key Points a Introduction to Covalent Bonding nonmetal

Atomic Orbital
CB e sharing nonmetals ·Principle element in organic compounds carbon
:

, ,

AO overlap MO Covalent Bonding Ex He

.
:

2( H 151)
, Is
.

is

sphere dumbbell
:

A0 : s p sharing of electrons between atoms HH

Molecular orbital
MO : 0 head-on
Px , Py ,
P2

· Occurs in nonmetals &Dash or hyphen= No longer occupy Is

covalent bond orbitals

S, Px , hybrid single bonds ·Atomic orbitals overlap to form molecular orbitals

lateral

Porientedalong Ya See
i
Py P2
,
Review of Atomic Orbitals

Multiple bonds :

Io rest are it sorbital

:

spherical He
>
,

IS IS
.

Hybridization forming degenerate dumbbell &o R oriented along I-axis

porbital
:
:
·

orbitals from AO S Orbitals

nonequivalent Molecular Orbits or Bonds .

Based on symmetry
Ground state excited State (C)
, ,
Sigma (0) and orientation in space Px Orbitals = At :

hybrid state Result of head-on overlap of atomic orbitals &G

Hybrid orbitals ·

spic tetrahedral 109 5 ·Pi (i) -

Node region in space
Py Orbitals
:

,
.

Result of lateral overlap of atomic orbitals where there is zero probability of finding an electron
·
All single bonds are sigma bonds P Orbitals
=
10

In multiple bonds ,
one is always sigma ,
and the rest are pi bonds C C

b Hybridization of Carbon , Oxygen ,

and Nitrogen 2π

Mixing of 2 or more nonequivalent atomic orbitals to form a new set of equivalent

or degenerate orbitals
189 50
.
sp3

Refers to energy of the orbitals

Hybridization of Carbon H4 covalent bonds

sp3

Sp3s p p p C C Is 2s2p2 4 valence electrons

·
+ + +

Ex Methane CH4 H H Outermost shell and p sublevels

H
.

-
Ground state electron distribution in the valence shell : I
2p
25
Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity Electron
:
Distribute electrons one by one

pairing in p , d , and f orbitals cannot occur until each orbital of a

given subshell contains I electron

11 &
each ↓
24
25
Atom needs 4 unpaired electrons but there are only 2

Excitation electron from Is jumps to higher Ip orbital

stage one
:

↑ ** Y
*

Hybridization stage :
ones , threep orbitals

H sp
These 4 hybridized orbitals will then be used by C to

C CHbond resulted from form 4 covalent bonds with 4 Hatoms

H H
H overlap of spC-sH

Hybrid Orbital of Catom

Geometry around any spohybridized Catom tetrahedral :