Ch_01

WARNING

Students are responsible from all the

subjects discussed in the lectures as well
as in the corresponding chapters of the
textbook, some of which are not covered
in the following slides.

The Finite Element Method

Cihan Tekoğlu

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Computer Applications Super-fast, easy to use and

free, the Ubuntu operating
system powers millions of
desktops, netbooks and
servers around the world. It
comes with thousands of
free apps.

LaTeX is a high-quality typesetting system; it

includes features designed for the production of
technical and scientific documentation. LaTeX
is the de facto standard for the communication
and publication of scientific documents. LaTeX
is available as free software.

Command-line driven graph plotting:

OR… “Gnuplot”

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Maxima, a Computer Algebra System

Octave, a high-level interpreted language, primarily intended for

numerical computations

Computer Applications for FEM

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Salome-Meca:
The Salome-Meca
platform is a free
software with
integrated pre-
processing (CAD and
mesh), finite element
analysis and post-
processing facilities.

Matrix Algebra
Matrix Calculus

You are reponsible from:

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Motivation
System of linear equations:

l For example
2 x1 + 3 x2 = 5
x1 - 2 x2 = -1
l In matrix form

é2 3 ù é x1 ù é 5 ù
ê1 - 2ú ê x ú = ê- 1ú (Ax = y)
ë ûë 2 û ë û

Matrices
• A matrix is a rectangular or square array of
values arranged in rows and columns.
• An m × n matrix A, has m rows and n columns,
and has a general form of

éa11 a12 ¼ a1n ù

êa a ¼ a ú
=ê
21 22 2n ú
Am´n
ê ¼¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ ú
ê ú
ë m1 m 2
a a ¼ a mn û m´ n

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Example of matrices

Scalars
• A single number such as 2.4 or −6 is called a
scalar.

• The elements of a matrix are usually scalars,

although a matrix can be expressed as a matrix of
smaller matrices.

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Vectors
• A vector is a matrix with only one column (a
column vector) or only one row (a row vector).

Properties of Vector Arithmetic

• If u, v and w are vectors
in 2- or 3-space and k
and l are scalars:1111

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Norm and Length of a Vector

• The norm of a real vector:

• The length of a real vector:

Square Matrix
• Same number of rows and columns

é 5 4 7ù
B = ê3 6 1 ú
êë2 1 3 úû

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Null Matrix
• All components are zero

é0 0 ù
C = êê0 0 úú
êë0 0 úû

Identity Matrix
• Square matrix with ones on the diagonal and
zeros elsewhere.

é1 0 0 0ù
ê0 1 0 0ú
I = ê
0 0 1 0ú
ê0 1úû
ë 0 0

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Transpose Matrix
• Rows become columns and columns become
row

Symmetric Matrix

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Skew-Symmetric Matrix
• Square matrices for which aij = −aji are called
antisymmetric or skew-symmetric. The diagonal
entries of an antisymmetric matrix must be zero.

Matrix Addition and Subtraction

• A new matrix C may be defined as the additive
combination of matrices A and B, where C =
A + B is defined by:

{Cij} = {Aij} + {Bij}

Note: all three matrices are of the same dimension

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Matrix Addition Example

é3 4ù é1 2 ù é4 6 ù
A+B=ê ú +ê ú=ê ú =C
ë5 6û ë3 4û ë8 10û

Matrix Multiplication

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Properties of
Matrix Multiplication

5. (AB)T = BT AT

•AB = 0 NOT necessarily imply A = 0 or B = 0

•AB = AC NOT necessarily imply B = C

Matrix Determinants
§ A Determinant is a real number associated
with a matrix. Only SQUARE matrices
have a determinant.
§ The symbol for a determinant can be the
phrase “det” in front of a matrix variable,
det(A); or vertical bars around
a matrix, |A| or 3 -1 .
2 4

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Matrix Determinants
• To find the determinant of a 2 x 2 matrix,
multiply diagonal #1 and subtract the product of
diagonal #2.

Diagonal 2 = -2
3 -1
= 12 - (-2) = 14
2 4
Diagonal 1 = 12

Matrix Determinants
• To find the determinant of a 3 x 3 matrix, first
recopy the first two columns. Then do 6 diagonal
products.

18 60 16
5 2 6 5 2
2 -1 4 2 -1 = -8 - 94 = -102
-3 3 4 -3 3
-20 -24 36

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Solution of System of (3) Linear

Equations (Cramer’s Rule)
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 ... (i)
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2 ... (ii)
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d3 ... (iii)
D1 D2 D3
Then x = , y= , z= provided D ¹ 0,
D D D
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1
where D = a2 b2 c2 , D1 = d2 b2 c2 , D2 = a2 d2 c2
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3 a3 d3 c3

a1 b1 d1
and D3 = a2 b2 d2
a3 b3 d3

Cramer’s Rule (Cont’d)

(1) If D ¹ 0, then the system is consistent and has a
unique solution.
(2) If D=0 and D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the system has
infinite solutions or no solution.
(3) If D = 0 and one of D1, D2, D3 ¹ 0, then the system
is inconsistent and has no solution.
(4) If d1 = d2 = d3 = 0, then the system is called a system
of homogeneous linear equations:
(i) If D ¹ 0, then the system has only trivial
solution x = y = z = 0.
(ii) If D = 0, then the system has infinite solutions.

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Rank of a Matrix
• The rank of a matrix A, written as r(A), is the
maximum number of linearly independent row
vectors of a matrix A.

1 2 3
A = 2 4 6 r(A) = 2
7 8 9

Rank in terms of Column Vectors

• The rank of a matrix A equals the maximum
number of linearly independent column vector
of A.

A and its transpose AT have the

same rank.

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Singular Matrix

Properties of Rank of a Matrix

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Matrix Inverses

Matrix Inverses (Cont’d)

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Adjugate or Adjoint

Example: Matrix Inverse

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Example: Matrix Inverse (Cont’d)

Example: Matrix Inverse (Cont’d)

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Properties of Matrix Inverse

Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors

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Eigenvalues

Eigenvectors

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The Derivatives of Vector

Functions
• Let x and y be vectors of orders n and m
respectively:

where each component yi may be a function of all

the xj , a fact represented by saying that y is a
function of x, or

Derivative of Vector with Respect

to Vector
The derivative of the vector y with respect to
vector x is the n × m matrix

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Derivative of a Scalar with

Respect to Vector
• If y is a scalar

Derivative of Vector with Respect to Scalar:

The Chain Rule for Vector

Functions
• Let

where z is a function of y, which is in turn a

function of x, we can write

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The Chain Rule for Vector

Functions (Cont’d)
Then:

The Chain Rule for Vector

Functions (Cont’d)
On transposing both sides, we finally obtain

This is the chain rule for vectors (different from

the conventional chain rule of calculus, the chain
of matrices builds toward the left)

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