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Wind engineering for high-rise buildings: A review

Article in Wind and Structures · March 2021

DOI: 10.12989/was.2021.32.3.249

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 Wind engineering for high-rise buildings: a review
Haitao Zhu1a, Bin Yang *1, Qilin Zhang1b, Licheng Pan1c, Siyuan Sun1d
1
College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.

Abstract. As high-rise buildings become more and more slender and flexible, the wind effect has become a major
concern to modern buildings. At present, wind engineering for high-rise buildings mainly focuses on the following four
issues: wind excitation and response, aerodynamic damping, aerodynamic modifications and proximity effect. Taking
these four issues of concern in high-rise buildings as the mainline, this paper summarizes the development history and
current research progress of wind engineering for high-rise buildings. Some critical previous work and remarks are listed
at the end of each chapter. From the future perspective, the CFD is still the most promising technique for structural wind
engineering. The wind load inversion and the introduction of machine learning are two research directions worth exploring.

Keywords: High-rise buildings; Wind tunnel; Field measurement; CWE; CFD; Vortex; Aerodynamic damping;
Aerodynamic modifications; Proximity effect

1. Introduction potential threat to high-rise buildings (Tanaka et al. 2012).

In order to reduce the adverse effects of aerodynamic effects
With the progress of advanced construction techniques on high-rise buildings and ensure the safety and stability of
and society's development, the new generation of high-rise structures, experts and designers in the field of structural
buildings is becoming slender and flexible. As a result, the wind engineering have carried out much research on how the
stiffness and damping of these structures continue to shape changes of high-rise buildings affect the aerodynamic
decrease (Bezabeh et al. 2020). This makes the natural effects through physical wind tunnel experiments and
vibration period of high-rise buildings closer and closer to numerical wind tunnel experiments. This process is usually
the long predominant period of natural wind speed, which called aerodynamic modifications.
means the influence of wind on high-rise buildings increases Buildings in modern cities are often tall and dense, so
(Su et al. 2020). Therefore, structural wind engineering is their internal wind field is very complex, which is different
becoming more and more important to modern high-rise from independent high-rise buildings. In modern high-rise
buildings. The following is a general introduction to the building design, the potential increase of building response
current concerns of high-rise buildings in wind engineering. caused by this interference effect between high-rise
First are various vibration effects caused by different buildings has become an important consideration (Li et al.
wind excitation. The wind-induced vibration of high-rise 2020a). The interaction caused by adjacent high-rise
buildings mainly includes along-wind vibration, cross-wind buildings may significantly increase the downwind,
vibration and torsional vibration. The excitation mechanism crosswind and torsional response at certain wind speeds
mainly includes turbulence buffeting, vortex shedding and (Tang and Kwok 2004). In the design of modern high-rise
aeroelastic effects, such as galloping, cross-wind and buildings, such a potential increase of adverse wind-induced
torsional lock-in excitation (Kwok 2013). How these wind response is an important consideration.
excitations affect high-rise buildings has been widely In summary, at present, the wind engineering of high-
studied and reported. rise buildings mainly focuses on the following four issues:
Damping-related problem is another research hotspot in (1) Wind excitation and wind-induced response of high-
wind engineering for high-rise buildings (Aquino and rise buildings
Tamura 2013). The damping of buildings can not only (2) Aerodynamic damping of high-rise buildings
reduce the vibration caused by wind or earthquake, but also (3) Aerodynamic modifications for high-rise buildings
improve the initial velocity of aeroelastic instability (Jeary (4) Proximity effect of high-rise buildings
2010). However, under some specific wind speed conditions, To investigate and solve the issues above, scholars and
the damping of structures may become negative and engineers in wind engineering have developed three main
aggravate structures' vibration effect (Vickery and Steckley research methods in the past few decades: physical wind
1993; Gu and Quan 2011). Therefore, the study on the tunnel test, field measurement and computational wind
damping of high-rise buildings, especially the aerodynamic engineering (CWE). These three methods complement each
damping, is of great significance for the wind-resistant other and jointly promote the development of wind
design of structures. engineering in high-rise buildings. First, this paper
In most cases, aerodynamic effects caused by the introduces the basic concepts and evolution of the three
interaction between wind and structure poses a great research methods in wind engineering. Then, taking the four

*
Corresponding author, Ph.D. Professor,
Email: [email protected]
a,c,d
Ph.D. Student
b
Ph.D. Professor
issues mentioned above as the mainline, this paper complex, so that its modal shape may no longer be
summarizes the current research progress of wind approximately linear with the height. Therefore, it is
engineering around the issues of concern on high-rise necessary to introduce the mode-correction technique to the
buildings. The development history and the latest progress classic HFFB technique. Holmes (1987) studied two
are summarized at the end of each chapter. extreme cases of high correlation and low correlation of
wind-induced vibration along building height and derived an
2. Three research methods in wind engineering expression of mode shape correction factors. Boggs and
Peterka (1989) introduced a load correction coefficient.
2.1 Physical wind tunnel test However, this method is not suitable for estimating wind
load effect except the base bending moment. Many other
The wind tunnel test is based on the principle of scholars (Xu and Kwok 1993; Lam and Li 2009; Zhao et al.
similarity. Under this principle, experimental objects such 2017) have also made much effort to find an effective mode-
as large buildings, aircraft, vehicles will be scaled into correction method.
models and put into a wind tunnel. Controllable airflow will
then be generated to simulate the actual wind field. In this 2.2 Field measurement
process, critical parameters will be measured and then
analyzed to determine the safety and stability of the Strong winds may produce severe wind effects on high-
experimental object. rise buildings. Although the wind tunnel test is a useful way
The first wind tunnel recognized in the world was built to evaluate the wind effects on buildings and structures, it is
in Britain in 1871 (Lee 1998), but it did not appear in large difficult to reproduce the exact field conditions such as
numbers until the middle of the 20th century. Wind flow in terrain characteristics and incident turbulence in a wind
civil engineering is mainly related to bluff-body tunnel test. Therefore, it is always desirable to verify the
aerodynamics, and the theory and calculation methods to wind-tunnel-based predictions via a field measurement.
solve these flows were complicated, so the wind tunnel test In the past few decades, scholars all over the world have
naturally becomes a useful research tool in the field of wind conducted in-depth research and exploration on the high-
engineering. In 1909, L. Prandtl built the world's first altitude wind field characteristics, which can be traced back
environmental wind tunnel at the Gottingen Aerodynamic to the 1960s. Using measured data, Davenport (1960)
Research Institute and carried out a series of experimental investigated the variation of the average wind height in the
research (Prandtl 1920, 1921) on environmental problems. boundary layer, and firstly established an empirical model
In the 1930s, researchers from the National Physics of wind speed profile. Simiul (1973) proved that the
Laboratory of Great Britain conducted a series of research logarithmic law is more effective than the exponential law
(Dryden and Kuethe 1930; Dryden 1932; Relf 1939) on the for the wind speed profile, and the boundary layer height can
influence of wind on buildings in the aviation wind tunnels reach several hundred meters. Using measured data from
with low turbulence and pointed out the importance of typhoons, Von Karman (1948) and Davenport (1962)
simulating the turbulent structure of the atmospheric analyzed the turbulence characteristics of the typhoon, and
boundary layer in wind tunnels. At the end of the 1950s, proposed empirical models of turbulent power and wind
Jensen (1958) made an important expositionon the similarity speed spectrum, respectively. Through analyzing the data
rule of the wind tunnel model and emphasized the necessity from 1880–1972, Counihan (1975) defined four different
to simulate atmospheric boundary layer flow characteristics. types of terrain and found that the longitudinal scale of
In the mid-1960s, the atmospheric boundary layer wind turbulence decreases with the increase of terrain roughness,
tunnels with long experimental sections started to appear, and a simple law was proposed for the variation of
which marked that the structural wind engineering firstly turbulence with height and terrain type. Based on full-scale
had its own simulation experiment equipment (Boggs 2014). experiments carried out by Müller and Nieser (1975), Solari
Since the 1980s, the simulation technology of wind and Repetto (2002) studied the effectiveness of the 3-D gust
characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer, especially effect factor (GEF). According to so much excellent
the simulation technology of large-scale turbulence, has research work, many countries (Norway, Canada, the United
been greatly developed (Chen et al. 2014). Kingdom, etc.) have established their own regional wind
In addition, many innovative experimental equipments characteristic databases (Stickland 2013).
and testing instruments also emerged in the 1980s. The most At the same time, on the aspect of field measurements
representative is the High-Frequency Force Balance (HFFB) on wind effect of high-rise buildings, much pioneering work
(Tschanz 1982; Vickery et al. 1985). This technique is based was also carried out by some early scholars. Dalgliesh et al.
on the assumption that the fundamental mode shape is linear (1968) carried out a field wind pressure measurement on a
with the height of the super high-rise building, which allows 34-story building in Canada and found that the dynamic
users to easily obtain the modal forces of the first three pressure spectrum calculated from the measured fluctuating
modes from the measured horizontal forces, torsion wind agreed well with the Davenport empirical spectrum.
moments and overturning moments from the building model. Based on field measurement, Tamura and Wilson (1969)
Another representative testing technology is the analyzed the surface wind pressure of two tall buildings and
Simultaneous Multi-channel Pressure Measuring System found that the wind pressure coefficient varied greatly with
(SMPMS) (Reinhold 1977a; Ueda et al. 1994), which allows the change of vertical wind velocity gradient direction.
researchers to measure the fluctuating wind acting on high- Based on several years of observations on a 239m high-rise
rise building models simultaneously. building, Dalgliesh (1975) found that full-scale observations
With the development of morden buildings, the linear of the standard deviation of acceration correlated well with
modal shape assumption in classical HFFB technology is the wind tunnel model for most wind directions. Holmes
now facing a challenge: The structural system of modern (1975) carried out a field measurement on a 43-m-high
super high-rise buildings is becoming more and more building and made a comparison with the quasi-steady linear
theory. Ohkuma et al. (1991) made a full-scale measurement these early achievements, the Computational Fluid
of wind pressure and wind-induced acceleration of an 18- Dynamics (CFD) was first introduced as an independent
story building and compared the measurements with the session into the 8th International Conference on Wind
estimated acceleration calculated by different codes. Kato et Engineering (ICWE) in 1991 (Davenport 1992). A year later,
al. (1997) carried out a full-scale measurement on a 29-story in 1992, Murakami organized a new symposium for CWE
building commencing in 1993 and compared the wind in Tokyo: the International Symposium on Computational
pressure coefficient with that from wind tunnel tests. In Wind Engineering, which is a milestone in the history of
recent years, with the rapid development of urbanization, CWE. Blocken (2014) provided a comprehensive overview
more and more super high-rise buildings have emerged. of the history of this symposium. Dagnew and Bitsuamlak
Based on the monitoring data from the SHM systems (2013) summarized the current state-of-the-art of CWE
equipped on these buildings, Li, Zhang, Yi and He et al. around five important aspects, including: turbulence
measured the wind field of more than ten super high-rise modeling, inflow boundary conditions, ground roughness,
buildings in Hong Kong and mainland China (He and Li near-wall treatment and quantification of wind loads by
2013; Li and Yi 2016; Zhang and Li 2017; He et al. 2018; CFD.
Li et al. 2019), and analyzed the wind-induced response in Due to the great potential of CWE, it develops rapidly in
detail. These valuable field measurements can provide a urban and civil engineering, which is embodied in the
reference for wind tunnel tests and numerical simulation. analysis of velocity and pressure field around the blunt-body,
the pedestrian-level wind conditions around buildings, the
2.3 Computational wind engineering atmospheric diffusion around buildings or urban areas, and
the aeroelastic coupling between fluid and structure.
Computational wind engineering (CWE), also known as
the numerical wind tunnel method, is a promising direction 3. Wind excitation and response of high-rise
and research hotspot in wind engineering. Compared with buildings
the physical wind tunnel test and field measurement, CWE
has some incomparable advantages. First, it can simulate a 3.1 Along-wind excitation and response
real wind environment and build a prototype scale
calculation model, avoiding the deficiency that only scale- The along-wind excitation is mainly caused by the
down models can be carried out in a physical wind tunnel pressure fluctuation on the downwind and upwind side of
test. Second, the cycle of a numerical wind tunnel test is the building (Kareem et al. 1999; Kim and You 2002; Lin et
short and the cost is low compared with the physical wind al. 2005). According to the wind theory established by
tunnel test. Third, a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) Davenport in the 1960s (Davenport 1960, 1961, 1962, 1964),
model can capture the fluctuation of infinite points on a the alongwind-induced response of a structure can be
building surface, while a physical wind tunnel test or on-site divided into the average wind response and the fluctuating
experimentation can only capture the fluctuation of a certain wind response. The fluctuating wind speed, wind-induced
number of measuring points, which may lead to the loss of force, and structural response are random in nature. The
complete information about the backflow and separation whole process of wind excitation and response is described
zone. The following figure shows the key components of a in Fig. 2.
typical numerical wind tunnel.

Fig. 1 Key components of a typical numerical wind tunnel Fig. 2 Along-wind excitation and response process
(Pentek et al. 2018) (Davenport 1967)

The history of CWE can be traced back to 1963 when Based on the concept above, Davenport (1967) put
Smagorinsky (1963) proposed the first successful approach forward the method "Gust Loading Factor" (GLF), which is
to large eddy simulation (LES), and this approach is still now widely used in most major codes and standards around
widely used in many fields of fluid mechanics. The CFD the world to calculate the along-wind response (Tamura et
simulation of airflow around a three-dimensional building al. 2005). Using this method, the equivalent-static wind load
began with the research by Vasilic-Melling and Dubravka is equal to the mean wind force multiplied by the GLF. Since
(1977) in 1977, since when the research of the velocity and the introduction of GLF, several formulas for GLF have
pressure field of the building became the focus of CWE. been proposed. The summaries and details of different
After that, a great deal of research was carried out on the calculation methods can be found in the literatures (Solari
CFD simulation of wind field environment around buildings 1993; Simiu and Scanlan 1996; Kareem and Zhou 2003).
(Summers et al. 1986; Murakami et al. 1987; Paterson and With more and more high-rise buildings equipped with
Apelt 1987; Murakami and Mochida 1988; Murakami and SHM system, scholars in wind engineering have more
Mochida 1989; Paterson and Apelt 1989; Baetke et al. 1990; measured data to investigate the correlation between wind
Murakami et al. 1990; Paterson and Apelt 1990). Driven by excitation and response. Bashor et al. (2012) carried out a
field measurement on three high-rise buildings in Chicago  ∂CL   ∂CL 
and compared the wind-tunnel-based predicted response Section  CD +  Section  CD + 
 ∂α   ∂α 
with the measured wind-induced response. During the
passage of Typhoon Nesat, Li and Yi (2016) conducted on-
-2.7 -10.0
site monitoring of two super high-rise buildings in Hong
Kong and verified that the acceleration response increases
with the alongwind speed. Wang et al. (2019) verified the
0 0
same phenomenon via the field measurement of the wind
field and acceleration response of a high-rise building in
Wenzhou during the passage of typhoons between 2014 and
-3.0 0.5
2016, and compared the fitting parameters under different
typhoons. Hu et al. (2017) studied the influence of the
double-layer curtain wall system on the wind-induced
vibration response of high-rise buildings through the wind
tunnel test and found that the facade with/without openings 3.2.2 Wake excitations
has negligible effects on the alongwind-induced response.
When the wind flows through a building, alternating
3.2 Cross-wind excitation and response vortices will be generated on both sides of the building,
propagating forward and forming the so-called Karman
Many studies have found that the dynamic response in vortex, as shown in Fig. 3. The occurrence of Karman vortex
the cross-wind direction may exceed that in the along-wind will make the structure subjected to periodic pressure loads,
direction. (Kwok 1982; Hayashida and Iwasa 1990; Lin and and the vibration caused by the alternating vortex is called
Letchford et al. 2005; Kim and Kanda 2008; Irwin 2008a; vortex-induced vibration, which is perpendicular to the wind
Gu and Quan 2011) The transverse vibration of structures direction (Triantafyllou et al. 2016). In general, the vibration
can be a serious problem not only for structural fatigue but becomes significant only when it is within a certain range of
also for serviceability design (Sharma et al. 2018). resonant wind speed. (Kwok 1982; Kim and You 2002;
According to Kwok and Melbourne (1980), the crosswind Zhou et al. 2003; Lin and Letchford et al. 2005)
excitation mechanisms can be divided into three categories:
(1) Incident turbulence excitations; (2) Wake excitations; (3)
Wind-structure interaction effect. The detailed introduction
will follow this classification in the following content.

3.2.1 Incident turbulence excitations

Turbulence in the natural wind can be divided into three

directions, which are along-wind direction, cross-wind
direction and vertical-wind direction. The crosswind of Fig. 3 (a) Force Directions (b) Periodic vortex shedding.
turbulence will directly cause fluctuating drag, crosswind (Sharma et al. 2018)
forces and torque on buildings. A quasi-steady spectral
method, similar to that used to calculate the along-wind Through a series of wind tunnel experiments, Kareem et
response of structures, is considered applicable to determine al. (1980) obtained the multivariable probability and
the cross-wind response of structures caused by incident frequency spectrum characteristics of the fluctuating
turbulence excitations. The fluctuating crosswind force per pressure field around a high-rise building model and
unit length of a structure can be calculated by Eq.(1) (Simiu investigated the complex properties of wake-excited
1986) crosswind response. Kawai (1992) found that for shallow
cross-section high-rise buildings, vortex-induced vibration
 ∂C  still existed in turbulence, and the vortex-induced vibration
FL′ CL ρ ubu ′(t ) +  CD + L
=  ρ ubv′(t ) (1)
 ∂α  would increase with the turbulence intensity. In fact, the
vortex shedding phenomenon could be described by a
in which CL is the lift coefficient, is the drag coefficient, dimensionless parameter, namely Strouhal Number St :
ρ is the density of the air, b is the transverse dimension
D nD
of the structure, α is the incidence angle of the wind, u is St
= = s (2)
Ts v v
the mean wind speed, u ′(t ) is the alongwind component
of turbulence, and v ′(t ) is the crosswind component of in which T is a complete cycle of vortex shedding, ns is
turbulence. the frequency of vortex shedding, D is the the projected
According to Eq.(1), cross-wind response caused by width (m) normal to the flow direction, and v is the
incident turbulence is significant only for structures with a average velocity (m/s) of the incoming flow. The St value
long afterbody, such as aircraft wings and bridge decks. The
 ∂CL  of different shapes usually varies from 0.1 to 0.3, about 0.14
values  CD +
 ∂α 
 for typical sections are shown in Table 1. for a square section and 0.2 for a circular section. (Irwin
2008a; Irwin 2009; Sharma et al. 2018) When the frequency
 ∂C  of the vortex shedding is consistent with one of the natural
Table 1  CD + L  for some sections (Blevins 1984) frequencies of the building, resonance will play a dominant
 ∂α 
role and amplify the lateral motion of the structure.
 3.2.3 Wind-structure interaction effect significant impact on the crosswind load on the interfered
main building. More related introductions will be carried out
There are three common wind-structure interaction in sectoion 6.
effects, namely, galloping, lock-in, and flutter. They are In some cases, even if the change of wind speed makes
often referred to as wind-induced instability or aerodynamic the nominal Strouhal frequency deviate from the natural
instability. frequency, the vortex shedding frequency remains
It has been observed from many previous experiments unchanged. This phenomenon is called lock-in. Kenny and
(Bailey and Kwok 1985; Taniike and Yoshihito 1991; Melbourne (1981) carried out an experiment on circular and
Zhang et al. 1995; Thepmongkorn et al. 2002) that once the square tower models in a boundary layer wind tunnel, and
structure resonates, the natural frequency will control the found that the displacement-dependent lock-in excitation
vortex shedding frequency, and then affect the buildings will lead to a significant increase in the crosswind
upstream or downstream. For example, Xie and Gu (2010) displacement response when the wind speed is close to the
systematically studied the crosswind dynamic interference critical reduced velocity, especially in the case of low
effect of three high-rise buildings and found that the structural damping for circular towers.
surrounding and upstream interfering buildings had a

3.3 Summary of previous studies

Table 2 Wind excitation and response of high-rise buildings

Reference Method Excitation Type Remarks

Theoretical Along-wind The GLF method was firstly proposed in this paper
Gust loading factors (Davenport 1967)
research excitation by Davenport.
The force spectra of various building shapes and
Cross-wind response of tall buildings Theoretical Cross-wind
dimensions in suburban and urban center wind flow
(Kwok 1982) research excitation
were given in this paper.
A closed-form solution (CFS2) for the dynamic
Gust Buffeting. II: Dynamic Theoretical Along-wind along-wind response was given in this paper, which
Alongwind Response (Solari 1993) research excitation essentially generalized the solution (CFS1) given by
the author.
The RNG k–ε method can predict the vortex
Dynamic response of wind-excited
Cross-wind shedding better than the experiments under uniform
building using CFD CFD
excitation flow, but it can not predict the shedding frequency
(Swaddiwudhipong and Khan 2002)
for fluctuating flow accurately.
This paper summarizes the previous research
Along-wind
achievements of GLF and proposes a new
Gust loading factor—past, present and Review & excitation &
framework for the formulation of wind load effects
future (Kareem and Zhou 2003) CFD Across-wind
in the acrosswind and torsional directions along the
excitation
GLF format.
A field measurement and wind tunnel tests were
Field Along-wind carried out on a skyscraper with a height of 420
Wind tunnel and full-scale study of
measurement excitation & meters, and the effects of incident wind direction,
wind effects on China's tallest building
& Wind Across-wind upstream terrain conditions and environmental
(Li et al. 2006)
tunnel test excitation disturbance on the wind effect of buildings were
studied in detail.
This paper summarizes the research status of
Across-wind loads and effects of super- Review & crosswind load and its effect on super high-rise
Across-wind
tall buildings and structures (Gu and Wind tunnel buildings. An example of crosswind load and its
excitation
Quan 2011) test effect on a typical super high-rise structure was
given.
A field measurement and wind tunnel tests were
Field Along-wind
Full-scale performance evaluation of carried out on three high-rise buildings in Chicago.
measurement excitation &
tall buildings under wind (Bashor et The wind-tunnel-based predicted response was
& Wind Across-wind
al. 2012) compared with the measured wind-induced
tunnel test excitation
response.
Along-wind Using the known along and across-wind load
Across and along-wind responses of excitation & spectra, the fluctuating wind load acting on high-
CFD
tall building (Kim et al. 2014) Across-wind rise buildings was numerically simulated in time
excitation domain.
Along-wind
Monitoring of dynamic behaviour of Field measurements were carried out on two super
Field excitation &
super-tall buildings during typhoons high-rise buildings with a height of more than 400
measurement Across-wind
(Li and Yi 2016) meters during the typhoon.
excitation
Along-wind
Field research on the wind-induced A long-term observation was carried out on a high-
Field excitation &
response of a super high-rise building rise building in Wenzhou, and the cross-wind and
measurement Across-wind
under typhoon (Wang et al. 2019) along-wind motions of the building under several
excitation
 Reference Method Excitation Type Remarks

typhoons between 2014 and 2016 were compared

and analyzed in detail.

4. Aerodynamic damping of high-rise buildings calculated maximum dynamic displacement without

considering the effect of aerodynamic damping is only about
Due to the high and flexible characteristics, the 75% of the maximum dynamic displacement obtained by
displacement of a high-rise building under a strong wind is aeroelastic model test, and the maximum response
much larger than that of a low-rise building, which usually considering the effect of aerodynamic damping is almost the
followed by a complex interaction between the structure and same as the corresponding value obtained by aeroelastic
the surrounding air. This process will cause aerodynamic model test.
damping. Although the magnitude of the force generated by
the aerodynamic damping is small compared with the 4.2 Damping estimation techniques
inertial and stiffness forces of the structure, it is considerable
compared with the forces generated by the damping of the The aerodynamic damping identification based on the
structure itself, and can significantly affect the behavior of vibration response of an aeroelastic building model can
the structure in the wind. adopt appropriate system identification techniques,
including frequency domain method, time domain method
4.1 Experimental study and time-frequency domain method. Among these methods,
the random decrement technique (RDT) is one of the time-
In 1978, Kareem (1978) studied the cross-wind dynamic domain methods that widely used in the identification of
response of high-rise buildings by using aeroelastic model aerodynamic damping of high-rise buildings. The RDT
and wind pressure integration method. He found that in a method was first introduced by Jeary (1986) to identify the
certain range of wind speed, the cross-wind dynamic structural damping. Using this method, Marukawa et al.
response calculated by the cross-wind aerodynamic force (1996) identified the down-wind and cross-wind
obtained from the wind pressure test is always smaller than aerodynamic damping of six rectangular cross-section high-
the response directly obtained from the aeroelastic model. rise buildings and analyzed the effects of building aspect
This important result reveals the existence of negative ratio, edge-length ratio and structural damping on the
aerodynamic damping in cross-wind direction. aerodynamic damping. Quan et al. (2005) identified the
Subsequently, more and more researchers carried out cross-wind aerodynamic damping of a series of square
studies on this topic, and proposed several effective methods cross-section high-rise building models with different
to identify the aerodynamic damping. The first method to structural damping under different wind fields using RDT,
obtain the aerodynamic damping is comparing the and an empirical formula was proposed. The stochastic
aerodynamic response based on the rigid building model test subspace identification (SSI) method was first proposed by
and the dynamic response based on the aeroelastic model Van Overschee and De Moor (1993). Gu and Qin (2004)
test. The second method is to separate the aerodynamic introduced this method to the identification of aerodynamic
damping force from the total aerodynamic force obtained parameters of structures in 2004. Using this method,
from the aeroelastic building model or the forced vibration Faravelli et al. (2011) identified the damping of a super
building model. The third method is to extract the high-rise building and compared the result with that of a
aerodynamic damping from the random response of the finite element model simulation, Liu et al. (2013) identified
aeroelastic model. the damping of the 610m high Canton Tower, Zhang and Li
In 1992, Isyumov et al. (1992) first proposed a method (2019) identified the damping of a 600m high skyscraper
to obtain the aerodynamic damping by comparing the during several typhoon events, Li et al. (2020b) identified
response of a high frequency force balance (HFFB) model the damping of a 303m high building during the passage of
with that of an aeroelastic model of the same building. Using Typhoon Mangkhut. Compared with the RDT, the SSI
the same method, Cheng et al. (2002) studied the cross-wind method has more advantages and can overcome some main
response and aerodynamic damping of several isolated disadvantages, such as weak anti-noise ability and requiring
square-shaped high-rise buildings, and gave out an more experimental data. The following table summarizes
empirical model for aerodynamic damping. To measure the the main techniques for identifying damping from FDDR,
total aerodynamic forces, Steckley and Andrew (1989) IRF, FRF, and ambient vibration data (Tamura 2013).
designed a set of forced vibration devices and successfully
obtained the base bending moment of a tall building model. Table 3 Damping identification methods (Tamura 2013)
Then, the aerodynamic force related to structural motion is
separated from the total aerodynamic force. Using the Time domain techniques
negative aerodynamic damping model proposed by Vickery
and Steckley (1993), Cooper et al. (1997) studied the –FDDR
Logarithmic decrement LD
vertical distribution of damping component and compared –SDOF curve fitting method
the obtained aerodynamic damping with the results Random decrement
–SDOF method extracting
predicted by quasi-steady-state theory. Using the HFFB RDT FDDR
technique
technique, Gu and Quan (2011) carried out wind tunnel tests –LD
on a single-degree-of-freedom aeroelastic model of a –MDOF method extracting
Multi-mode random
square-shaped high-rise building with an aspect ratio of 6 decrement
MRD FDDR
and studied its crosswind dynamic response and –LD
aerodynamic damping characteristics. They found that the
 –LD 1/√2 Method 1/√2 –FRF
Hilbert transform HT
–FRF –PSD matrix
Frequency domain
–SDOF method extracting FDD –SVD
decomposition
FDDR –Peak picking
Stochastic subspace
SSI –MDOF method extracting –Time-scale decomposition
identification Wavelet transform WT
FDDR
–TRF
–LD

Frequency domain techniques FDDR, free decay damped response; SDOF, single-degree-
of-freedom; FRF, frequency response function; IRF,
–Auto-PSD
Half power HP impulse response function; MDOF, multi-degree of freedom;
–SDOF
MIMO, multi-input multi-output; PSD, power spectral
–FRF density; SIMO, single-input multi-output; SISO, single-
Transfer function TF
–SDOF curve fitting method input single-output; SVD, singular value decomposition.

4.3 Summary of previous studies

Table 4 Aerodynamic damping of high-rise buildings

Estimation
Reference Method Remarks
Technique
Experimental evaluation of aerodynamic
The negative damping phenomenon was
damping of tall buildings (Marukawa et Wind tunnel test RDT
discussed in the experiment.
al. 1996)
This paper verifies the reliability and
Determination of flutter derivatives by
applicability of SSI-COV technology in
stochastic subspace identification Wind tunnel test SSI-COV
various wind tunnel tests and airflow
technique (Qin and Gu 2004)
conditions.
This paper studies the influence of reduced
Experimental evaluation of aerodynamic
Aeroelastic model wind speed, terrain type and structural
damping of square super high-rise RDT
wind tunnel test damping ratio on the aerodynamic damping
buildings (Quan et al. 2005)
ratio.
A simplified formula for aerodynamic
Wind-resistant studies on tall buildings Wind tunnel test
RDT damping ratio of the square building with
and structures (Gu 2010) (HFFB)
aspect ratio of 6 was proposed in this paper.
Field
System identification of a super high-rise
measurement & The estimated modal parameters are affected
building via a stochastic subspace SSI
Finite element by ambient temperature and mean wind speed.
approach (Faravelli et al. 2011)
simulation
Across-wind loads and effects of super- The aerodynamic damping value becomes
Wind tunnel test
tall buildings and structures (Gu and RDT & SSI negative when the reduced wind speed is
(HFFB)
Quan 2011) about 10-13.
The effects of wind speed, rotation angle
Experimental study of aerodynamic
SDOF aeroelastic change (concave or oblique angle), side ratio
damping of typical tall buildings (Huang ERA + RDT
model test and wind direction on aerodynamic damping
et al. 2013)
were studied in this paper.
Stochastic subspace identification for
output-only modal analysis: application to Field A field measurement on a 610m high structure
SSI
super high-rise tower under abnormal measurement (Canton Tower) was carried out in this paper.
loading condition (Liu et al. 2013)
The aerodynamic damping ratio and
Experimental study of aerodynamic HFFB & Rocking Aeroelastic instability characteristics of a
damping of a twisted supertall building vibration model RDT 180 °helix angle super high-rise building
(Kim et al. 2018) test model was studied by rocking vibration model
test and wind tunnel test.
Identification of modal parameters of a The damping obtained by the SSI method
Field
600‐m‐high skyscraper from field RDT & SSI based on the ambient vibration tests were
measurement
vibration tests (Zhang and Li 2019) higher than those from the free vibration tests.
Field It is verified that the damping of the high-rise
Structural Responses of a Supertall
measurement & building will change with the structural
Building Subjected to a Severe Typhoon RDT & SSI
Finite element amplitude under the strong typhoon in this
at Landfall (Li et al. 2020b)
simulation paper.

5. Aerodynamic modifications for high-rise methods other than aerodynamic modifications do not
buildings change the vortex shedding itself (Xie 2014).
According to the influence mechanism and modification
Although the oscillatory motion caused by vortex direction, aerodynamic modifications of high-rise buildings
shedding can be suppressed by additional damping devices, against wind excitation can be divided into two categories:
modifications along the height and modifications along the topography, the maximum reduction rate of fluctuating
section. crosswind is about 20% and 30%, respectively. They also
Modifications along the height aim to change the vortex found that compared with the basic building model with a
shedding frequency of high-rise buildings along the height, square section, the wind-induced response of the tapered
thus reducing the structural resonance. Generally speaking, building model is not always reduced. After further research,
modifications along the height usually have a significant Kim et al. (2008) found that it is the low damping ratio that
impact on the overall concept of the building, which caused the adverse effect of tapering.
includes tapering, setbacks, twisting, openings and varying The following are some examples which use tapering
cross-section shape, so designers should make changes in and setbacks to reduce the wind-induced response:
the early design stages of the building.
Modifications along the section aim to change the flow
pattern around the high-rise building, thus improving the
aerodynamic performance of the structure. Different from
modifications along the height, modifications along the
section have little effect on the parent geometry and can be
introduced later in the building design which includes fillet
modification, bevel modification and concave corner
modification. By changing the flow pattern around a high-
rise building, aerodynamic modifications can effectively
moderate the wind-induced response.

5.1 Modifications along the height

Fig. 5 Tapering and setbacks
According to Eq.(2), the Strouhal number and the
projected width normal to the flow direction determine the
vortex shedding frequency. By changing these two variables, 5.1.2 Varying cross-section shape
we can make the vortex shedding frequency of high-rise
buildings change along the height, thus reducing the Similar to tapering and setback, the varying cross-
structural resonance. Some typical modifications along the section shape will also change the vortex shedding
height are shown in Fig. 4. frequency along the height and suppress the corresponding
force and response. According to the work by Sharma et al.
(2018), through changing the upper half of the building to
an octagonal cross-section, the mean wind force decrease
along the wind direction can be up to 22%. The comparison
of the two cases is as follows:

Fig. 6 Flow pattern around building with square-shaped

section (Sharma et al. 2018)
Fig. 4 Aerodynamic modifications along the height
(Asghari Mooneghi and Kargarmoakhar 2016)

5.1.1 Tapering and setbacks

Through tapering and setback, the vortex shedding will

spread to a wide frequency range, so that the vortex will shed
at different frequencies in the whole height range. (Kim et Fig. 7 Flow pattern around building with varying cross
al. 2008) The variation of the shedding frequency along the section at mid height (Sharma et al. 2018)
altitude can effectively suppress the coherence and
excitation due to vortex shedding, thus suppressing the
corresponding force and response (Irwin 2008a, 2009; Kim 5.1.3 Twisting or rotating
and Kanda 2010, 2013).
In order to study the effect of reducing wind-induced The twisted form can effectively reduce the dynamic
vibration response of tapered high-rise buildings, Kim and response of high-rise buildings caused by interference and
You (2002) carried out a series of high-frequency force- vortex shedding. The twisting or rotating of the building can
balance tests on four building models with different taper effectively discordance the most adverse direction with the
ratios (5%, 10%, 15%) and a basic building model with strongest wind and avoids the simultaneous vortex shedding
square section. The results show that the effect of tapering along the height of the building. (Amin and Ahuja 2010)
in the cross-wind direction is more significant than that in Bandi et al. (2013) carried out an experimental study on
the along-wind direction. For suburban and urban the pressure models of six kinds of high-rise buildings in a
boundary layer wind tunnel. The results show that the CAARC standard high-rise buildings as a reference model,
twisting model can produce more disturbed shedding Li et al. (2020a) conducted pressure tests on four corner-
vortices and result in a significant decrease in fluctuating chamfered models with different modification rates ranging
wind force. Kim et al. (2015) carried out wind tunnel tests from 5% to 20% in a boundary layer wind tunnel. The results
on 13 straight and helical high-rise buildings with polygonal show that with the increase of the chamfer ratio, the
sections, including triangles, squares, pentagons, hexagons, aerodynamic performance of high-rise building models can
octagons, dodecagons and circles. They found that the be effectively improved.
influence of helical shape on the response decreases with the Using CFD simulations to evaluate the aerodynamic
number of sides. When the number of sides is five or more, performance is also an attractive way because by
the influence of helical shape on response characteristics introducing optimization algorithms, it becomes possible to
becomes small. find the best aerodynamic shape. Besides, the computational
The following are some examples which use twisting or fluid dynamics simulation allows rigorous and thorough
rotating to reduce the wind-induced response: research in the whole environment around the building
model. In 1998, Tamura et al. (1998) firstly applied the CFD
technique to study aerodynamic optimization. The results
were encouraging and gave readers a clear understanding of
the physical mechanism that occurs around obstacles of
different shapes.
Although many of these studies have proved the
benefits of corner geometric modification, some cases show
that the modification of building corners may be ineffective
and sometimes even lead to adverse effects (Miyashita et al.
1993). In fact, these methods should be used with caution to
avoid any adverse effects. It should also be noted that the
effectiveness of corner modification depends on the
oncoming wind direction and the modification size. Irwin et
Fig. 8 Twisting or rotating al. (2008b) suggested that corner changes should be
extended by about 10% of the building width from the
5.2 Modifications along the section corner.

A typical building shape is usually square or rectangular, 5.3 Influence of aerodynamic modifications on
which sometimes makes the building subject to a strong pedestrian-level wind environment
vortex force. Fortunately, this kind of exciting force can be
reduced by slightly modifying the aerodynamic shape of the Building constructions will inevitably change the wind
tower, such as slotted corners, rounded corners, chamfers field nearby, especially near high-rise buildings where high
and corner retreats. Compared with ordinary rectangular wind speed usually occurs at the height of pedestrians. This
buildings, these methods can effectively reduce the along- may cause uncomfortable or unsafe wind conditions to
wind and cross-wind responses (Asghari Mooneghi and pedestrians. An accident had been reported (Lawson and
Kargarmoakhar 2016). Some typical modifications along Penwarden 1977) that two old women unfortunately fell to
the section are shown in Fig. 9. death just because the high-speed wind from the bottom of
tall buildings. A recent research by Xu et al. (2017) has
reported that at similar ambient wind speeds, the maximum
wind speed and force on pedestrians near a 400m super hig-
rise buildings may be twice and four times that near a 200
meter building. Since the 1970s, with the rapid development
of high-rise buildings in big cities, pedestrian-level wind
Fig. 9 Modifications along the section (Kareem et al. 1999) environment gradually attracted attention from researchers
Many researchers have studied the effect of corner (Baghaei Daemei et al. 1970; Isyumov and Davenport 1975,
modification on the aerodynamics of high-rise buildings, 1978; Isyumov 1978).
including bevel, concave and slotted corners. To study the The initial studies mainly focused on the pedestrian-
influence of corner modifications on the aerodynamic force, level wind environment around traditional square and
Tamura and Miyagi (1999) carried out a set of wind tunnel rectangular high-rise buildings. Many wind tunnel tests
tests on three square-sectioned cylinders with sharp, (Wiren 1977; Stathopoulos and Storms 1986; Yamada et al.
chamfered and rounded corners, respectively. It was found 1996) and field measurements (Murakami et al. 1979; Dye
that the chamfered and rounded corners could reduce the 1980; Letchford and Isaacs 1992) were carried out for this
width of the wake, thereby reducing the drag force. From the issue. For example, through a boundary layer wind tunnel
economic point of view, Tse et al. (2009) discussed the test, Stathopoulos (1985) carried out an experimental study
reasonable chamfer design to a square-shaped section on the pedestrian-level wind environment around square
building. Gu and Quan (2004) studied the effects of corner buildings with chamfered corners. He found that the 45-
cut and corner recession on the cross-wind response of degree-chamfered corners could significantly reduce the
buildings. The results show that the modification of the area of strong wind zone in corner flow at pedestrian level.
corner effectively reduces the peak amplitude of cross-wind Using four models with different corner shapes, Uematsu et
force spectrum, and when the ratio of corner-cut size to the al. (1992) studied the influence of corner shape of high-rise
cross-sectional width is 10%, the peak amplitude of the buildings on the pedestrian-level wind environment through
cross-wind force spectrum reaches the lowest. Taking a series of wind tunnel tests. The result showed that even a
slight corner change could greatly improve the pedestrian- models with different configurations (square section,
level wind environment. rectangular section, elliptical section, polygonal section,
In recent years, more and more super-high-rise buildings corner modifications, tilted angle, taper, setbacks, twist
with various configurations have been built around the angle, openings, etc.). The influences of corner
world, which prompted scholars in this field to research the modifications, twist angle of helical models, number of
influence of different configurations on the pedestrian-level sides of building plan, projected width and other important
winds. For example, through a series of wind-tunnel tests, parameters on speed-up ratio and speed-up area were
Xu et al. (2017) studied the characteristics of pedestrian- comprehensively investigated.
level wind environment around 40 super high-rise building

5.4 Summary of previous studies

Table 5 Aerodynamic modifications for high-rise buildings

Reference Method Modification Remarks

Slotted corners are more effective than fins for

Aerodynamic devices for tall buildings and Wind tunnel
Fins, slotted corners both along-wind response and across-wind
structures (Kwok and Bailey 1987) test
response.
Horizontal slots, slotted corners and chamfers
Effect of building shape on wind-induced Wind tunnel Chamfers, horizontal
can significantly reduce the response of
response of tall building (Kwok 1988) test slots, slotted corners
alongwind and crosswind.
Wind-induced response of high-rise
buildings: Effects of corner cuts or Wind tunnel Chamfers, recession, These modifications effectively reduce the
openings in square buildings (Miyashita et test openings fluctuating component of the cross-wind force.
al. 1993)
Numerical prediction of unsteady pressures
Chamfers, rounded Chamfers and rounded corners effectively
on a square cylinder with various corner CFD
corners reduce along-wind and across-wind forces.
shapes (Tamura et al. 1998)
Effect of corner modifications on
Wind tunnel Chamfers, recession, Rounded corner is more effective than
aeroelastic instabilities of tall buildings
test rounded corners chamfers and recession.
(Kawai 1998)
The effect of turbulence on aerodynamic Due to the decrease of the wake width, the
Wind tunnel Chamfers, rounded
forces on a square cylinder with various chamfers and rounded corners reduced the
test corners
corner shapes (Tamura and Miyagi 1999) along-wind force.
Modification of the corner can effectively
Across-wind loads of typical tall buildings Wind tunnel reduce the peak amplitude of cross-wind
Chamfers, recession
(Gu and Quan 2004) test force, 10% recession ratio is the most
effective.
Economic perspectives of aerodynamic
Wind tunnel The recession is more effective than chamfers
treatments of square tall buildings (Tse et Chamfers, recession
test for small modification lengths.
al. 2009)
Effects of corner recession modification on Both modifications can reduce the coefficients
Wind tunnel Single and double
aerodynamic coefficients of square high- of moment and torque, 7.5% recession ratio is
test recession
rise buildings (Zhengwei et al. 2013) the most effective.
Through coupling an optimization algorithm,
Enhancing wind performance of tall
Fins, chamfers, LES and an ANN-based model, a building
buildings using corner aerodynamic CFD
rounded corners corner aerodynamic optimization method was
optimization (Elshaer et al. 2017)
proposed.
Aerodynamic performance of CAARC With the increase of chamfer ratio, the
Wind tunnel
standard tall building model by various Chamfers aerodynamic performance of the high-rise
test
corner chamfers (Li et al. 2020a) building can be effectively improved.

6. Proximity effect of high-rise buildings When several structures are clustered closely together,
the proximity of one structure to another will influence the
Compared with single buildings, research on the wind flow field and wind force around each member of the group.
environment of group buildings is more complicated. The This effect is particularly evident for a group of identical or
interaction caused by adjacent high-rise buildings is usually similar structures which usually have similar natural
called interference or proximity effect, which has been frequency and make them easily influenced by each other.
proved to easily increase the downwind, crosswind and When the vortex shedding frequency of the upstream
torsional response by 30-40% at the middle or low range of structure coincides with the natural frequency of the
reduced wind velocities, and the increase is much larger in downstream structure, large-amplitude vibration may be
the high range of reduced wind velocities (Kwok 2013). In the produced. This phenomenon is called resonant buffeting and
design of modern high-rise buildings, such a massive well known for the Cooling tower accident in Ferrybridge
response increase is an important consideration. Power Station. In this accident, eight cooling towers were
damaged in different degrees, three of them collapsed and
five cracked. Details of this accident were reported in the Huang and Gu (2002) studied the interference effect
literatures (CEGB 1973; Pope 1994). between two tall buildings by a series of wind tunnel tests
using the orthogonal test method, which was introduced to
6.1 Interference mechanism the design of the wind tunnel test for the first time. The
influence of structure height, section size and shape of the
Much research has been carried out on the interference building on the interference effect was well studied.
mechanism in group buildings. Some of the representative Hui et al. (2012, 2013b) studied the interference effect
research results are introduced below. on the local peak pressure coefficient between two high-rise
Through a series of wind tunnel tests on the rectangular buildings with different shapes. The results showed that the
cross-section high-rise building models, Reinhold et al. interference effect mainly depended on the shape of the
(1977b) pointed out that the aerodynamic force caused by building and the direction of the wind. The unfavorable
the upstream interfering construction vortex shedding was position was generally concentrated at the edges and corners
the main reason for the vibration amplification of the of the building, and the minimum peak pressure is 40%
downstream interfered buildings. Taniike and Yoshihito higher than that in isolated cases.
(1991, 1992) studied the flow distribution around two Yu et al. (2018) studied the interference effects of
adjacent buildings in a low turbulence wind field by using interfering buildings with six different width ratios ( Br =
the dry ice mist flow trace display method and concluded 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4) on adjacent buildings and
that the emergence of fluctuating forces was mainly caused found that the vortex-induced resonance occured only when
by the following three reasons: 1) the upstream buildings Br = 0.4 and 0.6. The reason is that the along-wind reduced
would form alternating vortex shedding, which generates
additional angular momentum on the downstream buildings; velocity ( Vr = 4.0 and 5.9) and crosswind reduction velocity
2) the vortex shedding from the upstream building is ( Vr = 5.0 and 5.9) were in the range of Vr = 2 ~ 6.
transformed into a small-scale vortex, which increases the
fluctuating velocity of the incoming flow; 3) the contracted 6.4 Effect of location and proximity of
flow between two buildings strengthens the vortex shedding neighboring buildings
from the object building. Hui et al. (2013a) studied the
interference effect between two high-rise buildings through Sakamoto et al. (1987, 1988) studied the interference
the technique Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The results effects of two equally sized building models arranged in a
show that the high-speed shear flow of the upstream line. It was found that the distribution of Strouhal number
building and the strong interaction of the flow fields of the would be divided into three regions with the change of
two buildings are the main reasons for the occurrence of the distance ratio x/b (x is the distance between the center line
most unfavorable negative pressure. of the two square-section buildings, B is the width of the
From all these studies, it can be concluded that there are square-section building) : 1) when x/b < 3, the vortex
several key factors that hugely affect the interference effect shedding originates from the downstream buildings; 2)
between buildings, which are: wind velocity, size and shape when 3 < x/b < 27, the vortex shedding of the downstream
of the building, terrain type, location and proximity of building and the upstream building occurs synchronously; 3)
neighbouring buildings. when x/b > 27, the two square-section buildings generate
their own independent vortex shedding.
6.2 Effect of wind velocity Thepmongkorn et al. (2002) analyzed the interference
effects on the upstream or downstream of CAARC standard
When studying the influence of wind velocity on high-rise buildings through a series of aeroelastic model
structure, the concept of reduced velocity Vr is usually tests in wind tunnel. It was found that except when an
adopted. The expression for the reduced velocity is as follow: interfering slender building was located directly upstream of
Vr = Vh / ( f s D) (3) the target building, the down-wind response and cross-wind
response of the target building would not change
where f is the natural frequency of the structure, D significantly due to the existence of upstream buildings of
is the width of the structure, and Vh is the reference wind any size in a high turbulence wind environment.
velocity at the height h of the structure. Tang and Kwok (2004) studied the interference
Bailey and Kwok (1985) studied the interference effect mechanism between two tall buildings with same square
of upstream circular buildings on downstream square section through wind tunnel tests. The results showed that
buildings, and found that when the reduced velocity Vr = the magnitude of the interference effect depended on the
distance between two buildings and the position of the
6.8, the dynamic response of the disturbed buildings would
interfered building in the wake.
increase significantly, and the interference factors of both
along and across wind directions can reach 3.2.
6.5 Effect of terrain type
Kareem (1987) studied the influence of interference
effect on the dynamic response of blunt bodies through a
Melbourne and Sharp (1976), Blessmann (1985) and
series of wind tunnel tests and pointed out that the
Kareem (1987) studied the interference effects under
interference factor tends to decrease with the increase of the
various terrains (open countryside, urban suburbs and urban
reduced velocity. The reason may be that the response of the
landforms) and obtained the conclusion that the interference
structure is lower when the reduced velocity is low ( Vr ≤ 5 ) effects under the open landform conditions were the most
and higher when the reduced velocity is high ( Vr > 5 ). significant. On the one hand, due to the low turbulence
corresponding to the open landform, fluctuations in the
6.3 Effect of building size and shape wake of the upstream building are well-correlated, thus
causing enhanced wind loads on the downstream building.
On the other hand, the high turbulence of the urban landform turbulence urban landform. The results showed that the
has a blocking effect on the wake of the upstream buildings, interference effect decreased exponentially with the increase
thus reducing the interference effect on the downstream of turbulence intensity and the mutual interference effect
building, and the high turbulence of the flow field also has a finally disappeared when the turbulence degree increased to
great influence on the vortex formation and wake structure. 17%-18%.
Taniike and Yoshihito (1991) studied the interference
effects between adjacent high-rise buildings in a high-

6.6 Summary of previous studies

Table 6 Proximity effect of high-rise buildings

Reference Research focus Remarks

Under a normal strong wind with low turbulence, the dynamic load
Interference excitation of twin tall Interference mechanism on the upstream of an identical pair of high-rise buildings can be
buildings (Bailey and Kwok 1985) Reduced velocity increased by up to 4.4 times. Due to resonant buffeting, the dynamic
load on downstream buildings may increase by 3.2 times.
Except when a slender interfering building is located directly
Turbulence effect on mutual Building size and shape upstream of the target building, the down-wind response and cross-
interference of tall buildings Location and proximity wind response of the target building will not change significantly
(Taniike and Yoshihito 1991) Terrain type due to the existence of upstream buildings of any size in a high
turbulence wind environment.
Interference effects on aeroelastic Torsional response The critical position of the interfering building and the
torsional response of structurally corresponding torsional response of the main building are dependent
Building size and shape
asymmetric tall buildings (Zhang on the size of the interfering building and the eccentric position of
et al. 1995) Location and proximity the main building relative to the incident wind.
The along-wind, cross-wind and torsional responses of the main
Interference effects on wind-
building increased significantly when the interfering building was
induced coupled motion of a tall
Location and proximity located diagonally upstream. The cross-wind response would
building (Thepmongkorn et al.
increase more significantly when the interfering building was
2002)
located directly upstream.
The orthogonal test method was introduced into the study of
Study on wind-induced mean
interference effect for the first time. The influence of upstream
interference effects between two tall Building size and shape
building height, cross-section size and shape on the interference
buildings (Huang and Gu 2002)
effect was well studied.
Experimental and numerical study
on wind-induced mean interference The influence of serial, parallel and staggered arrangement on
Location and proximity
effects on two tall buildings (Wei et buildings was studied by numerical simulation on Fluent 6.
al. 2004)
Wind tunnel tests on 27 typical high-rise building models were
carried out by using wind pressure scanning and HFFB techniques.
Wind-resistant studies on tall Building size and shape
The interference effects on wind forces between two and three high-
buildings and structures (Gu 2010) Location and proximity
rise buildings was studied under about 10,000 experimental
conditions.
Wind-induced mean interference The mean interference effects between two adjacent rectangular
Building size and shape
effects between two closed spaced buildings located in a geometrical configuration of 'L' and 'T’ plan
Location and proximity
buildings (Amin and Ahuja 2012) shape were studied.
Computational evaluation of wind
loads on a standard tall building The large eddy simulation (LES) technique is used to calculate the
Location and proximity
using LES (Dagnew and proximity effect between standard high-rise buildings.
Bitsuamlak 2014)
Interference effects between two
The interference effects of interfering buildings with six different
tall buildings with different section
Building size and shape width ratios (Br = 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4) on adjacent
sizes on wind-induced acceleration
buildings were studied.
(Yu et al. 2018)
Aerodynamic interference effects of
Through numerical simulation, the interference effects of a
a proposed taller high‐rise
proposed super-high-rise building, adjacent equal-height buildings
building on wind pressures on Location and proximity
and other background buildings on the target building were well
existing tall buildings (Quan et al.
studied.
2020)

7. Summary and future perspectives topic in civil engineering. Taking four issues of concern in
high-rise buildings as the mainline, this paper summarizes
With the emergence of more and more high-rise the development history and current research progress of
buildings, structures in cities are getting taller and more wind engineering on high-rise buildings.
flexible, so the wind has become a critical question and Among the three main research methods in structural
structural wind engineering has become a popular research wind engineering, the CWE is undoubtedly the most
potential one. Compared with the field measurement and Baetke, F., Werner, H. and Wengle, H. (1990), "Numerical
physical wind tunnel test, CWE can provide some particular simulation of turbulent flow over surface-mounted obstacles
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The authors wish to gratefully acknowledge the support Dalgliesh, W.A. (1975), "Comparison of model/full-scale wind
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