First Year Tutorial

James Watt School of Engineering

THERMODYNAMICS 1 (ENG1066)

TUTORIAL RECORD

STUDENT’S NAME MATRIC NUMBER

TUTORIAL DATE TUTOR’S SIGNATURE

1

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 Tutorial 1

1. Give the name of ten Thermodynamics systems and mention which one is open system and which one is
closed. To answer this question, you need to think how a system is defined in Thermodynamics.

2. Indicate which of the following properties are extensive and which are intensive (simply apply the
classical / theoretical definition used to categorise a system property):
i. volume
ii. temperature
iii. mass
iv. energy
v. pressure
vi. density
vii. any specific property

3. In the P-V diagram below identify which process is isochoric and which one is isobaric.

1 2

4. What will be the work done of an isochoric process in a system? For the PV diagram see Question 3.
Answer: 0

5. What will be the work done of an isobaric process in a system? For the PV diagram see Question 3.
Answer: W = P (V2 − V1 )

6. Express the temperature of 20°C in Kelvin (K) and the pressure of 20 bar in Pascal (Pa).
Answer: 293 K, 20×105 Pa

7. One face of a copper plate 3 cm thick is maintained at 400 °C, and the other face is maintained at 100
°C. How much heat per metre-squared is transferred through the plate if the thermal conductivity, k, for
copper is 370 W/mK ?
[3.7 MW/m2]
8. An aluminium plate, 1 cm thick, is now placed against the copper plate, but its external (non-contact)
surface is maintained at 100°C. If the thermal conductivity of aluminium is 215 W/mK, determine the
heat transfer now through this composite material and also the temperature at the interface between the
two plates.

[2.4 MW/m2, 209.4°C]

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9. A segment of a house wall may be approximated by a 10 cm layer of common brick (k = 0.8 W/mK)
followed by a 5 cm air gap (k = 0.025 W/mK), followed by a 10 cm thermal concrete block brick (k = 0.5
W/mK). What is the heat lost (per m2) when the outside temperature (concrete block) is at ‒10°C while
the inside temperature is maintained at 20°C? Determine the temperature at each interface.

[12.9 W/m2, 18.39°C , −7.42°C ]

This calculation assumes heat transfer through the air-gap is solely by conduction. Mention the name of
heat transfer mechanism ignored, and then explain how this will affect the total heat transfer process.
Also explain whether inserting insulation like rock wool into the air-gap will be a better option. If so,
explain how.

10. A horizontal, high pressure steam pipe of 0.1 m outside diameter passes through a large room whose
wall and air temperatures are at 21°C. The pipe has an outside surface temperature of 169°C and an
emissivity of 0.85. Estimate the radiative heat transfer from the pipe surface per unit length. Stefan-
Bolzman constant is 5.6704×10-8 W/m2K4.

[465 W/m]

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 Tutorial 2

1. In an air compressor the pressures at inlet and outlet are 1 bar and 5 bar respectively. The temperature of
the air at inlet is 15°C and the volume at the beginning of compression is three times that at the end of
compression. Average value of the specific heat, Cv = 0.718 kJ/K kg.

a. Calculate the temperature of the air at outlet and the increase in internal energy per kg of air
(ignoring the work into the system).
[207°C; 138 kJ/kg]
b. Determine the ratio of in-to-out volumes if compression had been adiabatic instead i.e. it
obeyed the relationship p1V11.4 = p2V21.4 .
[3.157]
c. Hence determine the outlet temperature and increase in internal energy per kg of air for the
adiabatic case.
[183 °C; 121 kJ/kg]
d. How can you explain the different increases in internal energy per kg of air?

2. A fridge (heat pump) operating in a kitchen consumes 500 W of power and has a Coefficient of
Performance (COP) of 13.5. Determine the rate of heat removal from the food compartment.

Answer: 6.75 kW (or 405 kJ/min)

3. The heat engine in a power plant is supplied with heat at a rate of 800 kJ/min and outputs 8 kW.
Determine (a) the thermal efficiency, and (b) the amount of heat rejected by the heat engine.

Turbine

Boiler

Condenser

Answer: (a) 60%, (b) 5.33 kW

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4. Gas in a piston-cylinder device (closed system) is compressed from an initial volume of 0.42 m3 to a
final volume of 0.22 m3. During the process, the pressure inside the device changes with volume
according to the linear relation, P = aV + b , where a = −1100 kPa / m 3 and b = 600 kPa .
F

GAS

Calculate the work done

a) by plotting the process on a PV diagram and finding the area under the process path, and
b) by performing the necessary integration.
Answer: 49.6 kJ, ‒49.6kJ

5. A heat engine runs through the following cyclic processes:

1-2: Isothermal expansion of gas inside the piston-cylinder according to PV=mRT (ideal gas) till the
volume becomes double

2-3: Cooling at a constant pressure until the piston regains its original position

3-1: Heat supply with the piston firmly locked in position until the pressure rises to its original value

The initial gas pressure and volume are measured at 20 × 10 5 N / m 2 and 0.05 m3 respectively.

Draw the above processes on a P-V diagram indicating the heat input or out at each process.
Determine the work done in each process and finally the net work done.

2
2

3 3-1
1

Answers: 0.7 × 105 J , − 0.5 ×105 J , 0; 0.2 × 105 J

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 Tutorial 3

1. 1 m3 of gas undergoes an adiabatic compression from 1 bar to 10 bar. Determine the work required, if its
ratio of specific heat is 1.4.
[‒233 kJ]

2. Volume inside a piston cylinder is expanded from 0.9 m3 to 1.4 m3 at a constant pressure of 100 kN/m2.
If the change in internal energy is 12 kJ, determine the amount of heat required for this process. Ignore
the changes of kinetic and potential energy. Will the temperature drop or increase inside the cylinder?

Wout

Qin

Answer: 62 kJ

3. Fluid enters a circular nozzle steadily at a velocity of 60 m/s with a specific enthalpy of 3025 kJ/kg and
leaves with a specific enthalpy of 2790 kJ/kg. The nozzle is placed horizontal and it is insulated.
Determine

(a) the exit velocity of the fluid;

(b) the mass flow rate of the fluid when the inlet area is 0.1 m2 and the specific volume at the
inlet is 0.19 m3/kg; and

(c) the exit area of the nozzle when the specific volume at the exit is 0.5 m3/kg.

(d) the diameter of the pipe at the inlet and outlet.

Answer: 688 m/s, 31.6 kg/sec, 0.023 m2, 0.36 m, 0.17 m

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4. A turbine operating under the steady-flow conditions receives steam at the following state: pressure of
13.8 bar, specific volume of 0.143 m3/kg, specific internal energy of 2590 kJ/kg, and velocity of 90 m/s.
The state of the steam leaving the turbine is as follows: pressure of 0.35 bar, specific volume of 4.37
m3/kg, specific internal energy of 2360 kJ/kg, and velocity of 30 m/s.

Heat is rejected to the surroundings at a rate of 25 kW and the rate of steam flow through the turbine is
given as 0.38 kg/s.

Calculate the power developed by the turbine. Ignore the change of potential energy.

If the casing of the turbine is insulated, can we develop more power? If so, how much.
Qɺ out

Wɺ out

Answer: 80.64 kW, 105.64 kW

5. Air flows steadily at a rate of 0.5 kg/s through a compressor; entering at 6.5 m/s with a pressure of 1.5
bar and a specific volume of 0.95 m3/kg; and leaving at 5.5 m/s with a pressure of 7.3 bar and a specific
volume of 0.22 m3/kg.

The change of specific internal energy in the compressor is measured at 92 kJ/kg, and the rate of heat
absorbed by the surrounding is 28 kW.

Calculate the power required to drive the compressor, and also calculate the cross-sectional area of the
inlet and outlet pipe.

If the inlet air temperature is 20°C, calculate the compressed air temperature at the outlet.

Ignore the change of potential energy.

Qɺ out

Wɺ in

Answer: 83 kW, 0.073 m2, 0.02 m2, 57.22°C

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 Thermodynamics 1 Data Sheet

Heat Transfer: Kinetic Energy:

Q = mCV (θ 2 − θ1 ) 1
KE = mC 2
2
Q = ml
1 2
Electrical Power = VI ke = C
2
 θ −θ 
Qɺ = kA  2 1  = UA (θ2 − θ1 )
 d  Potential Energy:
PE = mgz
Qɺ1 = Qɺ 2
pe = gz
(
Qɺ = σε A T 4 − T 4
2 1 )
Total Energy:
σ = 5.67 × 10−8 J/s m 2 K 4 E = U + KE + PE
p1V1 p2V2 1
= E = U + mC 2 + mgz
T1 T2 2
e = u + ke + pe
Heat Engine: 1
W e = u + C 2 + gz
η= 2
QH
Q Gases:
η = 1− C R = C p − Cv
QH
Wɺ Cp
η= n=
Qɺ Cv
H
dQ
Qɺ =
Heat Pump/Refrigerator: dt
Q dW
COP = C Wɺ =
W dt
V2
COP =
QC W = ∫ P dV
QH − QC V1

PV = mRT
Qɺ
COP = C PV n = Constant
Wɺ

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Total Energy (Closed system):
E = U + KE + PE
1
E = U + mC 2 + mgz
2
1 2
e = u + C + gz
2

Total Energy (Open system):

E = M + U + KE + PE
1
E = PV + U + mC 2 + mgz
2
1 2
e = Pv + u + C + gz
2
H = PV + U
h = Pv + u

First Law (Closed System):

Q net + W net = ∆E system
Qnet + Wnet = ∆U + ∆KE + ∆PE
 ∂u 
Cv =  
 ∂T  v
Qnet + Wnet = mC v (T2 − T1 )

First Law (Open System):

Qnet + Wnet + E mass ,net = ∆E system
1
Qɺ net + Wɺ net + mɺ ( Pv + u + C 2 + gz ) net = 0
2
mɺ = ρ A C
mɺ 1 = mɺ 2

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Nomenclature

A = cross sectional area (m2)

C = Velocity (m/s) or

Cv = Specific Heat at constant volume (J/K.kg)

COP = Coefficient of Performance

E = Total Energy (J)

E = Specific Total Energy (J/kg)

η = Thermal efficiency

g = gravitational acceleration (m/s2)

H = Enthalpy (J)
h = Specific Enthalpy (J/kg)

I = electrical current (A)

KE = Kinetic energy (J)

ke = Specific Kinetic energy (J/kg)

l = latent heat (J/kg)

m = mass (kg)

ɺ = mass flow rate (kg/sec)

m
PE = Potential energy (J)

pe = Specific Potential energy (J/kg)

M = Mass transfer (J)

N = Number of revolution

Q = Heat Transfer (J)

ɺ = rate of heat transfer, unit Watt (W), J/sec

Q
P = pressure (Pa)

R = specific gas constant (J/K.kg)

ρ = fluid density (kg/m3)

θ = Temperature (°C)
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T = Temperature (K)

τ = Torque (N.m)

U = Internal energy (J)

u = Specific internal energy (J/kg)

V = volume (m3) or voltage (V)

v = Specific volume (m3/kg)

W = Work (J)

ɺ = power, unit Watt (W), J/sec

W
z = vertical distance (m)

Subscripts

C = Cold

H = Hot

in = into a system
net = Net amount
out = out of a system

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