CS22311 – DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY

EX.NO : 1
DATE :

CREATION OF A DATABASE AND WRITING SQL QUERIES TO RETRIEVE

INFORMATION FROM THE DATABASE

AIM:
To execute the various Data Definition Language commands in RDBMS.

DATABASE:

1. Creation of database

Syntax: create database dbname;

Query: create database cs22187;

2. To list the databases

Query: show databases;

Output:
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| cs22187 |
| test |
+--------------------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

3. Using of database

Syntax: use dbname;

Query: use cs22187;

Output:
Database changed

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 1

4. Deleting database

Query: drop dbname;

TABLES:

5. Creation of table

Syntax: create table tbname(colname attribute_type(size), colname2

attribute_type(size),…);

Query: create table student (rno int(3),name varchar(10));

Output: Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)

6. To list tables in database

Query: show tables;

Output:
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_cs22187 |
+-------------------+
| Employee |
| student |
| student1 |
+-------------------+

7. To describe the table

Syntax: desc tbname;

Query: desc student;

Output:
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| rno | int(3) | YES | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 2

8. Add field to the table
Syntax: alter table tbname add colname attribute_type(size);

Query: alter table student add dept varchar(10);

Output:
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| rno | int(3) | YES | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| dept | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

9. Add field to a particular position

Syntax: alter table tbname add colname attribute_type(size) after existing_abname;

Query: alter table student add gpa float after name;

Output:
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| rno | int(3) | YES | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| gpa | float | YES | | NULL | |
| dept | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
10. To rename a table
Syntax: alter table tbname rename new_name;

Query: alter table student rename student2;

Output:
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_cs22187 |
+-------------------+
| Employee |
| student1 |
| student2 |
+-------------------+

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 3

11. To change the attribute name in a table
Syntax: alter table tbname change oldattname newattname attribute_type(size);

Query: alter table student1 change dept department varchar(30);

Output:
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| rno | int(3) | YES | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| grade | float | YES | | NULL | |
| department | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

12. Delete an attribute

Syntax: alter table tbname drop attribute_name;

Query: alter table student drop phno;

Output:
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| s_regno | int(5) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| s_name | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| deptname | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| dob | date | YES | | NULL | |
| address | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| cgpa | float(5,2) | YES | | NULL | |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
13. To delete a table
Syntax: drop tbname;

Query: drop table course;

Output:
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_cs22187 |
+-------------------+
| department |
| student |
+-------------------+
2 rows in set (0.02 sec)

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 4

14. Truncate table
Syntax: truncate table tbname;

Query: truncate table department;

Output:
Empty set (0.00 sec)

CONSTRAINTS:

15. Primary key:

Syntax:
• alter table tbname add constraint primary key(attrib_name);
• create table tbname (attrib_name type(size) primary key);

Query: alter table student1 add constraint primary key(rno);

Output:
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| rno | int(3) | NO | PRI | 0 | |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| grade | float | YES | | NULL | |
| department | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
16. Foreign key
Syntax:
• alter table tbname1 add constraint foreign key(attrib_name1) references
tbname2(attrib_name2)
• create table tbname (attribname1 type(size) foreign key reference
tbname2(attribname2));
Query: alter table Employee add constraint foreign key (Empno) references
student1(rno);
Output:
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Empno | int(5) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
| Empname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| Empsalary | float | YES | | NULL | |
| Empdob | date | YES | | NULL | |
| Empphno | int(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| Empemailid | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| Empaddress | varchar(25) | YES | | NULL | |
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 5

17. UNIQUE
Syntax:
• alter table tbname add constraint UNIQUE(attribname);
• create table tbname(attribname type(size) UNIQUE);

Query: alter table student1 add constraint UNIQUE(name);

Output:
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| rno | int(3) | NO | PRI | 0 | |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
| grade | float | YES | | NULL | |
| department | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

RESULT:
The required data description language commands were executed and the output
was obtained successfully.

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 6

 CS22311 – DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY
EX.NO : 1.2
DATE :
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML) COMMANDS IN RDBMS

AIM:
To execute and verify the DML commands are the most frequently used SQL
commands and is used to query and manipulate the existing database objects.

1. Insert values in a relation

Syntax: insert into tbname values(a,b,c),(d,e,f);

Query: insert into emp values (1,"Ram",2000,"Accounts"),

(2,"Jaanu",5000,"Accounts"), (3,"Lamar",7000,"Engineering") ,
(4,"Alan",6000,"Hist") , (5,"Wasim",6000,"Accounts");

Output:
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 5
Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

2. To display all the values

Syntax: select * from tbname;

Query: select * from emp;

Output:
| +-------+---------+--------+---------+ |
| | empid | empname | empsal | empdept | |
| +-------+---------+--------+---------+ |
| 1 | Ram | 2000 | Accounts |
| 2 |Jaanu | 5000 | Accounts |
| 3 |Lamar | 7000 |Engineering |
| 4 |Alan | | 6000 | Hist |
| 5 |Wasim | 6000 | Accounts |
| +-------+---------+--------+---------+ |
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3. To update the values based on condition

Syntax: update tbname set attribute=value where condition ;

Query: update emp set empname="Sean" where empid=3;

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 7

 Output:
select * from emp;
| +-------+---------+--------+---------+ |
| | empid | empname | empsal | empdept | |
| +-------+---------+--------+---------+ |
| 1 | Ram | 2000 | Accounts |
| 2 |Jaanu | 5000 | Accounts |
| 3 |Sean | 7000 |Engineering |
| 4 |Alan | | 6000 | Hist |
| 5 |Wasim | 6000 | Accounts |
| +-------+---------+--------+---------+ |
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4. To select a particular attribute from the table and display

Syntax: select attribname from tbname;

Query: select empname from emp;

Output:
+---------+
| empname |
+---------+
| Ram |
| Jaanu |
| Sean |
| Alan |
| Wasim |
+---------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5. To display more attributes from table

Syntax: select attrib1,attrib2,… from tbname;

Query: select empname,empsal from emp;

Output:
| +-------+---------+-----+ |
| empname | empsal |
| +-------+---------+-----+ |
| Ram | 2000 |
| Jaanu | 5000 |
| Sean | 7000 |
| Alan | | 6000 |
| Wasim | 6000 |
| | +-------+---------+-----+ |
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 8

 6. To select distinct values from a table
Syntax: select distinct (attribname) from tbname;

Query: select distinct(empdept) from emp;

Output:
+---------+
| empdept |
+---------+
| Accounts |
| Engineering |
| Hist |
+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

7. To display records in ascending order

Syntax: select att1 from tbname order by att2;

Query: select empid,empname from emp order by empsal;

Output:
+-------+---------+
| empid | empname |
+-------+---------+
| 1 | Ram |
| 2 |Jaanu |
| 4 |Alan |
| 5 |Wasim |
| 3 |Sean |
+-------+---------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

8. To display records in descending order

Syntax: select att1 from tbname order by att2 desc;
Query: select empid,empname from emp order by empsal desc;
Output:
+-------+---------+
| empid | empname |
+-------+---------+
| 3 | Sean|
| 5 |Wasim |
| 4 |Alan |
| 2 |Jaanu |
| 1 |Ram |
+-------+---------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 9

 9. To select attributes with and/or condition
Syntax: select attribname from tbname where condition1 and/or condition2;

Query: select empname from emp where empsal=6000 and empdept="Hist";

Output:
+---------+
| empname |
+---------+
| Alan |
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Query: select empname from emp where empsal=6000 or empdept="Hist";

Output:
+---------+
| empname |
+---------+
| Alan |
| Wasim |
+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

10. Insert particular value

Syntax: insert into tbname (attribname) values (“xxx”);

Query: insert into emp(empname) values("Carl");

Output:
| +-------+---------+--------+---------+ |
| | empid | empname | empsal | empdept | |
| +-------+---------+--------+---------+ |
| 1 | Ram | 2000 | Accounts |
| 2 |Jaanu | 5000 | Accounts |
| 3 |Sean | 7000 |Engineering |
| 4 |Alan | | 6000 | Hist |
| 5 |Wasim | 6000 | Accounts |
| 0 |Carl | NULL | NULL |
| +-------+---------+--------+---------+ |
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 10

 11. Delete a record
Syntax: delete from tbname where condition;

Query: delete from emp where empname="Carl";

Output:
| +-------+---------+--------+---------+ |
| | empid | empname | empsal | empdept | |
| +-------+---------+--------+---------+ |
| 1 | Ram | 2000 | Accounts |
| 2 |Jaanu | 5000 | Accounts |
| 3 |Sean | 7000 |Engineering |
| 4 |Alan | | 6000 | Hist |
| 5 |Wasim | 6000 | Accounts |
| +-------+---------+--------+---------+ |
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

12. Delete a constraint

Syntax: alter table tbname drop primary key;

Query: alter table emp drop primary key;

Output:
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| empid | int(2) | NO | |0 | |
| empname | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| empsal | float | YES | | NULL | |
| empdept | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

RESULT:
The required data manipulation language commands were successfully executed.

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 11

 CS22311 – DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY
EX.NO : 2
DATE :
PERFORMING INSERTION, DELETION, MODIFYING, ALTERING,
UPDATING AND VIEWING RECORDS BASED ON CONDITIONS

AIM:
To performing insertion, deletion, modifying, altering, updating and viewing records
based on conditions.

1. CREATE TABLE
create table employee(empno int(10),ename varchar(20), job varchar(10),mgr int(10),
hiredate date, sal int(10),deptno int(10));
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 4 warnings (0.03 sec)
desc employee;
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| empno | int | YES | | NULL | |
| ename | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| job | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| mgr | int | YES | | NULL | |
| hiredate | date | YES | | NULL | |
| sal | int | YES | | NULL | |
| deptno | int | YES | | NULL | |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2. INSERT VALUES
insert into employee values
(7370,"Allen","Salesman",5002,"1908-02-03",3000,300),
(7521,"Jones","Salesman",5003,"1980-03-13",5000,500),
(7566,"Dennis","Manager",5002,"1985-03-26",75000,200),
(7576,"Raja","Owner",5000,"1982-09-25",9000,900),
(7586,"Benny","COE",5001,"1984-03-30",8000,800),
(7499,"Henry","CEO",5005,"1987-03-30",50000,500);
Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 6 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 12

select* from employee;
+-------+-------+----------+------+------------+-------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | deptno |
+-------+-------+----------+------+------------+-------+--------+
| 7370 | Allen | Salesman | 5002 | 1908-02-03 | 3000 | 300 |
| 7521 | Jones | Salesman | 5003 | 1980-03-13 | 5000 | 500 |
| 7566 | Dennis | Manager | 5002 | 1985-03-26 | 75000 | 200 |
| 7576 | Raja | Owner | 5000 | 1982-09-25 | 9000 | 900 |
| 7586 | Benny | COE | 5001 | 1984-03-30 | 8000 | 800 |
| 7499 | Henry | CEO | 5005 | 1987-03-30 | 50000 | 500 |
+-------+-------+----------+------+------------+-------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3. BY USING SELECTED COLUMN

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee;

+-------+----------+-------+-------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
| 7370 | Salesman | Allen | 3000 |
| 7521 | Salesman | Jones | 5000 |
| 7566 | Manager | Dennis | 75000 |
| 7576 | Owner | Raja | 9000 |
| 7586 | COE | Benny | 8000 |
| 7499 | CEO | Henry | 50000 |
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where sal=5000;

+-------+----------+------+------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+----------+------+------+
| 7521 | Salesman | Jones | 5000 |
+-------+----------+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

4. BY USING BETWEEN / NOT / IN / NULL / LIKE

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where sal between 1000 and 30000;
+-------+----------+-------+------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+----------+-------+------+
| 7370 | Salesman | Allen | 3000 |
| 7521 | Salesman | Jones | 5000 |
| 7576 | Owner | Raja | 9000 |
| 7586 | COE | Benny | 8000 |
+-------+----------+-------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 13

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where sal not between 10000 and 30000;
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
| 7370 | Salesman | Allen | 3000 |
| 7521 | Salesman | Jones | 5000 |
| 7566 | Manager | Dennis | 75000 |
| 7576 | Owner | Raja | 9000 |
| 7586 | COE | Benny | 8000 |
| 7499 | CEO | Henry | 50000 |
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where sal in (1000.5,75000);

+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| 7566 | Manager | Dennis | 75000 |
+-------+---------+-------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where sal not in (1000.5,75000);

+-------+----------+-------+-------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
| 7370 | Salesman | Allen | 3000 |
| 7521 | Salesman | Jones | 5000 |
| 7576 | Owner | Raja | 9000 |
| 7586 | COE | Benny | 8000 |
| 7499 | CEO | Henry | 50000 |
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where sal is null;

empty set (0.00 sec)

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where sal is not null;

+-------+----------+-------+-------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
| 7370 | Salesman | Allen | 3000 |
| 7521 | Salesman | Jones | 5000 |
| 7566 | Manager | Dennis | 75000 |
| 7576 | Owner | Raja | 9000 |
| 7586 | COE | Benny | 8000 |
| 7499 | CEO | Henry | 50000 |
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 14
select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where sal like 75000;
+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| 7566 | Manager | Dennis | 75000 |
+-------+---------+-------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where job like 's%';

+-------+----------+-------+------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+----------+-------+------+
| 7370 | Salesman | Allen | 3000 |
| 7521 | Salesman | Jones | 5000 |
+-------+----------+-------+------+
2 rows in set (0.04 sec)

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where job like '%r';

+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| 7566 | Manager | Dennis | 75000 |
| 7576 | Owner | Raja | 9000 |
+-------+---------+-------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where job like '%r%';

+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| 7566 | Manager | Dennis | 75000 |
| 7576 | Owner | Raja | 9000 |
+-------+---------+-------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where job like '%a%';

+-------+----------+-------+-------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
| 7370 | Salesman | Allen | 3000 |
| 7521 | Salesman | Jones | 5000 |
| 7566 | Manager | Dennis | 75000 |
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 15

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where job like '%le%';
+-------+----------+-------+------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+----------+-------+------+
| 7370 | Salesman | Allen | 3000 |
| 7521 | Salesman | Jones | 5000 |
+-------+----------+-------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where job like '%e%';

+-------+----------+-------+-------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
| 7370 | Salesman | Allen | 3000 |
| 7521 | Salesman | Jones | 5000 |
| 7566 | Manager | Dennis | 75000 |
| 7576 | Owner | Raja | 9000 |
| 7586 | COE | Benny | 8000 |
| 7499 | CEO | Henry | 50000 |
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where job like '%s%a%';

+-------+----------+-------+------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+----------+-------+------+
| 7370 | Salesman | Allen | 3000 |
| 7521 | Salesman | Jones | 5000 |
+-------+----------+-------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where job like 'o____';

+-------+-------+------+------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+-------+------+------+
| 7576 | Owner | Raja | 9000 |
+-------+-------+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where job like 'c_o';

+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| 7499 | CEO | Henry | 50000 |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 16

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where job like '_o%';
+-------+-------+------+------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+-------+------+------+
| 7586 | COE | Benny | 8000 |
+-------+-------+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

5. RELATIONAL OPERATOR

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where sal=75000;

+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| 7566 | Manager | Dennis | 75000 |
+-------+---------+-------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where sal!=55000;

+-------+----------+-------+-------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
| 7370 | Salesman | Allen | 3000 |
| 7521 | Salesman | Jones | 5000 |
| 7566 | Manager | Dennis | 75000 |
| 7576 | Owner | Raja | 9000 |
| 7586 | COE | Benny | 8000 |
| 7499 | CEO | Henry | 50000 |
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
6. rows in set (0.00 sec)

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where sal<>55000;

+-------+----------+-------+-------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
| 7370 | Salesman | Allen | 3000 |
| 7521 | Salesman | Jones | 5000 |
| 7566 | Manager | Dennis | 75000 |
| 7576 | Owner | Raja | 9000 |
| 7586 | COE | Benny | 8000 |
| 7499 | CEO | Henry | 50000 |
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 17

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where sal<=55000;
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
| 7370 | Salesman | Allen | 3000 |
| 7521 | Salesman | Jones | 5000 |
| 7576 | Owner | Raja | 9000 |
| 7586 | COE | Benny | 8000 |
| 7499 | CEO | Henry | 50000 |
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

6. AND / OR

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where job='Salesman' and sal=3000;

+-------+----------+-------+------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+----------+-------+------+
| 7370 | Salesman | Allen | 3000 |
+-------+----------+-------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where job='Salesman' or sal=22000;

+-------+----------+-------+------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+----------+-------+------+
| 7370 | Salesman | Allen | 3000 |
| 7521 | Salesman | Jones | 5000 |
+-------+----------+-------+------+
7. rows in set (0.00 sec)

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee where sal=5000 and (job='Salesman' or

job='CEO');
+-------+----------+------+------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+----------+------+------+
| 7521 | Salesman | Jones | 5000 |
+-------+----------+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

7. ORDER BY

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 18

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee order by ename;
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
| 7499 | CEO | Henry | 50000 |
| 7586 | COE | Benny | 8000 |
| 7566 | Manager | Dennis | 75000 |
| 7576 | Owner | Raja | 9000 |
| 7370 | Salesman | Allen | 3000 |
| 7521 | Salesman | Jones | 5000 |
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
8. rows in set (0.01 sec)

select empno,job,ename,sal from employee order by ename desc;

+-------+----------+-------+-------+
| empno |job | ename | sal |
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
| 7370 | Salesman | Allen | 3000 |
| 7521 | Salesman | Jones | 5000 |
| 7576 | Owner | Raja | 9000 |
| 7566 | Manager | Dennis | 75000 |
| 7586 | COE | Benny | 8000 |
| 7499 | CEO | Henry | 50000 |
+-------+----------+-------+-------+
9. rows in set (0.00 sec)

8. ALTER

a) ADDING COLUMN
alter table employee add tax int;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

desc employee;
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| empno | int | YES | | NULL | |
| job | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| ename | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| mgr | int | YES | | NULL | |
| hiredate | date | YES | | NULL | |
| sal | int | YES | | NULL | |
| deptno | int | YES | | NULL | |
| TAX | int | YES | | NULL | |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
10. rows in set (0.00 sec)

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 19

 b) REMOVING COLUMN

alter table EMPLOYEE drop column TAX;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

DESC EMPLOYEE;
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| empno | int | YES | | NULL | |
| job | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| ename | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| mgr | int | YES | | NULL | |
| hiredate | date | YES | | NULL | |
| sal | int | YES | | NULL | |
| deptno | int | YES | | NULL | |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)

C) RENAMING

alter table EMPLOYEE rename column SAL to SALARY;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

DESC EMPLOYEE;
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| empno | int | YES | | NULL | |
| job | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| ename | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| mgr | int | YES | | NULL | |
| hiredate | date | YES | | NULL | |
| SALARY | int | YES | | NULL | |
| deptno | int | YES | | NULL | |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

9. USING UPDATE

update employee set salary = 3000,ename = 'Salesman';

Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 6 Changed: 6 Warnings: 0

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 20

select * from EMPLOYEE;
+-------+-------+----------+------+------------+--------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | salary | deptno |
+-------+-------+----------+------+------------+--------+--------+
| 7370 | Allen | Salesman | 5002 | 1908-02-03 | 3000 | 300 |
| 7521 | Jones | Salesman | 5003 | 1980-03-13 | 3000 | 500 |
| 7566 | Dennis | Salesman | 5002 | 1985-03-26 | 3000 | 200 |
| 7576 | Raja | Salesman | 5000 | 1982-09-25 | 3000 | 900 |
| 7586 | Benny | Salesman | 5001 | 1984-03-30 | 3000 | 800 |
| 7499 | Henry | Salesman | 5005 | 1987-03-30 | 3000 | 500 |
+-------+-------+----------+------+------------+--------+--------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

RESULT:
Thus the SQL commands for Performing Insertion, Deletion, Modifying, Altering, Updating
and Viewing records based on conditions has been verified and executed successfully.

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 21

 CS22311 – DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY
EX.NO : 3
DATE :
CREATION OF VIEWS, SYNONYMS, SEQUENCE, INDEXES, SAVE POINT

AIM:
To create views, synonyms, sequences, indexes and save points using DDL, DML and DCL
statements.

TO CREATE THE TABLE ‘FVIEWS’:

create table fviews( name varchar(20),no int(5), sal int(5), dno int(5));
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 3 warnings (0.07 sec)

insert into fviews values('ram',1,19000,11),('shyam',2,19000,12),('prem',3,40000,13);

Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.05 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

select * from fviews;

+-------+------+-------+------+
| name | no | sal | dno |
+-------+------+-------+------+
| ram | 1 | 19000 | 11 |
| shyam | 2 | 19000 | 12 |
| prem | 3 | 40000 | 13 |
+-------+------+-------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

TO CREATE THE TABLE ‘DVIEWS’:

create table dviews( dno int(5), dname varchar(20));

Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.05 sec)

insert into dviews values(11,'hello'),(12,'mello');

Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

select * from dviews;

+------+-------+
| dno | dname |
+------+-------+
| 11 | hello |
| 12 | mello |
+------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 22

CREATING THE VIEW ‘SVIEW’ ON ‘FVIEWS’ TABLE:

create view sview as select name,no,sal,dno from fviews where dno=11;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

select * from sview;

+------+------+-------+------+
| name | no | sal | dno |
+------+------+-------+------+
| ram | 1 | 19000 | 11 |
+------+------+-------+------+
1 row in set (0.04 sec)

insert into sview values ('bhai',4,20000,14);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

select * from sview;

+------+------+-------+------+
| name | no | sal | dno |
+------+------+-------+------+
| ram | 1 | 19000 | 11 |
+------+------+-------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

select * from fviews;

+-------+------+-------+------+
| name | no | sal | dno |
+-------+------+-------+------+
| ram | 1 | 19000 | 11 |
| shyam | 2 | 19000 | 12 |
| prem | 3 | 40000 | 13 |
| bhai | 4 | 20000 | 14 |
+-------+------+-------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

CREATING A VIEW ‘IVIEW’ FOR THE TABLE ‘FVIEWS’:

create view iview as select * from fviews;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
select * from iview;
+-------+------+-------+------+
| name | no | sal | dno |
+-------+------+-------+------+
| ram | 1 | 19000 | 11 |
| shyam | 2 | 19000 | 12 |
| prem | 3 | 40000 | 13 |
| bhai | 4 | 20000 | 14 |
Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 23
+-------+------+-------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
PERFORMING UPDATE OPERATION:

insert into iview values ('arjun',5,30000,15);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

select * from iview;

+-------+------+-------+------+
| name | no | sal | dno |
+-------+------+-------+------+
| ram | 1 | 19000 | 11 |
| shyam | 2 | 19000 | 12 |
| prem | 3 | 40000 | 13 |
| bhai | 4 | 20000 | 14 |
| arjun | 5 | 30000 | 15 |
+-------+------+-------+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

select * from fviews;

+-------+------+-------+------+
| name | no | sal | dno |
+-------+------+-------+------+
| ram | 1 | 19000 | 11 |
| shyam | 2 | 19000 | 12 |
| prem | 3 | 40000 | 13 |
| bhai | 4 | 20000 | 14 |
| arjun | 5 | 30000 | 15 |
+-------+------+-------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

CREATE A NEW VIEW ‘SSVIEW’ AND DROP THE VIEW:

create view ssview( cusname,id) as select name, no from fviews where dno=12;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

select * from ssview;

+---------+------+
| cusname | id |
+---------+------+
| shyam | 2 |
+---------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

drop view ssview;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 24

TO CREATE A VIEW ‘COMBO’ USING BOTH THE TABLES ‘FVIEWS’ AND
‘DVIEWS’:

create view combo as select name,no,sal,dviews.dno,dname from fviews,dviews where

fviews.dno=dviews.dno;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

select * from combo;

+-------+------+-------+------+-------+
| name | no | sal | dno | dname |
+-------+------+-------+------+-------+
| ram | 1 | 19000 | 11 | hello |
| shyam | 2 | 19000 | 12 | mello |
+-------+------+-------+------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

TO PERFORM MANIPULATIONS ON THIS VIEW:

insert into combo values('radhe',12,1000,13,'x');

insert into combo values('radhe',12,1000,13,'x')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01779: cannot modify a column which maps to a non key-preserved table
This shows that when a view is created from two different tables no manipulations
can be performed using that view and the above error is displayed.

Create synonym:

create synonym c1 for class;

Synonym created.
insert into c1 values('kalai',20);
1 row created.
select * from class;

NAME ID
---------- ----------
anu 1
brindha 2
chinthiya 3
divya 4
ezhil 5
fairoz 7
hema 9
kalai 20
8 rows selected.

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 25

select * from c1;

NAME ID
---------- ----------
anu 1
brindha 2
chinthiya 3
divya 4
ezhil 5
fairoz 7
hema 9
kalai 20
8 rows selected.

insert into class values('Manu',21);

1 row created.
select * from c1;

NAME ID
---------- ----------
anu 1
brindha 2
chinthiya 3
divya 4
ezhil 5
fairoz 7
hema 9
kalai 20
Manu 21
9 rows selected.

Drop Synonym:
drop synonym c1;
Synonym dropped.
select * from c1;
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist

Sequences
Creation of table:

create table class(name varchar(10),id int(10));

Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.07 sec)

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 26

Insert values into table:
insert into class values('radha',101),('krishna',102),('shiv',103),('parvathi',104);
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.05 sec)
Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

select * from class;

+----------+------+
| name | id |
+----------+------+
| radha | 101 |
| krishna | 102 |
| shiv | 103 |
| parvathi | 104 |
+----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.04 sec)

Create Sequence:
create sequence s_1
2 start with 4
3 increment by 1
4 maxvalue 100
5 cycle;
Sequence created.
insert into class values('divya',s_1.nextval);
1 row created.
select * from class;

NAME ID
---------- ----------
anu 1
brindha 2
chinthiya 3
divya 4

Alter Sequence:
alter sequence s_1 increment by 2;
Sequence altered.
insert into class values('fairoz',s_1.nextval);
1 row created.

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 27

select * from class;

NAME ID
---------- ----------
anu 1
brindha 2
chinthiya 3
divya 4
ezhil 5
fairoz 7

Drop Sequence:
drop sequence s_1;
Sequence dropped.

Indexes:

create table splr(sname varchar(10),sid int(10),scity varchar(10));

Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.06 sec)

insert into splr

values('apple',01,'chennai'),('dell',02,'delhi'),('hp',03,'trichy'),('asus',04,'chennai');
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

select * from splr;

+-------+------+---------+
| sname | sid | scity |
+-------+------+---------+
| apple | 1 | chennai |
| dell | 2 | delhi |
| hp | 3 | trichy |
| asus | 4 | chennai |
+-------+------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

create index sp1 on splr(sid);

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

create index sp2 on splr(sid,scity);

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 28

Drop Index:

drop index sp1;

Index dropped.
drop index sp2;
Index dropped.

DCL statements
COMMIT, ROLLBACK and SAVEPOINT:

select * from class;

+----------+------+
| name | id |
+----------+------+
| radha | 101 |
| krishna | 102 |
| shiv | 103 |
| parvathi | 104 |
+----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

insert into class values('gayathri',9);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

commit;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

update class set name='hema' where id='9';

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

savepoint A;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

insert into class values('indu',11);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

savepoint B;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

insert into class values('janani',13);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 29

 select * from class;
+----------+------+
| name | id |
+----------+------+
| radha | 101 |
| krishna | 102 |
| shiv | 103 |
| parvathi | 104 |
| hema | 9 |
| indu | 11 |
| janani | 13 |
+----------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

rollback to B;
Rollback complete.
select * from class;
+----------+------+
| name | id |
+----------+------+
| radha | 101 |
| krishna | 102 |
| shiv | 103 |
| parvathi | 104 |
| hema | 9 |
| indu | 11 |
+----------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

rollback to A;
Rollback complete.
select * from class;
+----------+------+
| name | id |
+----------+------+
| radha | 101 |
| krishna | 102 |
| shiv | 103 |
| parvathi | 104 |
| hema | 9 |
+----------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

RESULT:
Thus the Views, Synonyms, and Sequences, indexes and save points has been
executed using DDL, DML and DCL statements.

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 30

 CS22311 – DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY
EX.NO : 4
DATE :
CREATING AN EMPLOYEE DATABASE TO SET VARIOUS CONSTRAINTS

AIM:
To study the various constraints available in the SQL query language.

DOMAIN INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTS

NOT NULL CONSTRAINT

create table employe(ename varchar(30) not null, eid varchar(20) not null);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)

insert into employe values ('harsh',1),('joel',2);

Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

insert into employe values ('kumar',null);

ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'eid' cannot be null

select * from employe;

+-------+-----+
| ename | eid |
+-------+-----+
| harsh | 1 |
| joel | 2 |
+-------+-----+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

CHECK AS A COLUMN CONSTRAINT

create table depts ( dname varchar(30) not null, did int(20) not null check (did<10000));
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.06 sec)

insert into depts values ('sales',9876),('marketing',4356);

Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

insert into depts values ('accounts',789645);

ERROR 3819 (HY000): Check constraint 'depts_chk_1' is violated.

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 31

 select * from depts;
+-----------+------+
| dname | did |
+-----------+------+
| sales | 9876 |
| marketing | 4356 |
+-----------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

CHECK AS A TABLE CONSTRAINT

insert into airports values('shivam', 100,'chennai'), ('harsh', 200,'hyderabad'),

('vrishank',300,'bangalore');
Query OK, 3 row affected (0.04 sec)

insert into airports values( 'bhairav', 103,'mumbai');

ERROR 3819 (HY000): Check constraint 'airports_chk_1' is violated.

select * from airports;

+----------+-----+-----------+
| aname | aid | acity |
+----------+-----+-----------+
| shivam | 100 | chennai |
| harsh | 200 | hyderabad |
| vrishank | 300 | bangalore |
+----------+-----+-----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

ENTITY INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTS

UNIQUE AS A COLUMN CONSTRAINT

create table book (bname varchar(30) not null, bid int(20) not null unique);
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.05 sec)

insert into book values ('fairy tales',1000),('bedtime stories',1001);

Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

insert into book values ('comics',1001);

ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1001' for key 'book.bid'

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 32

 select * from book;
+-----------------+------+
| bname | bid |
+-----------------+------+
| fairy tales | 1000 |
| bedtime stories | 1001 |
+-----------------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

UNIQUE AS A TABLE CONSTRAINT

create table orders( oname varchar(30) not null , oid int(20) not null , unique(oname,oid));
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.06 sec)

insert into orders values ('chair', 2005),('table',2006),('chair',2007);

Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

insert into orders values ('chair', 2005);

ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'chair-2005' for key 'orders.oname'

select * from orders;

+-------+------+
| oname | oid |
+-------+------+
| chair | 2005 |
| chair | 2007 |
| table | 2006 |
+-------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

PRIMARY KEY AS A COLUMN CONSTRAINT

create table custo ( cname varchar(30) not null , cid int(20) not null primary key);
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.05 sec)

insert into custo values ( 'jones', 506),('hayden',508);

Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

insert into custo values ('ricky',506);

ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '506' for key 'custo.PRIMARY'

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 33

 select * from custo;
+--------+-----+
| cname | cid |
+--------+-----+
| jones | 506 |
| hayden | 508 |
+--------+-----+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

PRIMARY KEY AS A TABLE CONSTRAINT

create table branches( bname varchar(30) not null , bid int(20) not null , primary
key(bname,bid));
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.06 sec)

insert into branches values ('anna nagar', 1005),('adyar',1006);

Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

insert into branches values ('anna nagar', 1005);

ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'anna nagar-1005' for key 'branches.PRIMARY'

select * from branches;

+------------+------+
| bname | bid |
+------------+------+
| adyar | 1006 |
| anna nagar | 1005 |
+------------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTS

create table dept(city varchar(20), dno int(5) primary key);

Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.05 sec)

insert into depts values('chennai', 11),('hyderabad', 22);

Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

TO CREATE ‘SEMP’ TABLE

create table semp(ename varchar(20), dno int(5) references depts(dno));
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.05 sec)

insert into semp values('xenon', 11),('yash', 22);

Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 34

 select * from semp;
+-------+------+
| ename | dno |
+-------+------+
| xenon | 11 |
| yash | 22 |
+-------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

ALTER TABLE
alter table semp add(eddress varchar(20));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

update semp set eddress='10 gandhi road' where dno=11;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

update semp set eddress='12 m.g. road' where dno=22;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

select * from semp;

+-------+------+----------------+
| ename | dno | eddress |
+-------+------+----------------+
| xenon | 11 | 10 gandhi road |
| yash | 22 | 12 m.g. road |
+-------+------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

select city, ename from depts, semp where depts.dno = semp.dno;

+--------------+------------------+
|CITY ENAME |
+--------------- +--------------------+
|Chennai x |
|hyderabad y |
+--------------- +--------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

RESULT
The various constraints were implemented and the tables were created using the
respective constraints.

Roll Number : 2127220501187 Page | 35