DP1 BioHL - Topic 9 - -

Revision Worksheet [150 marks]

1. The apparatus is set up to measure the rate of transpiration. As [1 mark]
transpiration occurs from the leafy shoot, water is drawn through the
apparatus and is measured by timing the movement of the air bubble along the
capillary tube.

Which variable(s) must be controlled if transpiration rates are compared in

different plant species?
I. Total leaf surface area
II. Volume of water in the reservoir
III. Room temperature
A. I only
B. III only
C. I and III only
D. I, II and III

2. Micropropagation is used to produce large numbers of plants in a short [1 mark]

period of time. What is a feature of micropropagation?
A. Any tissue from a plant can be used for micropropagation.
B. The plants grown have different variations allowing for adaptations to the
environment.
C. Micropropagation requires plant pollen and agar gel only.
D. The process is sterile and resulting plants are disease-free.
3. A hummingbird is shown visiting a large flower. [1 mark]

[Source: Nussbaumer, R./Naturepl.com, n.d. Black chinned hummingbird

(Archilochus alexandri ). Available at:
https://www.naturepl.com/stock-photo/black-chinned-hummingbird-archilochus-
alexandri-male-feeding-at-sageflower/search/detail-0_01140572.html.]

What makes this a mutualistic relationship?

A. The bird feeds on nectar and transfers pollen to the stamen of a flower of the
same species.
B. The bird obtains nutrients and the plant is assisted with pollination for sexual
reproduction.
C. The bird requires pollen as a protein source and, while obtaining this, disperses
seeds for the plant.
D. The bird transfers pollen to the stigma of flowers of a different species while
feeding.
4. Which graph represents the effect of humidity on the transpiration rate in [1 mark]
plants?

5. The diagrams represent cross sections of the stem and root of a plant. [1 mark]

Which tissues transport water in the stem and the root?

6. What is an aspect of indeterminate growth in plants? [1 mark]
A. The shoot apex retains undifferentiated cells that can divide repeatedly to
produce new leaves.
B. The shoot can grow in any direction to maximize absorption of light for
photosynthesis.
C. Some buds on the stem grow to produce side-shoots but others never develop.
D. Some plants grow faster than others.

7. The diagram shows the longitudinal section of phloem tissue at a plant [1 mark]
source.

What is a function of the structures labelled X?

A. To provide the companion cell with carbon dioxide
B. To provide the companion cell with glucose
C. To allow movement of sucrose into the sieve tube
D. To allow movement of starch into the sieve tube
8. The picture shows lentils sprouts growing towards a light source from the [1 mark]
left.

[Source: Russell Neches, Lentil sprouts reaching for the sun [image online]
Available at https://www.flickr.com/photos/rneches/2081938105/ This file is
licensed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/.]

How has this response been brought about?

A. A higher concentration of auxins on the light side caused faster photosynthesis.
B. A higher concentration of auxins on the shaded side caused faster meiosis.
C. A higher concentration of auxins on the shaded side caused faster cell
elongation.
D. A higher concentration of chloroplasts on the light side allowed for more
photosynthesis.

9. Students investigated the environmental factors needed for germination, [1 mark]

using seeds from 20 different plant species. Which factors would prevent
germination if they are absent?
A. Mineral ions and carbon dioxide
B. Mineral ions and oxygen
C. Suitable temperature and oxygen
D. Suitable temperature and carbon dioxide
10. The diagram shows a plant shoot and the direction of the light which the [1 mark]
shoot received.

[Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database. Available at:

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alnus_seedling_drawing.png
[Accessed 30 November 2021].]

What are the direction of movement and the effect of auxin in the tip of a plant
shoot when receiving light from one side?
11. The graph shows how the mass of a bean seed from which all water has [1 mark]
been removed (dry mass) changes during germination.

What can be deduced from the graph?

A. The plant loses more water during period X than during period Y.
B. During period Y, photosynthesis occurs but not respiration.
C. During period Y, more CO2 is fixed in photosynthesis than is released by cell
respiration.
D. The seeds were not exposed to the correct temperature for germination during
period X.

12. Which method can be used to induce short-day plants to flower out of [1 mark]
season?
A. Grow them in winter
B. Grow them in summer
C. Expose them to a brief period of light during the night time
D. Cover them with opaque cloth for several hours before sunset

13. Expansin is a plant protein that loosens connections between cellulose [1 mark]
fibres in plant cell walls, allowing growth. In what location would
expression of the expansin gene be expected to be increased?
A. On the shaded side of a shoot being exposed to light
B. On the light side of a shoot being exposed to light
C. On the shaded side of a leaf that is transpiring rapidly
D. On the light side of a leaf that is transpiring rapidly
14. The apparatus in the diagram was used to assess the effects of factors on [1 mark]
transpiration rates.

[Source: Republished with permission of Springer-Verlag from E xperimentelle

Pflanzenphysiologie: Band 2, Peter Schopfer, 1st edition, 1st Jan 1989; permission
conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.]
Which factor would be a controlled variable in an experiment designed to assess
the effects of temperature on transpiration rate?
A. The opening and closing of stomata
B. The intensity of light striking the plant
C. The height of the water in the reservoir
D. The evaporation of water from the leaves

15. The image shows part of a section through the stem of a non-woody [1 mark]
plant. Where does transport of sucrose occur?

[Source: Courtesy of Kelly Cude, PhD, Professor Biological Sciences, College of the
Canyons.]
16. How does auxin contribute to phototropism? [1 mark]
A. It increases production of light-sensitive proteins.
B. It increases growth of cells on the shaded side of the stem.
C. It inhibits growth of axillary buds.
D. It inhibits stem elongation.

17. The graph shows the percentage of stomata that are open in two [1 mark]
different species of plants over a 24-hour period.

What does this graph show about plants X and Y?

A. Plant X absorbs most carbon dioxide at night.
B. Plant Y is adapted to desert conditions.
C. Plant X photosynthesises most at midday.
D. Plant Y only respires during the day.

18. How does auxin exert its effect on plant cells? [1 mark]
A. Acts directly on the cell wall, causing expansion
B. Binds to a receptor resulting in expression of genes
C. Causes the vacuole to absorb water and expand the cell
D. Causes the cell to undergo cell division
19. Plants were given four different light treatments to investigate the [1 mark]
influence of light on flowering. Which method can be used to induce a
short-day plant to flower?
A. 8 hours light, 8 hours dark, 8 hours light
B. 14 hours light, 10 hours dark
C. 8 hours light, 16 hours dark
D. 10 hours light, 14 hours dark with a flash of light halfway through

20. Which process is most responsible for movement of water from roots to [1 mark]
leaves of a plant on a hot sunny day?
A. Active translocation of mineral ions in roots
B. Active transport of organic compounds into sieve tubes
C. Raised hydrostatic pressure gradients
D. Evaporation of water from mesophyll cell walls

21. In the micrograph of a plant stem, which letter indicates the xylem? [1 mark]

[Source: adapted from

Kelvinsong/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en]

22. A pollen tube grows down the style to an egg inside the ovary of a flower. [1 mark]
What is the next process that occurs?
A. Dispersal
B. Fertilization
C. Germination
D. Pollination
23. The image shows a cross-section of a flower. [1 mark]

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Where does production of haploid gametes occur?

A. I and II only
B. III and IV only
C. I and III only
D. II and IV only
24. The image shows part of a section through the stem of a non-woody [1 mark]
plant.

[Source: © Ross Koning. Image used with the kind permission of the author.
http://plantphys.info.]

Which feature distinguishes the transport of materials in the tissue labelled I from
that in the tissue labelled II?
A. In II, active transport is used.
B. In II, products of photosynthesis are transported.
C. In I, movement of materials is the result of transpiration.
D. In I, there is a higher solute concentration.

25. Which statement describes the control of reproduction in flowering [1 mark]

plants?
A. Flowering in short-day plants results from changes in gene expression in the
shoot apex.
B. Flowering in long-day plants is controlled by the production of auxins in the
shoot apex.
C. All flowering plants depend on the duration of periods of light and darkness to
regulate the timing of reproduction.
D. Flowering in short-day plants occurs when day length is longer than 12 hours.
26. The image is a cross section through an Ammophila leaf, which grows on [1 mark]
coastal sand dunes.

[Source: Charles Good: The Ohio State University at Lima]

What feature suggests that Ammophila is a xerophyte?

A. The leaf surface area is increased.
B. The rolled leaf reduces the upper epidermis area.
C. The rolled leaf protects the lower epidermis from the wind.
D. The lower epidermis can transpire more easily.
27. The photomicrograph shows a section through the top of a plant shoot. [1 mark]

[Source: Charles Good: The Ohio State University at Lima]

What are the structures labelled X and Y?

28. What could be used in a technique for measuring flow rates in phloem? [1 mark]
I. Potometers
II. Aphid stylets
III. 14CO
2

A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II only
D. II and III only
29. A fungicide dissolved in water was applied to the soil in which a rose [1 mark]
plant was growing. It later appeared in the leaves. How did the fungicide
reach the leaves?
A. Movement up a water potential gradient
B. Transpiration pull in xylem
C. Translocation in phloem
D. Facilitated diffusion

30. What is a difference between pollination and fertilization in flowering [1 mark]

plants?
A. Pollination is movement of pollen from one flower to another whereas
fertilization occurs after self-pollination.
B. Pollination is movement of seeds away from the parent plant whereas
fertilization is union of two seeds.
C. Pollination is movement of pollen from anther to stigma whereas fertilization
depends on the growth of a pollen tube from the stigma to the ovule.
D. Pollination is movement of pollen whereas fertilization is movement of
gametes from flower to flower.

31. The diagram shows results of experiments into flowering in a species of [1 mark]
plant.

What can be used to promote off-season flowering in long-day plants?

A. Interrupt the day with a period of darkness.
B. Close blinds at the end of the night to delay the start of the light period.
C. Turn on the lights during the night for a brief period.
D. Extend the cycle of light and dark to more than 24 hours.
32. How do water molecules enter root cells? [1 mark]
A. Transpiration
B. Tension
C. Capillary action
D. Osmosis

33. In a plant, what tissue(s) is/are specially adapted to transport sucrose? [1 mark]

34. Fruit-eating bats living in protected Brazilian rainforests are attracted out [1 mark]
of the forests to fly over adjacent cleared land. Which phase of plant life
could the bats be assisting?
A. Germination
B. Flowering
C. Pollination
D. Seed dispersal

35. The micrograph shows the cross-section of the vascular tissue in a [1 mark]
dicotyledonous root. Which letter identifies phloem sieve tubes?

[Source: Wendy Paul]

36. The image shows seedlings that have been exposed to unidirectional [1 mark]
light.

[Source: The Micro Gardener (https://themicrogardener.com/prevent-fix-leggy-

seedlings/)]
Which statement explains the growth towards the light source?
A. Light causes auxin to inhibit cell division in the shoot meristem.
B. Light causes auxin to promote cell division in the shoot meristem.
C. Auxin is concentrated in the side of the shoot with light and inhibits cell
elongation.
D. Auxin is concentrated in the side of the shoot without light and promotes cell
elongation.

37. Agar is a growth medium without nutrients; starch agar is agar with [1 mark]
starch added to it. Seed coats were removed from seeds and the seeds
were used to set up the following conditions. Which plant embryo was unable to
grow?
38. Which letter identifies phloem? [1 mark]

[Source: E R DEGGINGER/Getty Images]

39. Cobalt chloride paper is blue when dry but turns pink with water. Blue [1 mark]
cobalt chloride paper was fastened to the upper and lower surfaces of a
plant leaf. After 20 minutes, many small pink dots were observed on the paper on
the lower surface, and a few pink dots were seen on the upper surface. What
conclusions can be drawn?
I. There are more stomata on the lower surface than on the upper surface.
II. Stomata on the upper surface are blocked by the waxy cuticle.
III. More transpiration occurs through the lower surface than through the upper
surface.
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

40. Which process and cause are responsible for water uptake by the roots? [1 mark]
41. Which flower structures are indicated by the letters Y and Z? [1 mark]

42. Which process is matched with a valid example? [1 mark]

43. Excessive irrigation can cause increased salinity in the soil. What effect [1 mark]
does this have on water transport in the plant roots?
A. Decreases movement of water from soil into the root
B. Absorption of water with a higher solute concentration
C. Increases movement of water from soil into the root
D. Absorption of water with a lower solute concentration
44. Chrysanthemums are an important commercial flower. As a short-day [1 mark]
plant, how can growers induce chrysanthemums to flower out of season?
A. Expose plants to short bursts of light for 24 hours
B. Expose plants to 15 hours of continuous light
C. Expose plants to 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness
D. Expose plants to 15 hours of continuous darkness

45. What is/are the effect(s) of auxin in plants? [1 mark]

I. Increasing the rate of cell elongation in stems
II. Changing the pattern of gene expression in shoot cells
III. Detecting the direction of light
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

46a. Compare and contrast the mode of nutrition of detritivores and [2 marks]
saprotrophs.

46b. Explain how some plant species are able to respond to changes in their [3 marks]
abiotic environment and flower at a precise time of the year.

46c. Outline the extension of the stem in plants. [2 marks]

 A broad bean is the seed of a species, Vicia faba, in the Fabaceae, a family of
flowering plants. This family contains many species that are used as sources of
food.

47a. On the diagram, label the testa and the radicle. [2 marks]

47b. An experiment was done to test the hypothesis that temperature [2 marks]
affects the rate of germination of the broad bean. Outline two factors
apart from temperature that should be controlled in this experiment.

47c. State the genus of the broad bean. [1 mark]

47d. Broad beans are rich in starch and cellulose. Compare and contrast the [2 marks]
structure of starch and cellulose.

47e. Once the germinated bean grows above the ground, state the process [1 mark]
used by the bean in the production of starch.
 The micrograph shows a vascular bundle from the stem of a barley plant.

[Source: Copyright Carolina Biological Supply Company. Used by permission only.]

48a. Xylem and phloem contain structures that are adapted for transport. [2 marks]
Outline the differences between these structures in xylem and phloem.

48b. Explain how the properties of water allow it to move through xylem [2 marks]
vessels.

48c. Outline how the structure of cellulose makes it suitable as a component [2 marks]
of cell walls.

49a. The images show parts of plants belonging to two different phyla. [2 marks]

State the phylum of plant X and of plant Y.

X:
Y:
49b. Some plant families, such as the figwort family, have been reclassified [3 marks]
on the basis of evidence from cladistics. Explain the methods that have
been used recently to reclassify groups of plants.

49c. Successful sexual reproduction in flowering plants depends on several [2 marks]

essential processes. Outline the role of pollination and seed dispersal.
Pollination:

Seed dispersal:

Boreal forests stretch across Canada, Russia and Scandinavia. This northern
ecosystem accounts for 29 % of the world’s forest areas. The long, cold winters
favour tall evergreen trees with either needles or scale-like leaves. These trees
are wind-pollinated and their seeds are not enclosed in a fruit. The photograph
shows a typical boreal forest in winter.

50a. Identify the dominant plant phylum in the boreal forest. [1 mark]

50b. In some areas there are gaps in the boreal forest where trees fail to [2 marks]
grow and peat tends to accumulate. Suggest reasons for this.

50c. An increase in global temperatures poses a critical threat to boreal [2 marks]

forests. Explain the consequences of climate change to this northern
ecosystem.

50d. Suggest one advantage for the evergreen trees of the boreal forest [1 mark]
being pollinated by wind.
50e. Discuss the advantages of the production of seeds enclosed in fruit. [2 marks]

50f. The boreal forests are situated close to the north pole and even in [2 marks]
summer the intensity of sunlight is lower than at the equator. Sketch a
graph showing the effect of light on the rate of photosynthesis, labelling the axes.

50g. In some boreal species, Rubisco is down-regulated during the winter [2 marks]
months. Describe the role of Rubisco in photosynthesis.

51a. Extensive areas of the rainforest in Cambodia are being cleared for [3 marks]
large-scale rubber plantations. Distinguish between the sustainability of
natural ecosystems such as rainforests and the sustainability of areas used for
agriculture.

51b. Describe the roles of the shoot apex in the growth of plants. [5 marks]

51c. Research suggests that many living plant species are polyploid. Explain [7 marks]
how polyploidy occurs and, using a named example, how polyploidy
can lead to speciation.

Arabidopsis is a small flowering plant in the mustard family (Brassicaceae) that is

widely used in basic research. It has a short life cycle, flowers quickly producing a
large number of seeds and is easy to cultivate. It forms a circle of leaves known as
a rosette that lies close to the soil. Flowers form at the end of short stems.

A study was carried out of differences in development between Arabidopsis plants

grown in long days (16 hours light, 8 hours dark) or short days (8 hours light, 16
hours dark). The sixth leaf (L6) to emerge in the rosette of each plant was used in
all investigations.
New leaves are initiated by the meristem and go through four stages as they
develop.
• Stage 1 (S1) – rapid cell division
• Stage 2 (S2) – cell division has ceased, cell expansion continues
• Stage 3 (S3) – decreasing cell expansion rate
• Stage 4 (S4) – leaf growth complete
The start of each stage of leaf development for plants grown in long days and
short days is shown above the first graph.
52a. Calculate the difference (in mm2) in the mean leaf area of L6 at the start [1 mark]
of stage 4 between the leaves of plants grown in long days and short
days.

52b. Distinguish between plants grown in long days and short days in the [2 marks]
timing of the four stages of leaf development.

52c. Distinguish between plants grown in long days and short days in the [2 marks]
mean number of leaves per rosette during the experimental period.
 Leaves were removed from Arabidopsis plants that had been grown in long day
and short day conditions and the concentration of starch within them was
measured. This was done both at the end of the day (D) and at the end of the
night (N) in each of the four stages of development (S1, S2, S3, S4).

52d. Discuss the evidence provided in the bar chart for the hypothesis that [2 marks]
plant leaves use up starch reserves for cell respiration during the night.

52e. For each of the stages, identify whether the starch concentration at the [1 mark]
end of the day is higher in the leaves grown in long day or short day
conditions.

52f. Suggest reasons for the difference in end of day starch concentrations [2 marks]
in stage 2 (S2) for the plants grown in long days and short days.
 To account for the observed phenotypic and metabolic differences, researchers
analysed mRNA transcript data. They found certain transcripts over-represented
in Arabidopsis plants grown in long days (dark grey) compared with the amount
expected due to chance.
Other types of transcripts were over-represented in Arabidopsis plants grown in
short days (light grey).

52g. Using the data in the bar chart, discuss the evidence for Arabidopsis [3 marks]
plants adapting to different daylight regimes by changing the pattern of
gene expression.

52h. Using all relevant data in this question, deduce with reasons whether [2 marks]
Arabidopsis is a long day plant or a short day plant in terms of
flowering.

53a. Plants have widespread influences, from food chains to climate change. [3 marks]
Draw a labelled diagram of the internal structure of a seed.

53b. Plants have widespread influences, from food chains to climate change. [8 marks]
Explain the process of water uptake and transport by plants.

54a. Most of the surface of the Earth is covered with a wide diversity of [2 marks]
ecosystems. Outline two general characteristics of all ecosystems.

54b. Vascular plants can be found in a wide variety of ecosystems. [2 marks]

Outline active transport in phloem tissue.
54c. Vascular plants can be found in a wide variety of ecosystems. [3 marks]
Explain how a plant replaces the water it loses in transpiration.

Auxin can be used to promote the development of roots from stem and leafy
cuttings in some plants. In a study into the distribution of auxin in the
development of these roots, scientists measured the amount of auxin in different
leaves of a shoot tip of Petunia hybrida.
The figure indicates the numbering of leaves on the shoot, from L1 as the
youngest and smallest to L6 as the largest and oldest leaf. The developmental
stage of L5 and L6 was very similar, so L5 was not analysed. The stem base is the
lowest part of the cutting where roots may form.

The graph shows the auxin concentration in the different leaves.

55a. Calculate the difference in the concentration of auxin found in L1 and L6. [1 mark]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pmol g–1
55b. Identify the relationship between the concentration of auxin and the [2 marks]
age of the different leaves.

N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) is an inhibitor used to block auxin transport.

NPA was sprayed onto the leaves of a set of cuttings for 14 days. Development of
the roots in control (non-treated) and NPA-treated cuttings was measured 14 days
after taking the cuttings.
The table shows the influence of NPA on rooting.

55c. Analyse the effect of NPA on the formation of roots. [2 marks]

 The scientists also measured the changes in auxin concentration in L6 and the
stem base during the early period of root formation. They recorded the
concentration in the control and NPA-treated cuttings for 24 hours after taking the
cuttings.

55d. Compare and contrast the changes in auxin concentration in the stem [2 marks]
base over time for the control and NPA-treated cuttings.

55e. Deduce the effect of NPA on auxin transport between L6 and the stem [2 marks]
base.

55f. Based on all the data presented and your knowledge of auxin, discuss [3 marks]
the pattern of auxin production and distribution in the leaves and the
possible relationship to root formation in leafy cuttings of Petunia hybrida.
 The scientists wanted to know whether the accumulation of auxin over time in the
stem base of the controls affected expression of the GH3 gene, known to have a
role in growth regulation in different plants. The technique that was used to
quantify the level of transcription of the GH3 gene was Northern blotting. In this
procedure the darkness
and thickness of the band is an indicator of the level of transcription of a particular
gene. The image shows the result of the Northern blot from 2 hours to 24 hours
after cutting.

55g. State the name of the molecule which is produced by transcription. [1 mark]

55h. Compare the pattern of GH3 transcription with the pattern of auxin [2 marks]
concentration in the stem base control cuttings. You may use the table
provided to help you to record the patterns before you compare them. (Please
note: a simple
comparison in the table will not gain marks)

55i. The scientists concluded that auxin activates the transcription of the [2 marks]
GH3 gene. Using the information on the auxin concentration in the stem
base in the graph and the Northern blot, evaluate whether this conclusion is
supported.

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