you are a positive thinker. And you cannot be a positive thinker unless you are a
positive person who believes in basic goodness, are sensitive to your own needs and desires as well as
the needs of other people around you. Positive thinking leads you to a healthy attitude to life that
makes you independent, courageous and cooperative. These qualities are essential for a purposeful,
meaningful and rewarding existence.

Positive thinking is very often thought to be the ability to focus on what is right and ignoring what is
wrong or unpleasant, to be able to turn a blind eye to what is disagreeable and disturbing. But this is
not positive thinking is all about. It does not tell us to close our eyes to reality and stay where we are,
resign to fate and not strive for more or better, not to make an effort at the risk of failure. It does not
tell us to run away from anything, however unpleasant or difficult it may be. The edifice of positive
thinking rests on the power of your inner self, your motivation and preparedness to change, your
determination and hard work, your ability to learn and improve. It will depend on your ability to step
out of your inertia and move ahead, your ability to handle failure and setbacks, your ability to learn
from your mistakes and move ahead.

Positive thinking can make reaching your goal easier and more enjoyable. It gives you the strength to
face adversities and failure with courage and bounce back, as a stronger and more confident person. It
is your best gift and the most powerful tool. It helps you to live your life to the fullest. However
simple positive thinking may sound and however easy it may appear to be, statistics show that only
about five percent of people are able to think positive and become super achievers. These are the
people who work harder and better than others and earn and control fifty percent of the world’s
resources.
conditioning and move ahead. You can change the way you perceive, interpret and think. You know
that you can change, when you want to change and you will want to change only when you
acknowledge that there is a mistake and you need to set it right. Change can be brought about, not
without your active participation and your will.

(a) On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, make notes on it using headings and
sub-headings. Use recognizable abbreviations (wherever necessary — minimum four) and a
format you consider suitable.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words

Q5. Occasional self-medication has always been part of normal living. The making and selling of
drugs has a long history and is closely linked, like medical practice itself, with belief in magic. Only
during the last hundred years or so, as the development of scientific techniques made it possible
diagnosis has become possible. The doctor is now able to follow up the correct diagnosis of many
illnesses-with specific treatment of their causes. In many other illnesses of which the causes remain
unknown, he is still limited, like the unqualified prescriber, to the treatment of symptoms. The doctor
is trained to decide when to treat symptoms only and when to attack the cause. This is the essential
difference between medical prescribing and self-medication.
The advance of technology has brought about much progress in some fields of medicine, including the
development of scientific drug therapy. In many countries public health organization is improving and
people’s nutritional standards have risen. Parallel with such beneficial trends are two which have an
adverse effect. One is the use of high pressure advertising by the pharmaceutical industry which has
tended to influence both patients and doctors and has led to the overuse of drugs generally. The other
is emergence of eating, insufficient sleep, excessive smoking and drinking. People with disorders
arising from faulty habits such as these , as well as well from unhappy human relationships , often
resort to self –medication and so add the taking of pharmaceuticals to the list . Advertisers go to great
lengths to catch this market.

Clever advertising, aimed at chronic suffers who will try anything because doctors have not been able
to cure them, can induce such faith in a preparation, particularly if steeply priced, that it will produce-
by suggestion-a very real effect in some people. Advertisements are also aimed at people suffering
from mild complaints such as simple cold and coughs which clear up by themselves within a short
time.

These are the main reasons, why laxatives, indigestion-remedies, painkillers, cough-mixtures, tonics,
vitamin and iron tablets, nose drops, ointments and many other preparations are found in quantity in
many households. It is doubtful whether taking these things ever improves a person’s health, it may
even make it worse. Worse, because the preparation may contain unsuitable ingredients; worse
because the taker may become dependent on them; worse because they might be taken excess; worse
because they may cause poisoning, and worst of all because symptoms of some serious underlying
cause may be asked and therefore medical help may not be sought. Self-diagnosis is a greater danger
than self-medication.

(a) On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, make notes on it using headings and
sub-headings. Use recognizable abbreviations (wherever necessary — minimum four) and a
format you consider suitable.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words
(a) On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, make notes on it using headings and
sub-headings. Use recognizable abbreviations (wherever necessary — minimum four) and a
format you consider suitable.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words
Q7. There are two types of diabetes, insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent. 90-95% of the

Q6. Getting enough sleep is as important as taking time out to relax. A good night’s sleep is essential
for preserving the health of your brain and gives you the best chance to meet the coming day with a
razor sharp mind. An average person needs about six to eight hours sleep a night although it is also
true that you need slightly less than this. As you grow older, another advantage of aging stress and
sleep deprivation often feed on each other, since stress tends to make it harder for you to fall asleep at
night and sleep deprivation in itself causes stress.

Eventually, too little sleep can dramatically interfere with the performance of your memory –
something you obviously want to prevent. If you are not getting enough sleep, try going to bed 30 to
60 minutes earlier than your normal bedtime for a few days. Lie down on the bed and try to relax by
dissociating yourself from your daily routine work. This is normally enough to catch up on any sleep
deprivation.

If, however, you suffer from insomnia you should seek the advice of your doctor. The chances are it is
already affecting your ability to remember and recall information – and if you are struggling to
improve your memory scores, this could be at the root of your problem. Prolonged periods of
insufficient sleep can deplete your immune system, make you more accident-prone and even cause
depression – this can also reinforce a more negative outlook on life, which can contribute to your
stress burden. The good news is that your memory and mood should automatically improve once you
improve your sleep patterns. If you tackle your sleep issues, everything else would fall into place.

Because stress management is so essential to maximize your brainpower, if you are not in the habit of
setting aside time to relax, make it a priority to do so. Even a minute or two of deep breathing can
start to work wonders. Often the best ideas and memories can come to you when you are in a state of
relaxation as it is during these moments that your brain stores, processes and plays with the
information it has received.

Meditation has long been part of religious and spiritual life, especially in Asia. Today, more and more
people are adopting it in Western countries also, for its value in developing peace of mind and
lowering stress. There is some evidence that regular meditation can have real sleep gain and health
benefits particularly in terms of protecting your brain against aging.
estimated 13-14 million people in the United States with diabetes have non-insulin dependent, or type
II diabetes. Because this type of diabetes usually begins in adults over the age of 40 and is most
common after the age of 55, it used to be called adult onset diabetes, its symptoms often develop
gradually and are hard to identify at first; therefore nearly half of all the people with diabetes do not
know it.
Most importantly, both types affect the body’s ability to use digested food for energy. Diabetes does
not interfere with digestion, but it does prevent the body from using an important product of digestion,
glucose, for energy. After a meal, the normal digestive system breaks some food down into glucose.
The blood carries the glucose or sugar throughout the body, causing blood glucose levels to rise
In both types of diabetes, the normal function of glands is affected. A gland called pancreas makes
insulin. In people with insulin-dependent diabetes, the pancreas does not produce insulin at all. People
with non-insulin dependent diabetes usually produce some insulin in their pancreas but their body
tissues do not metabolize the glucose property, a condition known as insulin resistance
There’s no cure for diabetes yet. However, there are ways to get relief from its symptoms. Foods that
are rich in carbohydrates break down into glucose during digestion, causing blood glucose to rise.
Also studies have shown that cooked foods raise blood glucose higher than raw, unpeeled foods. So
we should eat such uncooked whole grain foods

(a) On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, make notes on it using headings and
sub-headings. Use recognizable abbreviations (wherever necessary — minimum four) and a
format you consider suitable.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words