Effect of plant growth regulators on

growth and yield of Cabbage (Brassica

oleraceae var. capitata)

THESIS

Submitted to the

Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur

In the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE
In

HORTICULTURE

(VEGETABLE SCIENCE)

By

RISHABH DEV
(Enrollment Number-170342004)

Department of Horticulture
College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh - 472001 Jawaharlal Nehru
Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya Jabalpur, 482004 (MP)

2019
 CERTIFICATE - I

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Effect of plant growth

regulators on growth and yield of cabbage” submitted for the partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in
Agriculture in the Department of Horticulture (Vegetable Science) of
the Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur is a record of the
confide research work carried out by Mr. RISHABH DEV under my
guidance and supervision. The subject of the thesis has been approved
by the Student’s Advisory Committee and the Director of Instructions.

All the assistance and help received during the course of the
investigations has been acknowledged by him.

Place: Tikamgarh (Dr. V.K. SINGH)

Chairman of the Advisory Committee

Date:....../......2019

THESIS APPROVED BY THE STUDENT’S ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Committee Name Signature

Chairman Dr. V.K. Singh ---------------------------

Member Dr. Shiv Ratan ---------------------------

Member Dr. K. C. Shukla ---------------------------

Member Dr. Umesh Singh ---------------------------

 CERTIFICTE - II

This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “Effect of plant growth

regulators on growth and yield of cabbage” submitted by Mr. RISHABH
DEV to the Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in
Agriculture in the Department of Horticulture (Vegetable Science) has
been, after evaluation, approved by the External Examiner and by the
Student’s Advisory Committee after an oral examination on the same.

Place: Tikamgarh (Dr. V.K. SINGH)

Date:....../......2019 Chairman of the Advisory Committee

MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Committee Name Signature

Chairman Dr. V.K. Singh ---------------------------

Member Dr. Shiv Ratan --------------------------

Member Dr. K. C. Shukla ---------------------------

Member Dr. Umesh Singh ---------------------------

Head of the Section (Dr. V.K. SINGH) ----------------------

Director of Instructions (Dr. S.D. Upadhyaya) ----------------------

 Proforma 5

Declaration and Undertaking by the Candidate

I, RISHABH DEV S/o Sh. SITARAM KASHYAP certify the work

embodied in thesis entitled, “Effect of plant growth regulators on
growth and yield of cabbage” is my own first hand bonafide work
carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. V.K. SNGH, at Department
of Horticulture (Vegetable Science), JNKVV, College of Agriculture,
Tikamgarh (M.P) during 2018-19.

The matter embodied in the thesis has not been submitted for
the award of any degree/diploma. Due credit has been made to all the
assistance and help.

I, undertake the complete responsibility that any act of

misinterpretation, mistakes, errors of fact are entirely of my own.

I, also abide myself with the decision taken by my advisor for the
publication of material extracted from the thesis work and subsequent
improvement, on mutually beneficial basis, provided the due credit is
given, thereof.

Signature

Place: Tikamgarh RISHABH DEV

Date:....../......2019
 Proforma 6

Copyright © Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur

(Madhya Pradesh) 2019

Copyright Transfer Certificate

Title of thesis : Effect of plant growth regulators on

growth and yield of cabbage

Name of the candidate : RISHABH DEV

Subject : Vegetable Science

Department : Horticulture

College : Tikamgarh

Year of thesis submission : 2019

Copyright Transfer

The undersigned, RISHABH DEV assigns to Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi

Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh), all rights under
Copyright Act, that may exists in and for the thesis entitled, “Effect
of plant growth regulators on growth and yield of Cabbage”
submitted for the award of M.Sc. (Ag.) degree.

Place: Tikamgarh
Date:....../......2019
Signature Signature

Major Advisor
RISHABH DEV
Dr. V.K.SINGH

Notice: The author (candidate) may reproduce or authorize others to

reproduce material extracted verbatim from the thesis of
derivative of the thesis for author’s personal and non-
commercial use, provided that the source and university
copyright notices are indicated.
 Acknowledgment
I express my heartiest recognition to Dr. V.K. Singh, Associate
Professor, Department of Horticulture (vegetable science) JNKVV, College
of Agricuiture, Tikamgarh and the chairman of advisory committee for his
perfect supervision, incredible support, timely advice and guidance. Thank
you for letting me experience the incessant flow of knowledge and wisdom
that I shall treasure forever.

I am greatly indebted to Dr. V.K. Singh, Associate Professor and

Head of Section, Dept. of Horticulture (Vegetable Science) JNKVV, College
of Agriculture, Tikamgarh (M.P.) for his keen interest, encouragement,
painstaking guidance and help during this investigation. I am also thankful
to him for going through the manuscript critically and giving his valuable
suggestions to improve the content and presentation of the present work.

I am highly grateful to members of my advisory committee Dr. K.C.

Shukla, Assistant professor (Dept. of Plant Physiology), Dr. Shiv Ratan,
Scientist (Dept. of Plant Breeding) and Dr. Umesh Singh, Assistant
Professor (Mathematics & Agricultural Statistics) for their encouragement,
valuable suggestions and help during the course of investigation.

I am indeed thankful to Dr. A.K. Sarawgi, Dean, College of

Agriculture, Tikamgarh for their proper guidance, incessant encouragement
and all necessary help needed during the course of this investigation.

I am very much thankful to Dr. P.K. Bisen, Hon’ble Vice-Chancellor,

JNKVV, Dr. D. Khare, Dean Faculty, Dr. S.D. Upadhyaya, Director of
Instructions and Dr. P.K. Mishra Director of Research Services JNKVV,
Jabalpur (M.P.) for providing facilities and encouragement for the research
work.
Heartfelt thanks to all my juniors, senior and batchmates whose zeal
and enthusiasm lifted my spirits and prodded me on.

I allocate my highest respect and heartful regards from my inner core

of heart to my ever loved parents, Sri. Sitaram Kashyap and Smt. Kavita
Kashyap; who have given me life and taught the concepts of life and their
dedicated efforts to educate me to this level, with boundless affection, I owe
an encompassing debt to my beloved sister Gargi Kashyap, brother Pranav
Kashyap and Hemant Kashyap for constant encouragement throughout my
career.
Lastly, I wish to express my gratitude to the researches whose works
have been freely used in the preparation of this manuscript.

Place: Tikamgarh

Date…../……../2019 (RISHABH DEV)

 LIST OF CONTENT

Chapters Page
Title
S.No.

1. Introduction 1-2

2. Review of Literature 3-11

3. Material and Methods 12-24

4. Results 25-48

5. Discussion 49-54

6. Summary, Conclusions and

55-56
Suggestions for further works

6.1 Summary 55

6.2 Conclusions 56

6.3 Suggestions for further works 56

7. Bibliography 57-61

8. Appendices 62-66
 LIST OF TABLES

Number Title Page

1. Weekly meteorological data during crop season (rabi 14

2018-19) at College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh (M.P.)
2. Physio- chemical properties of soils experimental plot 15
3. History of the experimental field 16
4. Details of cultural operations performed during conduction 19
experiment
5. ANOVA for randomized block design 24
6. Effect of plant growth regulators on plant height (cm). 26
7. Effect of plant growth regulators on plant spread (cm2) 28

8. Effect of plant growth regulators on number of non 30

wrapping leaves per plants

9. Effect of plant growth regulators on stalk length (cm) 32

10. Effect of plant growth regulators on head diameter (cm) 34

11. Effect of plant growth regulators on days taken for 36

initiation of head formation after transplanting
12. Effect of plant growth regulators on days taken for 38
complete maturity of head after transplanting
13. Effect of plant growth regulators on fresh weight of 40
cabbage head (g)
14. Effect of plant growth regulators on dry weight of cabbage 42
head (g)
15 Effect of plant growth regulators on yield per plots in (kg) 44

16 Effect of plant growth regulators on yield (qha-1) 46

17 Effect of plant growth regulators on economics of different 48

treatments
18 Cost of fertilizers applied 48

19 Cost of treatments applied 48

 LIST OF FIGURES

Page
Number Title
after

Meteorological data during crop season (rabi 2018- 19)

1. 15
at College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh (M.P.)

2. Layout of the experiment 17

3. Effect of plant growth regulators on plant height (cm) 26

4. Effect of plant growth regulators on plant spread (cm2) 28

Effect of plant growth regulators number of non

5. 30
wrapping leaves per plants

6. Effect of plant growth regulators on stalk length (cm) 32

Effect of plant growth regulators on head diameter

7. 34
(cm)

Effect of plant growth regulators on days taken for

8. 36
initiation of head formation after transplanting

Effect of plant growth regulators on days taken for

9. 38
complete maturity of head after transplanting

Effect of plant growth regulators on fresh weight of

10. 40
cabbage head (g)

Effect of plant growth regulators on dry weight of

11. 42
cabbage head (g)

Effect of plant growth regulators on yield per plots in

12. 44
(kg)

13. Effect of plant growth regulators on yield (qha-1) 46

Effect of plant growth regulators on economics of

14. 48
different treatments
Abbreviation/symbol
LIST OF SYMBOL Symbol
Copy right ©

Cultivar (s) cv (s)

Diameter Diam

Figure fig / Fig

Growth hormones Gh

Maximum Max.
Minimum Min.
Relative humidity Rh
Temperature Temp
Morning Mor.
Evening Eve.
Winter season of cultivation Rabi
Degree Celsius °C
Milligram Mg
Gram G
Kilogram
Kg
Part per million Ppm
Milliliter Ml
Litre L
Milimetre Mm
Centimetre Cm
Metre M
Hectare Ha
Per meter -1
m
Per hectare -1
ha
Critical difference CD
Degree of freedom Df
Summation
∑
Standard deviation
SD
Standard error of means SEm±
Analysis of variation ‘F’
Square root √
Percentage %
Nitrogen N
Phosphorous P
Potassium K
Electrical conductivity EC
Randomized block design
RBD
At the rate @
Co-workers et al.
Days after transplanting DAT
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya J.N.K.V.V
Madhya Pradesh MP
Non significant NS
 INTRODUCTION
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) with
chromosome number 2n = 18 and belongs to family Brassicaceae is
one of important vegetable cole crops in temperate and subtropical
regions and grown throughout the country. It is a herbaceous, biennial,
dicotyledonous plant distinguished by a short stem upon which a
crowded mass of leaves usually green but in some other varieties red
or purplish, however when it is in immature from, a compact and
globular cluster characteristics in cabbage head develops.

Cabbage is one of the important cole crops in India. It is

locally known as gobi and bandh-gobi. The edible portion of cabbage
is head. It is popular as salad crops and also widely used as a cooked
vegetable, in pizza and many other additional dishes like soups, pickles
and boiled vegetables. The peculiar flavour in cabbage head is due to
the presence of glucoside sinigrin wich carries sulphur. From the
nutritional point of view, it contains ample carotene and also has good
source of vitamin-C. It helps in preventing constipation and increasing
appetite. Thus, today cabbage is commonly adopted vegetable by
large population in India.

The edible portion of cabbage plant is formed by the

fleshy leaves overlapping one another. It is used alone or mixed with
potatoes for vegetable purpose, more in raw than in processed form.It
has been reported that 100 g of green edible portion of cabbage
contain 92% water, 18 mg Sodium, 170 mg Potassium, 1.28 g Protien,
5.8 g Carbohydrate, 4% Calcium, 2%mg Iron.

Cabbage is cultivated on (2473271 ha.) area all over the

world with (71259199 Metric tonnes) production with (28.81mt/ha)
average yield (FAO STAT 2016). China ranks first in area and
production followed by India. (FAO Stat 2016). In India, cabbage is
grown in an area of 395 thousand hectares and production of 8807
Metric tonnes with productivity of 22.29 Metric tonnes ha -1 (NHB 2016-

12
17a).

Major cabbage growing states in India are Odisha, West

Bengal, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Punjab. In Madhya
Pradesh 614.44 Metric tonnes of cabbage is produced annually from
29 thousand hectare, with productivity of 21.18 Metric tonnes ha -1 (NHB
2016-17b).

Plant growth regulators are defined as an organic

chemical other than nutrients which in small amount promote, inhibit or
other-wise modify the plant physiological processes. It increases the
yield and improve the quality by alerting the behaviour of plant and
number of physiological processes in plant systems. They help in
synthesis of metabolites and translocation of nutrients and assimilation
of these into different plant parts which ultimately resulting higher yields
and improve the quality.

Chhonkar and Jha (1963) observed that NAA at lower

concentration was found effective in promoting early recovery and less
mortality of seedling. Quick and percent recovery, early head formation
and quality of cabbage due to GA treatment have been reported by
Chhonkar and Singh (1964).

Keeping in view the importance, economic value of

cabbage, the present investigation is proposed to carried out with the
following objectives:-

1. To find out the effect of plant growth regulators on the growth

and yield of cabbage.
2. To find out the most suitable concentration of growth regulators
for improving the growth and yield of cabbage.
3. To analyse the economics of cabbage production using PGR
treatment.

13
 Review of literature
Use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) revolutionized the
growth of horticulture in both developed and developing countries. In
fact plant growth regulators have become an integral part of agro-
technical procedures of cultivated horticultural crops. The present study
was, therefore, conducted with suggested concentrations of NAA and
GA3 as foliar spray to determine the effective concentrations promoting
growth and yield and quality in commercial cultivation of Cabbage. The
relevant available literature on cabbage vegetable crop on various
aspect related to present investigation has been reviewed below under
different heads.

Yadav et al. (2000) Studied effects of NAA at 50, 100 and

150 ppm, GA3 at 50, 100 and 150 ppm and succinic acid at 250, 500
and 750 ppm, applied at 2 spraying levels (1 or 2 sprays at 30 and 60
days after transplanting), on growth and yield of cabbage cv. Golden
Acre. The maximum plant height (28.4 cm) and plant spread (0.187 m
2
) resulted from 2 sprays with GA 3 at 150 ppm. The highest number of
open leaves (23.6) and yield (494.78 q/ha) was obtained in the
treatment having 2 sprays of GA3 at 100 ppm.

Kumar and Ray (2000) carried out an experiment on

effect of plant growth regulators on cauliflower cv. Pant subhra. Thirty-
day-old seedlings were transplanted into experimental plots and
treated with 50 or 100 ppm GA, 5 or 100 or 200 ppm NAA 15 and 30
days later. The results clearly revealed that GA 3 at 100 ppm produced
the tallest plants, the largest curds and highest curd yields.

Meena and Dhaka (2003) conducted a field experiment

during the autumn-winter season to study the effects of GA 3 gibberellic
acid (50, 100, 150 or 200 ppm) and NAA (25, 50, 75 or 100 ppm) on
the growth and yield of aubergine (cv. Br-112). The growth regulators
were sprayed to plants at 35 and 45 days after transplanting. Plant

14
height, number of branches per plant, plant spread and leaf area
increased up to 150 ppm GA 3 and 50 ppm NAA. The greatest plant
height (50.23 cm) and number of branches per plant (15.35) were
obtained with 50 ppm NAA, whereas the greatest plant spread (1.2009
m2), fruit length (7.98 cm) and fruit diameter (7.35 cm) were obtained
with 150 ppm GA3. The number of fruits per plant (23.60), fruit weight
(86.74 g) and yield (568.62 q/ha-1) were highest with 100 ppm GA3.
Leaf area was greatest with 50 ppm NAA (1396.46 cm 2) and 150 ppm
GA3 (1375.54 cm2).

Kar et al. (2003) conducted an experiment on the effect of

variety and growth regulators on growth and yield of cabbage (Brassica
oleracea var. capitata) during October 2002 March, 2003. The highest
gross and marketable yield of cabbage was obtained from the plants
sprayed with 50 ppm NAA.

Patil et al. (2003) stated that foliar application of GA at 10

ppm produced the best plant height (26.71 cm) and the highest leaf
number (16.78), East West plant spread (44.49 cm), knob diameter
and yield (289.35 q/ha). NAA at 10 ppm produced the highest North
South plant spread (46.27) in knol-khol.

Mishra (2006) concluded study that Krishna and Kranti

hybrid varieties of cabbage performed best in comparison to Golden
Acre and Pride of India. The mixture of GA 3 + NAA growth substances
played an important role in increasing the growth, yield net income and
quality of cabbage varieties. Krishna (hybrid) treated with 15 ppm GA 3
+ NAA concentration brought about the highest production (688.50
q/ha) with maximum net income up to ₹ 1,05,792/ha.

Khamparia and Tiwari (2006) conducted a field

experiment to evaluate the best growth regulator on yield and quality of
onion. NAA (30 ppm) applied through solution soaking method for eight
hours gave the maximum yield (335.4 q/ha) and net return ( ₹.
46,702/ha).

15
 Khan (2006) carried out the field experiments were
conducted the research work to study the curd yield and seed
production of BARI Fulkapi-1 as influenced by different levels of
gibberellic acid (GA3) and ethrel. The maximum number of pods per
plant (2850), pod length (7.50 cm), seeds per pod (16.30), seed weight
per plant (38.53 g), 1000 seed weight (4.97 g), seed yield (1.57 t/ha)
and percentages of seed germination (97.50) were found in 350 ppm
GA3 . 350 ppm GA3 also had the highest BCR value of 8.2 indicating
the economic viability of using growth regulator in seed production of
cauliflower.

Dhengle and Bhosale (2007) studied the effect of plant

growth regulators on growth of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var.
capitata). Foliar application of GA3 @ 50ppm was found significantly
superior over most of the treatments followed by NAA @ 50 ppm in
terms of plant height, plant spread, circumference of stem, fresh and
dry weight of plant.

Soni (2007) conducted an experiment to know the effect

of consortium of growth regulators at various concentrations on tomato
variety Pusa Early Dwarf. Results explained among the plant growth
regulators mixture, the application of 20 ppm of GA 3 + NAA produced
the significantly higher fruit yield up to 433 q/ha. The net return was
highest up to ₹.104829 along with highest benefit: cost ratio (5.28).

Dhengle and Bhosale (2008) studied the effect of GA 3

and NAA (both at 25, 50, 75 or 100 ppm) on the yield and yield
parameters of cabbage (cv. Pride of India) at Department of
Horticulture, college of Agriculture, Parbhani. The highest yield was
obtained with GA3 at 50 ppm followed by NAA at 50 ppm (332.01 and
331.06 q/ha, respectively) Combinations and higher concentrations of
plant growth regulators proved less effective.

Chauhan and Tandel (2009) conducted an experiment

during the rabi season and showed results that spray of GA 3 and NAA
significantly influenced the performance of growth, yield and quality

16
characters of cabbage with GA3 100 ppm followed by NAA 100 ppm
foliar spray at 30 and 45 days after transplanting.

Jadon et al. (2009) reported that growth characters like

plant height (cm), diameter of the stem (cm), spread of the plant (cm)
and number of leaves per plants were increased significantly under
different treatments effect of gibberellic acid, IBA and NAA as foliar
spray of cauliflower.

Lendve et al. (2010) conduct an experiment to study the

response of cabbage cv. Pride of India to foliar application of GA 3 and
NAA with different concentrations. It was found that GA 3 60 ppm
significantly increased the plant height, number of leaves, plant spread,
stem diameter, plant weight, head weight, head diameter as well as
head yield than the other treatments and control.

Saravaiya et al. (2010) carried out an experiment on

influence of foliar application of GA 3 and NAA on growth, yield and
quality of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata cv. Golden Acre) to
assess the response of cabbage to foliar application of PGRs namely,
GA3 and NAA with different concentrations. Total eight treatments
comprised of three concentrations of each PGRs namely, GA3 (5, 10
and 15 mg/l) as well as NAA (25, 50 and 75 mg/l) along with distilled
water spray and absolute control. The maximum head yield of 29.39
t/ha was noticed in the treatment of foliar application of GA3 5 mg/l.

Sawant et al. (2010) carried out an experiment on effect

of foliar application of growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of
cabbage cv. Golden acre. Foliar application of GA 3 @ 50 ppm recorded
superior results in respect of head, weight of yield per plot and per
hectare and staying capacity of head, where as GA3 75 ppm recorded
less number of days required for head initiation and head maturity.

Kotecha et al. (2011) carried out an experiment on effect

of foliar application of micronutrients and growth regulators on growth
and yield of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Var. capitata) cv. Golden
acre. Among different treatments of growth regulators, (GA 3 @ 100

17
ppm) recorded significantly higher plant height, leaf area, head volume,
head diameter, average head weight, and cabbage head yield.

Roy and Nasiruddin (2011) conducted a research work to

study the effect of GA3 on growth and yield of cabbage. The application
of different concentrations of GA3 influenced independently on the
growth and yield of cabbage proved that the highest yield (45.22
kg/plot) was obtained from 50 ppm GA3.

Sitapara et al. (2011) studied the effect of growth

regulators and micro nutrients on growth and yield of cauliflower cv.
‘Snowball -16. Two foliar sprays (at 15 and 30 DAT) of gibberellic acid
@100ppm were found better for growth attributes (viz, plant height,
number of leaves, stem length, stem diameter, days taken for
marketable curd etc.) and yield attributes (viz, diameter, volume and
weight of curd).

Patel et al. (2012) conducted a field experiment on

influence of plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of
tomato and brinjal was carried out at the Regional Fruit Research
Station, Navsari Gujarat nine treatments viz., 2, 4-D @ 2, 4, 6 and 8
ppm as well as NAA @ 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm along with control
(water spray). Among the treatments the foliar sprays of 2, 4-D @ 6
ppm and 4 ppm gave the highest yield of tomato (69.80 t/ha) and
brinjal (64.35 t/ha), respectively, while plant height of tomato (86.40
cm) and brinjal (74.47cm) was found to be maximum with 50 ppm NAA.
Number of branches per plant and fruit girth were observed highest in
75ppm NAA but the no of fruits were significantly more in 2,4-D 4ppm.

Thapa et al. (2013) studied the influence of NAA and GA 3

on quality attributing character of sprouting Broccoli variety “Italica
plank” at BCKV, Mohanpur. They confermed that NAA (30mg/l) + GA 3
(30mg/l) showed best result with respect to head diameter, plant
height, spreading and yield. The plant growth regulator treatments
significantly improved carotene, total sugar and total chlorophyll
content, with highest increase have been recorded in case of T1- GA 3

18
40 mg/l, whereas maximum Ascorbic content has been estimated with
T9- GA3 20 mg/l+ NAA 20 mg/l. GA3 (80 mg/l) treatment proved to be
the most effective among all treatments and required minimum days for
head initiation to head maturity.

Majumdar (2013) conducted a study to find out response

of gibberellic acid and potash nutrient on growth and yield of late
planting cabbage. The highest marketable yield (64.4 t/ha) were
recorded from 150 kg K2O, whereas the lowest marketable yield (44.6
t/ha) from (control). Due to interaction effect, the highest marketable
yield (75.6 t/ha) were recorded from 120 ppm GA 3+150 kg K20 whereas
the lowest marketable yield (38.4 t/ha) from 0 ppm GA 3 (control)+0 kg
K2O(control). The highest benefit cost ratio (2.31) was noted from the
combination of 120 ppm GA3+150 kg K20 and the lowest (1.24) from 0
ppm GA3 (control)+0 kg K2O(control). From growth, yield and also
economic point of view, it is apparent that the combination of 120 ppm
GA3+150 kg K20 was suitable for late planting cabbage cultivation.

Chaurasiy et al. (2014) Study the response of cabbage

cv. Pride of India to foliar application of PGRs namely GA 3 and NAA
with different concentrations. Therefore it was concluded that foliar
application GA3 60 ppm or NAA 80 ppm obtaining better growth and
yield of cabbage.

Lina (2015) carried out an experiment on effect of planting

time and gibberellic acid on the growth and yield of cabbage (Brassica
oleracea L. Var. capitata) cv. Atlas-70. Results revealed the maximum
thickness of head (13.3 cm) and the highest marketable yield (49.1
t/ha) was obtained from T2 due to different planting time and for GA 3,
the maximum thickness of head (14.2 cm) and the highest marketable
yield (54.7 t/ha) was found from G2.

Singh (2015) conducted an experiment at Gwalior during

Rabi season of 2012-13 to study the effect of mixture of GA and NAA
with four concentrations i.e. 0, 10, 15 and 20 ppm on growth, yield
attributes and yield on cabbage varieties, namely Krishna (Hybrid),

19
Kranti (Hybrid), Golden acre and Pride of India. Results revealed that
15 ppm GA3 + NAA was found most effective growth regulator in
increasing the growth, yield attributes and head yield (688.50 q/ha).

Reza et al. (2015) An experiment was conducted to find

out the influence of GA3 on growth, yield and yield contributing
characters of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica). Four levels of
GA3 viz. C1: Control, C2: 25 ppm GA3, C3: 50 ppm GA3 and C4 : 75
ppm GA3 was used on the experiment. The maximum plant height
(31.5 cm), number of leaves (16.6/plant), number of main fingers
(12.0/main curd), main curd length (21.3 cm), main curd diameter (19.3
cm), main curd weight (668.0 g/plant) and yield (24.5 t/ha) was found
from the application of 50 ppm GA3 while the minimum from control. It
was revealed that, 50 ppm GA3 gave maximum yield/ha (24.5 tons).
From the study it was also found that application of more than 50 ppm
GA3 reduced the yield of broccoli.

Mazed et al. (2015) conducted an experiment to find out

the effect of GA3 on growth and yield of cabbage. The experiment
considered four concentration of GA 3; G0= 0 ppm, G1= 70 ppm, G2=
90 ppm and G3= 110 ppm. For GA3, G2 gave the maximum (20.11cm)
thickness and highest yield (62.55 t/ha) and G 0 gave the minimum
thickness (18.21cm) and lowest yield (49.16 t/ha). So, 90 ppm GA 3 may
be used for cabbage cultivation.

Islam et al. (2017) conducted an experiment to find out

response of gibberellic acid on growth and yield potential of late
planting cabbage. The experiment consisted of four levels of gibberellic
acid such as- G0: 0, G1: 90, G2: 120, G3: 150 ppm GA3. The highest
marketable yield (65.5 t/ha) were found from G 2, while the lowest (41.2
t/ha) from G0. On the other hand, the maximum plant height, number of
loose leaves per plant and diameter of head (14.8 cm) was recorded
from G2 while the minimum from G0. The maximum days to 1st head
formation (38.0) was found from G 0, while the minimum (34.5) was
recorded from G2. So, it can be concluded that 120 ppm Gibberellic
acid is suitable for late planting cabbage cultivation.
20
 Vishwakarma et al. (2017) conducted an experiment on
effect of nitrogen, NAA and Gibberellic acid on growth, yield and quality
of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.) Cv. ‘Sante. Maximum
diameter (19.35 cm), fresh weight of curd (1432.75g), yield (421 q/ha)
and ascorbic acid content (24.68 mg/100g) were recorded at 2.0%
nitrogen, 120 ppm (NA2) and 100 ppm GA (G2). In first order
interaction, combination of nitrogen with NAA gave better response as
compared to nitrogen with GA and NAA with GA combination and in
two/three factor combinations, maximum values were under N2NA2,
N2NA2G2 i.e. (19.88cm), fresh weight (1520.40g), yield (454.41q/ha)
and ascorbic acid content (26.22mg/100g) of the curd. The application
of nitrogen at 2.0%, NAA at 120 ppm and GA 3 at 100 ppm are
recommended for better growth, yield and quality of broccoli.

Heikham et al. (2018) carried out an experiment to

evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid and nitrogen on yield and
marketability of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) cv. Pride
of India. Sixteen treatments combining two factors (four each). The
significantly superior results were observed with the treatment (8Kg
Nitrogen and 20 ppm GA3 respectively) while minimum with control.

Kaur and Mal (2018) conducted an experiment on the

effect of foliar spray of NAA and GA 3 on the growth, and yield of
cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis). Application of GA3 50
ppm was found significantly superior over most of the treatments in
terms of number of the leaves, plant spread, leaf area, fresh and dry
weight of the plant.

Meena et al. (2018) conducted a study to judge the effect

of Biofertilizers and Growth Regulators on Growth attributes of
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) cv. Pusa paushja. The
experiment consisting growth regulators with five levels (control, NAA
50 ppm, NAA 100 ppm, GA3 50 ppm and GA3 100 ppm). Results
revealed individual application of growth regulator treatment G 3 (GA3
50 ppm) found maximum plant height (64.58 cm), number of leaves per

21
plant (24.05), length of stem (9.39 cm) and minimum days taken to 50
per cent curd initiation (32.48).

22
 MATERIAL AND METHODS
This chapter comprises the detail about material used
and the methods adopted during the course of present investigation
entitled “Effect of plant growth regulators on growth and yield of
Cabbage” was carried out in Rabi season during the 2018-19.

3.1 General

3.1.1 Location

Tikamgarh district situated in the Bundelkhand Zone

(Agro-climatic Zone- VIII). It is situated in the north-eastern part of
Madhya Pradesh at 24' 430 North latitude and 78' 490 East longitude at
an altitude of 358 meter above mean sea level.

3.1.2 Experimental site

The present field experiment investigation was carried out

during winter 2018-19 (rabi) at Department of Horticulture Research
Farm, J.N.K.V.V., College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh (M.P.).

3.2 Climate of the region

According to agro-climatic conditions of Madhya Pradesh

and Chhattisgarh state, Tikamgarh district falls under ‘Bundelkhand
Zone (Agro-climatic Zone-VIII)”. It has sub-tropical climate
characterized by hot - dry summers and cool - dry winter. The average
maximum temperature during the month of May–June varies between
43.0 to 45.0°C, while the average minimum temperature varies between
3.0 to 4.5°C during December-January, which is the coldest months of
the year.

The average annual rainfall of this region is above 1000

mm which is mostly received between June to September and
humidity of the tract is above 70 percent but last year, received 90 mm
rainfall during experimental period.

23
3.3 Meteorological (Weather) observations:

Various parameters the meteorological data prevailed

during crop season October, 2018 to February, 2019 (Rabi 2018-19)
were recorded which include maximum, minimum and mean
temperatures, mean relative humidity and weekly rainfall at the
Meteorological Observatory of research Farm, College of Agriculture,
Tikamgarh (M.P.). The data so collected are tabulated in Table- 1 and
depicted in fig. 1.

3.4 Soil characteristics

The soil of JNKVV, College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh is

medium black soil having loamy texture with good to medium drainage
and good water holding capacity and uniform topography.
Representative soil samples were drawn from the experimental plots
before sowing of crop from 0-15 cm depth wear taken randomly from
the field with the help of screw aguer. All the soil samples were mixed
thoroughly and resultantly a composite sample was obtained which
was air dried and finally used for analysis of its physical and chemical
properties as per the methods given by the scientists. The result are
presented in table 2.

24
Table- 1 Weekly meteorological data during crop season (Rabi
2018-19) at Tikamgarh (M.P.)

Temperature Relative
(0C) Humidity (%) Rainfall
SMW Date
Mornin Evenin (mm)
Max. Min.
g g
41 08-14 Oct 34.37 18.4 80 41.2 00

42 15-21 Oct 34.9 17.2 68.1 33.28 00

43 22-28 Oct 33.0 15.1 75.5 31.0 00

44 29-04 Nov 31.7 15.1 70.4 47.0 00

45 05-11 Nov 28.9 10.7 77.1 31.2 00

46 12-18 Nov 30.7 12.0 65.4 32.4 00

47 19-25 Nov 29.67 11.45 79.2 44.8 00

48 26-02 Dec 26.2 9.2 87.1 43.2 00
49 03-09 Dec 25.2 8.0 83.1 45.5 00

50 10-16 Dec 22.6 7.2 85.8 53.2 00

51 17-23 Dec 22.5 3.9 87.5 42.0 00

52 24-30 Dec 21.8 3.7 88.8 47.7 00

01 01-07Jan 24.0 6.4 83.6 53.3 00

02 08-14 Jan 20.8 5.2 89.4 57.9 00

03 15-21 Jan 23.4 4.6 94.3 50.4 00

04 22-28 Jan 21.5 9.4 92 64.9 0.3

05 29-04 Feb 22.4 6.6 83.6 52.6 00

06 05-11 Feb 24.1 8.4 84.4 50.5 0.1

07 12-18 Feb 24.8 9.9 85.8 55 0.4

08 19-25 Feb 28.1 12.5 75 44 00

25
Table-2: Physio- chemical properties of soils experimental plot

Composition Physical
S.
Method
No. Conten Categor
Property
t y
Bouyoucos
1. Sand % 55 --
Hydrometer
Bouyoucos
2. Silt % 35 --
Hydrometer

Bouyoucos
3. Clay % 10 --
Hydrometer

Composition Chemical

Glass electrode pH
1. Soil pH 6.9 Neutral
meter

Electrical
By conductivity bridge
2. conductivity 1.12 Normal
at 25 °C
(dSm-1)

Walkley, Blacks and

Organic carbon
3. 0.5 Medium Wats Oxidation
(%)
Method (Piper 1950)

Rapid titration
Available
4. 204.25 Low method (Walkley and
nitrogen (kg/ha)
Black 1934)

Available Olson’s extraction

5. phosphorus 18.95 Low method (Olson et al.,
(kg/ha) 1954)
Available
Flame photometer
6. Potassium 390.23 Medium
(Ghosh et al., 1981)
(kg/ha)

26
3.5 Use of experimental material

The experimental materials for this study comprised of

two different doses of growth regulators (GA3, NAA) and cabbage
variety Selection – 51 available in JNKVV, College of Agriculture,
Tikamgarh.

Table-3: History of the experimental field

Crop season
Year
Kharif Rabi
2016-17 Chilli Onion
2017-18 Okra Carrot
Cabbage(Experimental
2018-19 Fallow crop)
3.6 Plant growth regulators

There are two plant growth regulators (GA 3 and NAA)

applied at different concentrations in Cabbage Selection – 51.

3.6.1 Gibberellic acid (GA3)

Gibberellic acid is a hormone found in plant and fungi. Its

chemical formula is C19H22O6. Gibberellic acid promots growth and
elongation of cells GA3 have other than these effects on plant
development it stimulate rapid stem and root growth, induce mitotic
division in the leaves and regulates growth of the plant.

3.6.2 Nephthalic acetic acid (NAA)

NAA is an organic compound with the formula

C10H7CH2CO2H. This is colourless and solid is soluble in organic
solvents. It feature a carboxylmethyl group (CH2CO2H) linked to the “1-
position” of naphthalene. NAA is a synthetic plant hormone in the auxin
family and NAA is being widely used in agriculture for various
purposes. It is considered to be slightly toxic to animals at higher
concentrations. NAA has been shown to greatly increase cellulose fiber
formation in plant when mixed with GA. NAA prevent flower shedding,
pre-mature dropping and thinning of fruits.

27
3.7 Details of Experimental Design

1. Design : Randomized Block

Design
2. Number of treatments : 9
3. Replications : Ⅲ
4. Total number of plots : 27
5. Plot size : (3mx 2.5m)
6. Distance between plots : 0.50m
7. Distance between replications : 1.0m
8. Row to row distance : 60cm
9. Plant to plant distance : 45cm
10. Total experimental area : 294.5m2
11. Seed rate : 500 g ha-1
12. Fertilizer doses : 120: 50: 50
(N:P:K) Kg/ha-1
13. Crop variety : Selection - 51
14. Season : Rabi – 2018-19
Treatments

T1- GA3 @ 30 ppm (foliar spray 30 DAT)

T2- GA3 @ 60 ppm (foliar spray 30 DAT)

T3- GA3 @ 90 ppm (foliar spray 30 DAT)

T4- GA3 @ 120 ppm (foliar spray 30 DAT)

T5- NAA @ 25 ppm (foliar spray 30 DAT)

T6- NAA @ 50 ppm (foliar spray 30 DAT)

T7- NAA @ 75 ppm (foliar spray 30 DAT)

T8- NAA @ 100 ppm (foliar spray 30 DAT)

T9- Control

Note - Foliar application will be done – After 30 DAT

28
 2.5m
1m

T1 T5 T9 3m
W
0.5 m

T2 T4 T8 S N

E
T3 T2 T7

31m T4
31.0

T3 T6

T5 T1 T2

T6 T9 T5

T7 T8 T1

T8 T6
T3

T9 T7 T4

9.5 m
Experiment field area = 40.5m × 11m =294.5 m2

Fig.2: Layoutof field experiment

29
Table-4: Details of cultural operations performed during
conduction of experiment

1. Seed sowing 12.10.2018

2. Palewa 29.10.2018

3. Field preparation 09.11.2018

4. Transplanting 15.11.2018

5. Date of first weeding and earthing 04.12.2018

6. Date of second weeding 05.01.2019

7. Istirrigation 15.11.2018

8. IIndirrigation 23.11.2018

9. IIIrdirrigation 07.12.2018

10. Gap filling 12.12.2018

11. IVthirrigation 12.12.2018

12. Vthirrigation 24.12.2018

13. VIthirrigation 06.01.2019

14. VIIthirrigation 18.01.2019

15. VIIIthirrigation 02.02.2019

16. IXthirrigation 11.02.2019

17. Harvesting of crop: 1st harvesting 09.02.2019

18. II nd harvesting, 19.02.2019

3.8 Details of field operations

30
3.8.1 Field operation

In the experimental area and land was prepared by deep

ploughing and harrowing into fine tilth. Ploughing twice was done with
tractor drawn Implements in two directions followed by harrowing and
finally leveling was done.

3.8.2 Manure and fertilizers

Recommended doses of fertilizer (120N:50P:50K kg ha -1),

the half dose of nitrogen (60 kg ha-1) and full dose of phosphorus (50
kg ha-1) and potash(50 kg ha-1) was applied as basal dose and
remaining half dose of nitrogen (60 kg ha -1) was applied as top
dressing at one month after transplanting.

3.8.3 Pre-transplanting operations

The nursery beds were prepared before 3 days of

sowing. The seeds were sown in well-prepared nursery bed on 12 th
Oct. 2018 and the essential care was taken to protect the seedlings in
nursery beds and picking the weeds by hand. The layout of the
experiment was carried out on 14 Nov. 2018 and fertilizer were applied
as basal dose in individual plots.

3.8.4 Post-transplanting operations

3.8.4.1 Transplanting

30 days old healthy seedlings were transplanted in the

experimental plots on November 2018 in afternoon. Seedlings were
watered one hour before uprooting to minimize the damage to the
roots during transplanting of seedling, 60 cm x 45 cm spacing were
followed. Twenty four plants were transplanted in each plot. The
seedlings were watered immediately after transplanting. Watering was
continued upto 6 days until the seedlings were well established.

3.8.4.2 Gap filling

Very few seedlings were damaged after transplanting

and such seedling were replaced by new seedlings from the same
31
stock planted earlier in the experimental plots. To avoid transplanting
shock, the seedlings were transplanted with a mass of root attached
with soil ball.

3.8.4.3 Irrigation

A light irrigation was given after transplanting for better

establishment of the plants in the experimental plot. Subsequent
irrigation were provided as when required for growth and development
of plants. Nine irrigations were given to raise healthy crop.

3.8.4.4. Earthing and other operations

Required inter cultural operations were done as and

when required.

3.8.4.5 Control against pests

Rogar 35 EC @ 1ml/litre water sprayed twice during the

crop season to avoid insect pests damage.

3.8.4.6 Harvesting

Cabbage heads were harvested when they attained the

full size, firm and tender. The heads were harvested by cutting with
knife along with some wrapped leaves in afternoon or early morning.
The harvesting period was persisted more 11days which varied from
9th February, 2019 to 19 February, 2019.

3.9 Observations recorded

The following observations on the characters of growth and

development of plants were recorded at 40 and 60 DAT. At maturity
five plants selected randomly form each treatment in replication. The
selected plants were tagged for recording the periodic observations.

3.9.1 Growth parameters

3.9.1.1 Plant height (cm):

Height of randomly selected five tagged plants in each

plot was measured by meter scale from the ground level to the tip of

32
the plant and the average values were worked out.

3.9.1.2 Plant spread (cm2)

Spread of plant was measured with scale from two sides

then average, thereafter, plant spread as circle area was calculated.

3.9.1.3 Number of non-wrapping leaves per plant

The number of all completely non-wrapping leaves were

counted from the selected five plants in each treatment from all
replications.

3.9.1.4 Stalk length (cm)

Stalk length of the plants were measured in cm from

ground level to the first leaves by the help of the scale. The results
were expressed as mean length of stalk in cm.

3.9.1.5 Head diameter (cm)

The diameter of randomly tagged five plants were

measured with the help of scale by measuring two-way length of head.
Then average diameter was worked out by dividing with two and
expressed in centimeter.

3.9.1.6 Days taken to initiation of head after transplanting

The number of days were counted and recorded from the

date of transplanting to the initiation of the head formation.

3.9.1.7 Days taken for complete maturity of the head:

The number of days were recorded from the date of

transplanting to the date of harvesting of fully matured head.

3.9.2 Yield and yield attributes

3.9.2.1 Fresh weight of head (g)

Head from five tagged plants were taken and weighed

and then the a fresh weight of head in gram was worked out and
recorded separately for each treatment.

33
3.9.2.2 Dry weight of head (g)

After recording the fresh weight of each head, cut into

pieces and was dried in an oven at 70 0C for 72 hours till constant
weight was observed and dry weight was recoded in gram (g) by
electronic balance.

3.9.2.3 Yield per plot (kg)

After harvesting of cabbage head from net plot area

including plants tagged for observations, weighted and expressed as
yield of cabbage in kg plot.-1

3.9.2.4 Yield per hectare (q)

Yield kg per plot was calculated in to quintal per hectare.

3.10 Economics

Economics of production was worked out on the basis of

record on operations carried out, number of labours engaged, power
and inputs utilized. The standard cost of cultivation was calculated as
per Govt. and OUAT specifications. The gross and net returns (rupees
per hectare) were also calculated considering the prevailing market
price of input and produce. Benefit cost ratio, represents the returns
per rupee invested, was worked out for different package of practices
under each treatments by dividing gross returns with corresponding
cost of cultivation.

Net returns = Gross returns –Cost of cultivation

Net returns
B:C ratio =
Cost of cultivation
3.11 Statistical Analysis

All the data obtained with regard to the growth, yield and
yield attributing were analyzed statistically using the analysis of
variance of Fisher (1958) and Fisher and Yates, 1963.

The data have been presented in the form of summary

tables with mean values of the characters and the CD at 5% level of

34
probability. Suitable graphical illustrations of the data have also been
given at appropriate places in the text.

Table-5: ANOVA for randomized block design

F Tabu.
Source of
Df SS MSS F calcu. value at
variance
5%
Rep. (r-1) RSS RMS RMS/EMS
Treat. (t-1) TrSS TrMS TrMS/TrSS
Error (r-1)(t-1) ESS EMS
Total (rt-1) TSS
The significant differences between different treatments
were judged by using critical differences (C.D.) which was calculated
as follows:

S.Em = √ EMS / r S.Ed = S.Em × √ 2 C.D. = S.Ed. × t’ (0.05)

Where,
r = Number of replication
t = Number of treatments
RSS = Replication sum of square
TrSS = Treatment sum of square
ESS = Error sum of square
TSS = Total sum of square
RMS = Replication mean sum of square
TrMS = Treatment mean sum of square
EMS = Error mean sum of square
S.Em = Standard error means
S.Ed = Standard error of differences between two treatment means
EMS = Error mean sum of square i.e. error variance
t’ (0.05) = Tabulated ‘P’ value at error degree of freedom, at 0.05 %
C.D. = Critical difference (for treatment at 5%)

35
 RESULTS

The experimental result pertaining to “Effect of plant

growth regulators on growth and yield of cabbage” conducted during
Rabi season of 2018-19 are being presented in this chapter. The data
on growth characters, yield and yield attributes of cabbage variety
Selection-51 were subjected to statistical analysis and wherever
necessary these are being presented with suitable graphical
illustration. An attempt has been made to work out the economics of
different growth regulators as given in appendix section. The “ANOVA”
tables of statistical computation of each are studied are also presented
in the appendix section.

4.1 Growth parameters

4.1.1 Plant height (cm)

Plant height influenced by different growth regulators

were statistically analysed and presented in the Table-6 and depicted
in Fig. 3. The analysis of variance of plant height at 40 & 60 DAT are
given in appendix-I.

The result shows that, plant height at 40 DAT was found

to be non-significant while at 60 DAT it was significantly influenced by
different growth regulators. At 40 DAT stage, plant height ranged from
13.9 cm to 15.7 cm while at 60 DAT it was 16.7 to 19.3 cm.

At 60 DAT, significantly maximum plant height 19.3 cm

was recorded in treatment with GA3 @ 30 ppm which was at par with
GA3 @ 120 ppm (19.1 cm), GA3 @ 90 ppm (19.0 cm), NAA @ 25 ppm
(18.5 cm), NAA @ 75 ppm (18.4 cm) and followed by treatment GA 3 @
60 ppm (17.5 cm), NAA @ 50 ppm (17.3 cm) and NAA @ 100 ppm
(16.9 cm) while minimum plant height was recorded in control (16.7
cm).

At 40 DAT all treatments were found to be non-significant.

Maximum plant height (15.7 cm) was observed in treatment GA 3 @ 30

36
ppm followed by treatment NAA @ 25 ppm (14.8 cm), GA 3 @ 120ppm
(14.7 cm), GA3 90 & NAA 75 ppm both treatment has same effect (14.6
cm), GA3 @ 60 ppm (14.3), NAA @ 50 ppm (14.2 cm) and NAA @ 100
ppm (14.1 cm). Minimum plant height was recorded in control (13.9
cm).

Table- 6 Effect of plant growth regulators on plant height (cm).

Plant height (cm)

Treatments
40 DAT 60 DAT

GA3 (30 ppm) Foliar spray 15.7 19.3

GA3 (60 ppm) Foliar spray 14.3 17.5

GA3 (90 ppm) Foliar spray 14.6 19.0

GA3 (120 ppm) Foliar spray 14.7 19.1

NAA (25 ppm) Foliar spray 14.8 18.5

NAA (50 ppm) Foliar spray 14.2 17.3

NAA (75 ppm) Foliar spray 14.6 18.4

NAA (100 ppm) Foliar spray 14.1 16.9

Control 13.9 16.7

0.43 0.56
SE m ±

NS 1.68
C.D. (5%)

37
4.1.2 Plant spread (cm2)

Data recorded for plant spread analysed and presented in

the Table-7 and depicted in Fig. 4. The analysis of variance of plant
spread at 40 & 60 DAT are given in appendix-II.

The result revealed that, plant spread at 40 and 60 DAT

was found to be statistically. It was influenced significantly by different
growth regulators. At 40 DAT stage, plant spread ranges from 1443.3
to 1718 while at 60 DAT it was 1877.7 cm to 2073.

At 40 DAT, significantly maximum plant spread 1718 was

recorded in treatment with GA3 @ 120 ppm followed by treatment NAA
@ 100 ppm (1656.3), GA3 @ 90 ppm (1633.1), NAA @ 75 ppm
(1600.3), GA3 @ 60 ppm (1592.7), NAA @ 50 ppm (1572.8), GA 3 @
30 ppm (1540.5) and NAA @ 25 ppm (1518.7). Minimum plant spread
was recorded for control (1443.3).

At 60 DAT, significantly maximum plant spread 2073 was

recorded in treatment with GA3 @ 120 ppm which was at par with GA 3
@ 90 ppm (2064.4) and followed by treatment NAA @ 100 ppm
(2044.5), GA3 @ 60 ppm (2030.0), NAA @ 75 ppm (2019.0), NAA @
50 ppm (2007.7), GA3 @ 30 ppm (1999.3) and NAA @ 25 ppm
(1993.7). Minimum plant spread was recorded in control (1877.7)

38
 Plant spread (cm2)
Treatments

40 DAT 60 DAT

GA3 (30 ppm) Foliar spray 1540.5 1999.3

GA3 (60 ppm) Foliar spray 1592.7 2030.0

GA3 (90 ppm) Foliar spray 1633.1 2064.4

GA3 (120 ppm) Foliar spray 1718.0 2073.0

NAA (25 ppm) Foliar spray 1518.7 1993.7

NAA (50 ppm) Foliar spray 1572.8 2007.7

NAA (75 ppm) Foliar spray 1600.3 2019.0

NAA (100 ppm) Foliar spray 1656.3 2044.5

Control 1443.3 1877.7

SE m ± 8.53 7.443

CD. (5%) 25.59 22.31

Table- 7 Effect of plant growth regulators on plant spread (cm 2)

39
4.1.3 Number of non-wrapping leaves per plant

Number of non wrapping leaves influenced by different

growth regulators were statistically analysed and presented in the
Table-8 and depicted in Fig. 5. The analysis of variance of number of
non-wrapping leaves 40 & 60 DAT are given in appendix-III.

The result revealed that, Number of non wrapping leaves

at 40 and 60 DAT were found to be statistically. It was influenced
significantly by different growth regulators. At 40 DAT stage, number of
wrapping leaves ranged from 10.0 to 13.1 while at 60 DAT it was 11.2
to 13.7.

At 40 DAT, significantly maximum number of non

wrapping leaves 13.1 was recorded in treatment with GA 3 @ 90 ppm
which was at par with GA 3 @ 60 ppm (12.3) and followed by treatment
GA3 @ 30 ppm (11.3), NAA 25 & NAA 75 ppm both treatment has
same effect (11.2), GA3 @ 120 ppm (11.1), NAA @ 50 ppm (10.9) and
NAA @ 100 ppm (10.7). Minimum number of non wrapping leaves was
recorded in control (10.0).

At 60 DAT, significantly maximum number of non

wrapping leaves 13.7 was recorded in treatment with GA 3 @ 90 ppm
which was at par with GA 3 @ 60 ppm (12.7), NAA @ 25 ppm (12.5)
and followed by treatment GA3 @ 120 ppm (12.3), NAA @ 50 ppm
(12.1), GA3 30 & NAA 75 ppm both treatment has same effect (11.9)
and NAA @ 100 ppm (11.5). Minimum number of non wrapping leaves
was recorded with control (11.2).

40
Table- 8 Effect of plant growth regulators on number of non
wrapping leaves per plants

Number of non wrapping leaf per

plant
Treatments

40 DAT 60 DAT

GA3 (30 ppm) Foliar spray 11.3 11.9

GA3 (60 ppm) Foliar spray 12.3 12.7

GA3 (90 ppm) Foliar spray 13.1 13.7

GA3 (120 ppm) Foliar spray 11.1 12.3

NAA (25 ppm) Foliar spray 11.2 12.5

NAA (50 ppm) Foliar spray 10.9 12.1

NAA (75 ppm) Foliar spray 11.2 11.9

NAA (100 ppm) Foliar spray 10.7 11.5

Control 10.0 11.2

SE m ± 0.45 0.45

CD. (5%) 1.37 1.35

41
4.1.4 Stalk length (cm)

The result shows that, stalk length at 40 DAT and 60

DAT was found to be non-significant by different growth regulators. At
40 DAT stage, stalk length ranged from 2.39 to 3.07 cm while at 60
DAT it was 2.60 to 3.37 cm.

At 40 DAT all treatments were found to be non-significant.

Maximum stalk length (3.07 cm) was observed in treatment GA 3 @ 60
ppm followed by treatment NAA @ 75 ppm (2.98 cm), GA 3 @ 30 ppm
(2.80 cm), NAA @ 50 ppm (2.74 cm), GA3 @ 120 ppm (2.54 cm). NAA
@ 100 ppm (2.51 cm), GA3 @ 90 ppm (2.45 cm) and NAA @ 25 ppm
(2.41 cm). Minimum plant height was recorded in control (2.39 cm).

At 60 DAT all treatments were found to be non-significant.

Maximum stalk length (3.37 cm) was observed in treatment GA 3 @ 60
ppm) followed by treatment NAA @ 75 ppm (3.23 cm), NAA @ 50 ppm
(2.98 cm), GA3 @ 30 ppm (2.93 cm), NAA @100 ppm (2.75 cm), GA 3
@ 120 ppm (2.74 cm), NAA @ 25 ppm (2.70 cm) and GA 3 @ 90 ppm
(2.68 cm). Minimum stalk length was recorded in control (2.60 cm).

Stalk length influenced by different growth regulators

were statistically analysed and presented in the Table-9 and depicted
in Fig. 6. The analyzed of variance of stalk length at 40 & 60 DAT are
given in appendix-IV.

42
 Stalk length (cm)
Treatments
40 DAT 60 DAT

GA3 (30 ppm) Foliar spray 2.80 2.93

GA3 (60 ppm) Foliar spray 3.07 3.37

GA3 (90 ppm) Foliar spray 2.45 2.68

GA3 (120 ppm) Foliar spray 2.54 2.74

NAA (25 ppm) Foliar spray 2.41 2.70

NAA (50 ppm) Foliar spray 2.74 2.98

NAA (75 ppm) Foliar spray 2.98 3.23

NAA (100 ppm) Foliar spray 2.51 2.75

Control 2.39 2.60

SE m ± 0.21 0.21

CD. (5%) NS NS

Table- 9 Effect of plant growth regulators on stalk length (cm)

43
4.1.5 Head diameter (cm)

The data recorded for head diameter analyzed and

presented in the Table-10 and depicted in Fig. 7. The analysis of
variance of plant spread at 40 & 60 DAT are given in appendix-V.

The result indicated that, head diameter at 40 and 60

DAT was found to be statistically. It was influenced significantly by
different growth regulators. At 40 DAT stage, head diameter ranges
from 10.1 cm to 12.3 cm while at 60 DAT it was 15.4 cm to 19.0 cm.

At 40 DAT, significantly maximum head diameter 12.3 cm

was recorded in treatment with NAA @ 25 ppm which was at par with
GA3 @ 120 ppm (11.9 cm), GA3 @ 90 ppm (11.8 cm), NAA @ 75 ppm
(11.7 cm), NAA @ 50 ppm (11.5 cm), NAA @ 100 ppm (11.4 cm) and
followed by treatment GA3 @ 30 ppm (10.7 cm), GA3 @ 60 ppm (10.6
cm). Minimum head diameter was recorded in control (10.1 cm).
At 60 DAT, significantly maximum head diameter 19.0 cm was
recorded in treatment with GA3 @ 120 ppm which was at par with GA 3
@ 90 ppm (18.3 cm), NAA @ 25 ppm (18.0 cm), GA 3 @ 30 ppm (17.4
cm) and followed by treatment GA3 @ 60 ppm (16.9 cm), NAA @ 75
ppm (16.8 cm) NAA @ 50 ppm (16.1 cm) and NAA @ 100 ppm (16.0
cm), Minimum head diameter was recorded for control (15.4 cm).

44
 Head diameter (cm)
Treatments

40 DAT 60 DAT

GA3 (30 ppm) Foliar spray 10.7 17.4

GA3 (60 ppm) Foliar spray 10.6 16.9

GA3 (90 ppm) Foliar spray 11.8 18.3

GA3 (120 ppm) Foliar spray 11.9 19.0

NAA (25 ppm) Foliar spray 12.3 18.0

NAA (50 ppm) Foliar spray 11.5 16.1

NAA (75 ppm) Foliar spray 11.7 16.8

NAA (100 ppm) Foliar spray 11.4 16.0

Control 10.1 15.4

SE m ± 0.43 0.64

C.D. (5%) 1.30 1.92

Table- 10 Effect of plant growth regulators on head diameter (cm)

45
4.1.6 Days taken for Initiation of head formation after transplanting

Mean data on days taken for initiation of head formation

after transplanting influenced by different growth regulators were
statistically analyzed and presented in the Table-11 and depicted in
Fig. 8. The analysis of variance of days taken for initiation of head are
given in appendix-VI.

The result shows that, minimum days taken for initiation

of head formation was found statistically. Significantly by different
growth regulators. At initiation of head, minimum days taken for
initiation of head formation ranged from 32.9 to 37.7.

Significantly minimum days taken for initiation of head

formation 32.9 was recorded in treatment with GA 3 @ 120 ppm which
was at par with GA3 @ 90 ppm (33.5), GA3 @ 60 ppm (34.1), NAA @
100 ppm (34.3), NAA @ 75 ppm (34.5), NAA @ 50 ppm (34.6) and
followed by treatment GA3 @ 30 ppm (36.1), NAA @ 25 ppm (36.7).
Maximum days taken for initiation of head formation was recorded with
control (37.7).

46
Table- 11 Effect of plant growth regulators on days taken for
Initiation of head formation after transplanting

Days taken for initiation of head

Treatments
formation after transplanting

GA3 (30 ppm) Foliar spray 36.1

GA3 (60 ppm) Foliar spray 34.1

GA3 (90 ppm) Foliar spray 33.5

GA3 (120 ppm) Foliar spray 32.9

NAA (25 ppm) Foliar spray 36.7

NAA (50 ppm) Foliar spray 34.6

NAA (75 ppm) Foliar spray 34.5

NAA (100 ppm) Foliar spray 34.3

Control 37.7

SE m ± 0.8

C.D. (5%) 2.28

47
4.1.7. Days taken for complete maturity head

Data recorded for days taken for complete maturity of

head in cabbage analyzed and presented in the Table-12 and depicted
in Fig. 9. The analysis of variance for days taken for complete maturity
of head are given in appendix-VI.

The result revealed that, minimum days taken for

complete maturity of head formation was found statistically.
Significantly by different growth regulators. At complete maturity of
head, minimum days taken for complete maturity of head ranged from
61.3 to 68.7. The data, significantly minimum days taken for complete
maturity of head 61.3 was recorded in treatment with GA 3 @ 120 ppm
which was at par with GA3 @ 90 ppm (61.8), NAA @ 75 ppm (62.4),
NAA @ 100 ppm (62.7), GA3 @ 60 ppm (62.8), NAA @ 50 ppm (63.0)
and followed by treatment NAA @ 25 ppm (65.3), GA 3 @ 30 ppm
(65.7). Maximum days taken for complete maturity of head formation
was recorded with control (68.7).

48
Table- 12 Effect of plant growth regulators on days taken for
complete maturity of head after transplanting

Days taken for complete maturity of

Treatments
head after transplanting

GA3 (30 ppm) Foliar spray 65.7

GA3 (60 ppm) Foliar spray 62.8

GA3 (90 ppm) Foliar spray 61.8

GA3 (120 ppm) Foliar spray 61.3

NAA (25 ppm) Foliar spray 65.3

NAA (50 ppm) Foliar spray 63.0

NAA (75 ppm) Foliar spray 62.4

NAA (100 ppm) Foliar spray 62.7

Control 68.7

SE m ± 1.07

C.D. (5%) 3.21

49
4.2 Yield attributes and yield

4.2.1 Fresh weight of head (g)

Fresh weight of head influenced by different growth

regulators were statistically analyzed and presented in the Table-13
and depicted in Fig. 10. The analysis of variance are given in appendix-
VII.

The result shows that, fresh weight of head of cabbage

was found statistically. It was influenced significantly by different
growth regulators. At fresh weight of head of cabbage ranged from
943.7 to 1399.7.

The data, significantly highest fresh weight of cabbage

head 1399.7 was recorded in treatment with GA 3 @ 120 ppm followed
by treatment GA3 @ 90 ppm (1345.7), NAA @ 100 ppm (1335.0), GA 3
@ 60 ppm (1333.3), NAA @ 75 ppm (1298.3), NAA @ 50 ppm
(1273.3), GA3 @ 30 ppm (1154.0) and NAA @ 25 ppm (1001.7).
Minimum fresh weight of cabbage head was recorded for control
(943.7).

50
Table- 13 Effect of plant growth regulators on fresh weight of
cabbage heads (g)

Treatments Fresh weight of cabbage heads

(g)

GA3 (30ppm) Foliar spray 1154.0

GA3 (60ppm) Foliar spray 1333.3

GA3 (90ppm) Foliar spray 1345.7

GA3 (120ppm) Foliar spray 1399.7

NAA (25ppm) Foliar spray 1001.7

NAA (50ppm) Foliar spray 1273.3

NAA (75ppm) Foliar spray 1298.3

NAA (100ppm) Foliar spray 1335.0

Control 943.7

SE m ± 7.54

C.D. (5%) 22.62

51
4.2.2 Dry weight of head (g)

The result shows that, dry weight of head of cabbage was

found statistically. It was influenced significantly by different growth
regulators. Dry weight of head of cabbage ranged from 70.7 to 103.7.

The data, significantly highest dry weight of cabbage

head 103.7 was recorded in treatment with GA 3 @ 120 ppm followed
by treatment GA3 @ 90 ppm (94.3), NAA @ 100 ppm (93.0), GA 3 @ 60
ppm (92.0), NAA @ 75 ppm (91.3), NAA @ 50 ppm (89.0), GA 3 @ 30
ppm (84.67) and NAA @ 25 ppm (83.67), Minimum dry weight of
cabbage head was recorded in control (70.7).
Dry weight of head influenced by different growth
regulators were statistically analyzed and presented in the Table-14
and depicted in Fig-11. The analysis of variance are given in
appendix-VII.

52
Table- 14 Effect of plant growth regulators on dry weight of
cabbage heads (g)

Treatments Dry weight of heads (g)

GA3 (30 ppm) Foliar spray 84.7

GA3 (60 ppm) Foliar spray 92.0

GA3 (90 ppm) Foliar spray 94.3

GA3 (120 ppm) Foliar spray 103.7

NAA (25 ppm) Foliar spray 83.7

NAA (50 ppm) Foliar spray 89.0

NAA (75 ppm) Foliar spray 91.3

NAA (100 ppm) Foliar spray 93.0

Control 70.7

SE m ± 1.63

C.D. (5%) 4.89

53
 4.2.3 Yield per plot (kg)

Yield per plot influenced by different growth regulators

were statistically analyzed and presented in the Table-15 and depicted
in Fig. 12. The analysis of variance are given in appendix-VIII.

The result shows that, yield per plot of cabbage was

found statistically. It was influenced significantly by different growth
regulators. At yield per plot of cabbage ranged from 25.5 kg to 30.5 kg.

The data, significantly highest yield per plot of cabbage

30.5 kg was recorded in treatment with GA3 @ 120 ppm which was at
par with NAA @ 100 ppm (30 kg), NAA @ 75 ppm (29.5 kg), GA 3 @ 90
ppm (28.1 kg) and followed by treatment NAA @ 25 ppm (27.4 kg),
GA3 @ 60 ppm (26.5 kg), NAA @ 50 ppm (26.4 kg), GA 3 @ 30 ppm
(25.6 kg). Minimum yield per plots was recorded with control (25.5 kg).

54
Table- 15 Effect of plant growth regulators on yield per plots (kg)

Treatments Yield per plots (kg)

GA3 (30 ppm) Foliar spray 25.6

GA3 (60 ppm) Foliar spray 26.5

GA3 (90 ppm) Foliar spray 28.1

GA3 (120 ppm) Foliar spray 30.5

NAA (25 ppm) Foliar spray 27.4

NAA (50 ppm) Foliar spray 26.4

NAA (75 ppm) Foliar spray 29.5

NAA (100 ppm) Foliar spray 30.0

Control 25.5

SE m ± 0.952

C.D. (5%) 2.856

55
4.2.4 Yield per hectare (q)

Yield per hectare influenced by different growth

regulators were statistically analyzed and presented in the Table-16
and depicted in Fig. 13. The analysis of variance are given in appendix-
VIII.

The result shows that, yield per hectare of cabbage was

found statistically. It was influenced significantly by different growth
regulators. At yield per hectare of cabbage ranged from 339.9 qha -1 to
407 qha-1.

Significantly highest yield per hectare of cabbage head

was recorded in treatment with GA3 @ 120 ppm (407 qha-1) followed by
treatment NAA @ 100 ppm (399.8 qha -1), NAA @ 75 ppm (393. qha-1),
GA3 @ 90 ppm (375.2 qha-1), NAA @ 25 ppm (365.3 qha-1), GA3 @ 60
ppm (353.5 qha-1), NAA @ 50 ppm (352.2 qha -1). GA3 @ 30 ppm
(341.1 qha-1). Minimum yield per plots was recorded for control (339.9
qha-1).

56
Table- 16 Effect of plant growth regulators on yield (qha - 1)

Treatments Yield (q ha-1)

GA3 (30 ppm) Foliar spray 341.1

GA3 (60 ppm) Foliar spray 353.5

GA3 (90 ppm) Foliar spray 375.2

GA3 (120 ppm) Foliar spray 407.0

NAA (25 ppm) Foliar spray 365.3

NAA (50 ppm) Foliar spray 352.2

NAA (75 ppm) Foliar spray 393.6

NAA (100 ppm) Foliar spray 399.8

Control 339.9

SE m ± 0.931

C.D. (5%) 2.792

4.3 Economic Analysis

The B:C ratio came out with the similar trend due to
influence of different growth regulators (GA 3 and NAA) with their
different concentrations are shown Table-17, depicted in Fig. 14 and
cost of cultivation ₹/ha excluding treatment expenditure given in

57
 appendix-VIII . The highest concentration of NAA @ 100 ppm resulted
in the maximum B: C ratio (2.83). On the other hand, lowest B:C ratio
(2.27) was observed by GA3 @ 30 ppm.

Table-17 Effect of plant growth regulators on economics of different

treatments

Gross income
Total expenditures (₹/ha)
(₹/ha) Net B:C
Treatments
Cost of Treatm Cabbage income ratio
Total Income
cultivation ent cost yield/ha
GA3 (30ppm)
51413.46 600 52013.46 340.36 170180 118166.5 2.27
Foliar spray

58
GA3 (60ppm)
51413.46 1200 52613.46 353.51 176755 124141.5 2.37
Foliar spray
GA3 (90ppm)
51413.46 1800 53213.46 375.20 187600 134386.5 2.55
Foliar spray
GA3(120ppm)
51413.46 2400 53813.46 407.00 203500 149686.5 2.81
Foliar spray
NAA (25ppm)
51413.46 34 51447.46 365.33 182665 131217.5 2.53
Foliar spray
NAA (50ppm)
51413.46 68.1 51481.56 352.22 176110 124628.4 2.40
Foliar spray
NAA (75ppm)
51413.46 102.1 51515.56 393.64 196820 145304.4 2.80
Foliar spray
NAA(100ppm)
51413.46 136.2 51549.66 399.82 199910 148360.3 2.83
Foliar spray
Control 51413.46 - 51413.46 339.9 169925 118511.5 2.31

Table-18 Cost of fertilizers applied

S. No. Particulars (kg ha-1) Rates (₹)

1. Urea (218.60 kg N2) 1530.2

2. DAP (108.69 kg P2O5) 3043.32

1499.94
3. M.O.P. (83.33 kg K2O)

Total 6073.46

Table-19 Cost of treatments applied

S.
Particulars Rates (₹)
No.
1. GA3 @ 1g 40
2. NAA @ 1 ml 1.09

DISCUSSION
The finding of the present investigation entitled, “Effect of
plant growth regulators on growth and yield of cabbage have been
interpreted and discussed in this chapter in the light of the work
already done on this aspect at the different research station/Institution
India and abroad.

The present investigation was carried out at the research

59
farm, J.N.K.V.V., College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh (M.P.) during Rabi
season of 2018-19 are discussed is confined with the relevant topics
viz. periodical observations on growth parameters (plant height, Plant
spread cm2, number of non-wrapping leaves plant , stalk length cm,
head diameter cm, Initiation of head formation, maturity of the head),
yield parameters ( fresh weight of head, dry weight of head ,yield per
plots, yield per hectare) and economics as influenced by different
treatments.

5.1 Growth Parameters:

5.1.1 Plant height (cm)

Increase in plant height is a major indication of growth.

Plant height at 40 DAT was found non significantly due to close and
minute effect of both growth regulators. Highest plant height was
recorded in treatment GA3 @ 30 ppm (15.7 cm).

Plant height at 60 DAT was significantly affected by GA 3

and NAA. In present studies maximum plant height was recorded in
treatment GA3 @ 30 ppm (19.3 cm) where as in application of NAA it
was recorded in treatment NAA @ 25 ppm (18.5 cm).

Gibberellins promote stem elongation involved in cell

enlargement, intermodal elongation, stimulate RNA and protein
synthesis and there by leading to enhanced growth and development.
Hormonal action for enhancing cell division and cell elongation in
growing portion of plants might be due to increased uptake of nutrients
by increased photo synthetic activity, enhancement in the mobilization
of photosynthates and change in the membrane permeability.

Among different plant growth regulators, GA3 recorded

maximum plant height followed by NAA was observed. Similar results
were reported by Pandita et al.(1980), Vijay and Ray (2000), Yadav et
al. (2000), Patil et al. (2003), Dhengle and Bhosale (2007), Jadon et
al. (2009), Lendve et al. (2010) and Sitapara et al. (2011).

5.1.2 Plant spread (cm2)

60
 Plant spread was significantly affected differential reaction
of plant growth regulators in respect of plant spread at 40 and 60 DAT.

Among the different Plant regulators, GA 3 recorded

maximum plant spread was in treatment GA 3 @ 120 ppm (1718.0) at
40 DAT. At 60 DAT maximum plant spread was recorded in treatment
GA3 @ 120 ppm (2073.0). GA3 at higher concentration leads to leaf
expansion which helps to spread plants. The similar work was
presented by Dhengle and Bhosale (2007), Dhengle and Bhosale
(2008), Lendve et al. (2010), Kotecha et al. (2011).

5.1.3 Number of non-wrapping leaves per plant

There was a significant reaction of plant growth regulators
in respect of number of non-wrapping leaves per plant was significantly
at 40 and 60 DAT. Among the different plant growth regulators, GA 3
recorded maximum number of non-wrapping leaves per plant followed
by NAA.

The maximum number of non wrapping leaves 40 DAT

was recorded GA3 @ 90 ppm (13.1), at 60 DAT maximum number of
non wrapping leaves was recorded GA3 @ 90 ppm (13.7).The increase
in number of non-wrapping leaves per plant due to the activity of
gibberellic acid at the apical meristem resulting in more nucleoprotein
synthesis was responsible for increasing the leaf initiation and
expansion. Sam result were noted by Simona et al.(1960), Islam et al.
(2017), Meena et al. (2018), Lendve et al. (2010), Meena et al. (2018)
and Patil et al. (2003).

5.1.4 Stalk length (cm)

Increase in stalk length is a indication of growth. Stalk

length at 40 DAT and 60 DAT was found non significantly recorded due
to minute effect of both growth regulators. Highest stalk length was
recorded in treatment GA3 @ 60 ppm (3.07 cm) at 40. At 60 DAT
highest stalk length was recorded in treatment GA3 @ 60 ppm (3.37

61
cm). Similar result reported by Sitapara et al. (2011) and Meena et al.
(2018).

5.1.5 Head diameter (cm)

The results revealed that the foliar application of GA 3 and

NAA significantly affected the diameter of head. In present studies
maximum head diameter at 40 DAT (12.3 cm) was noticed under
treatment (NAA @ 25 ppm), at 60 DAT (19.0 cm) was noticed under
treatment (GA3 @120 ppm).

The increase in head diameter due to the profound effect

of gibberellic acid on cell division, cell elongation and cambial activity.

Another possible reasons due to the accumulation of carbohydrates

owing to better photosynthesis by plant resulting in greater head
diameter. In the present investigation the positive effect of gibberellic
acid spray in increasing head diameter is in conformity with the findings
of Alvin (1960), Vijay and Ray (2000), Meena and Dhaka (2003), Patil
et al. (2003), Lendve et al. (2010), Kotecha et al. (2011) and
Vishwakarma et al. (2017).

5.1.6 Days taken for Initiation of head formation

The result of the present studies revealed that foliar

application of different concentration of GA3 and NAA had significant
effect on days taken for initiation of head formation. The minimum days
(32.9) required from transplanting to initiation of head formation were
observed in treatment GA3 @ 120 ppm treatment.

The reduction in time taken for complete maturity of head

by GA3 treatment may be due to accelerated nutrient translocation from
root to the aerial parts resulting in better growth of the plant. Thus,
enhancing the accumulation of food material into head. The other
possible reason to be an increased the rate of photosynthesis and
rapid translocation of photosynthates toward the head by gibberellic
acid treatment. Similar results were also reported by Alvin (1962),
62
Denisova and Lupinovich, (1962), Sawant et al. (2010), Thapa et al.
(2013), Mazed et al. (2015) and Meena et al. (2018).

5.1.7 Complete maturity of head

The result of the present studies revealed that foliar

application of different concentration of GA3 and NAA had significant
effect on days taken for complete maturity of head. The minimum days
(61.3) required for complete maturity of head was observed in
treatment GA3 @ 120 ppm treatment.

Earliness for treatment GA3 @ 120 ppm signify its

importance for early maturity of head in treatment minimum days was
recorded. These results are in conformity with the finding of Sawant et
al. (2010) and Thapa et al (2013).

5.2 Yield attributes and yield

5.2.1 Fresh weight (g)

The results revealed that the foliar application of GA 3 and

NAA significantly effect on fresh weight of head.

In the present investigation foliar spray of GA3 @ 120

ppm showed maximum effect on fresh weight of head (1399.7g). The
possible reason for the increase fresh weight of head by gibberellic
acid treatment due to the rapid and better nutrient translocation from
roots to their aerial parts of the plant. Another reason to the gibberellic
acid improves the rate of photosynthesis and increase the
accumulation of photosynthesis In support of present finding the
increase in fresh weight of head by gibberellic acid was also reported
by Denisova and lupinovich (1962), Dhengle and Bhosale (2007),
Lendve et al. (2010), Reza et al. (2015) and Vishwakarma et al. (2017).

5.2.2 Dry weight of head (g)

The results revealed that the foliar application of GA 3 and

NAA significantly effect on dry weight of head. In the present
63
investigation foliar spray of GA3 @ 120 ppm showed maximum effect
on dry weight of head (103.7g).

The positive effect of GA3 in increasing dry matter could

be correlated with the increase in fresh weight of head by GA 3
treatment. Similar results were reported by Singh and Saimbhi (1968)
and Dhengle and Bhosale (2007).

5.2.3 Yield per plot (kg)

In present investigation studies revealed that foliar

application of GA3 and NAA had significant effect on yield per plots
(kg). The maximum yield per plot (30.5 kg) was recorded in GA 3 @ 120
ppm treatment which was significantly higher than other treatments.

The increase in yield by the application of GA 3 due to that

role of plant growth regulators in plant system and increase the net
photosynthetic rate by increasing plant height, number of leaves which
might have resulted in increased head diameter, stalk length and fresh
weight in the increased yield per plot in (kg). Similar findings were
reported by Sawant et al. (2010) and Roy and Nasiruddin (2011)

5.2.4 Yield per hectare (q)

In present investigation studies revealed that foliar

application of GA3 and NAA had significant effect on yield (qha -1). The
maximum yield (407 qha-1) was recorded in GA3 @ 120 ppm treatment
which was significantly higher than other treatments and absolute
control (339.9 qha-1). The higher yield in gibberellic acid treated plant
due to yield attributes show maximum value for treatment (GA 3 @ 120
PPM) which leads to maximum yield per hectare in particular treament.
Similar results were reported by Majumdar (2013), Chaurasiy et al.
(2014), Singh (2015), Reza et al. (2015), Mazed et al. (2015), Lendve
et al (2010), Saravaiya et al. (2010) and Kotecha et al. (2011).

5.3 Economics

64
 The ultimate aim of any cabbage grower is to secure
maximum income per unit area out of the present resources including
available plant material. Among treatments, NAA @ 100 ppm recorded
maximum net income up to ₹ 148360.3 ha -1 with highest B:C ratio of
2.83 closely followed by treatment GA 3 @ 120 ppm result ₹ 149686.5
ha-1 with B:C ratio 2.81. These result are supported by the findings of
Soni (2007), Khamparia and Tiwari (2006).

65
 Summary, Conclusion & Suggestions for further research
work
6.1 Summary

The present investigation entitled “Effect of plant growth

regulators on growth and yield of cabbage” was carried out during Rabi
(2018-19) at the field of research farm, J.N.K.V.V., College of Agriculture,
Tikamgarh (M.P.). There are two plant growth regulators (GA 3 and NAA)
and 09 treatments, each replicated thrice in RBD. The experimental results
are summarized as follows.

6.1.1 Effect of plant growth regulators on growth parameters

Out of the plant growth regulators used, GA 3 and NAA

showed increase in plant height with increase in concentrations at 40 and
60 days after transplanting.

At 40 and 60 DAT the maximum plant height (15.7 cm, 19.3

cm) were recorded with GA3 @ 30 ppm while the maximum plant spread
(1718.0 cm2, 2073.0 cm2) were recorded in GA3 @ 120 ppm. The
minimum plant height (13.9 cm, 16.7 cm) and plant spread (1443.3 cm 2,
1877.7 cm2) was recorded by the control.

At 40 and 60 DAT the maximum number of non wrapping

leaves per plant (13.1, 13.7) were recorded with GA 3 @ 90 ppm while the
maximum stalk length (3.07 cm, 3.37 cm) were recorded in GA 3 @ 60
ppm. The minimum number of non wrapping leaves per plant (10, 11.2)
and stalk length (2.39 cm, 2.60 cm) was recorded by the control.

At 40 DAT maximum head diameter (12.3 cm) was recorded

with treatment NAA @ 25 ppm and 60 DAT maximum head diameter
observed in treatment GA3 @ 120 ppm.

Days taken for initiation of head formation after transplanting

was significantly affected by GA3, the minimum (32.9 days) were recorded

66
with GA3 @ 120 ppm. The maximum (37.7 days) taken for head formation
was noticed under control.

Significantly minimum (61.3 days) required for complete

maturity of head was observed in treatment GA 3 @ 120 ppm While, the
maximum (68.7 days) was recorded under control.

6.1.2 Effect of plant growth regulators on yield attributes

characters

Significantly the maximum fresh weight of head (1399.7g)

was recorded in treatment GA3 @ 120 ppm.

Dry weight of head was significantly influenced by the foliar

application of GA3. The maximum dry weight of head (103.7) was recorded
in treatment GA3 @ 120 ppm.

Among the plant growth regulator treatments studied, foliar

spray of GA3 120 ppm recorded maximum Yield per plots (30.5 kg) and
minimum Yield per plots (25.5 kg) recorded by the control.

Among plant growth regulator treatments GA3 120 ppm

recorded maximum yield (407.0 qha-1).

6.1.3 Economics Analysis

Amongst the treatments NAA 100 ppm recorded maximum

net income of ₹148360.3 ha-1 with B:C ratio of 2.83 which was closely
followed by GA3 120 ppm with net income of ₹ 149686.5 ha -1 with B:C
ratio 2.81 whereas, the lowest income ₹ 118166.5 with B:C ratio 2.27
recorded by GA3 30 ppm.

6.2 Conclusion

On the basis of data present investigation the effect of plant

growth regulators on growth and yield of cabbage c.v Selection-51, it is
concluded that when cabbage plants foliar spray with GA 3 @ 120 ppm
found to be most effective treatment to induce the early initiation of head
67
formation and maturity of head, plant spread (cm), number of non
wrapping leaves per plant, head diameter (cm), fresh and dry weight (g) of
head, yield per plots (kg) and yield per hectare (qha-1).

6.3 Suggestions for further work

This study may be carried out with the following aspects

1. Method application with different PGR.

2. PGR with combination and with different nutrient also may be tested
further for yield enhancement in cabbage.

68
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72
 APPENDICES
Appendix- I

Analysis of variance for plant height (cm)

Source of Plant height (cm) at 40 DAT Plant height (cm) at 60 DAT

variance d.f. S.S. M.SS F cal S.S. M.SS F cal
Replication 2 0.135 0.147
Treatments 8 6.917 0.865 1.544 23.785 2.973 3.151
Error 16 8.958 0.560 15.099 0.944
Total 26 16.010 39.032

Appendix- II

Analysis of variance for plant spread (cm2)

Source of Plant spread (cm2) at 40 DAT Plant spread (cm2) at 60 DAT

variance d.f. S.S. M.SS F cal S.S. M.SS F cal
Replication 2 62.436 11.259
Treatments 8 155910 19488.71 89.131 79380.31 9922.54 59.693
Error 16 3498 218.65 2660 166.227
Total 26 159471 82051.21
62
 Appendix- III

Analysis of variance for No. of non wrapping leaves plant -1

No. of non wrapping leaves plant-1

Source of No. of non wrapping leaves plant-1 at 40 DAT
at 60 DAT
variance
d.f. S.S. M.SS F cal S.S. M.SS F cal
Replication 2 0.192 0.561
Treatments 8 19.527 2.441 3.876 12.894 1.612 2.626
Error 16 10.075 0.630 9.819 0.614
Total 26 29.794 23.274

63
 Appendix- IV

Analysis of variance for stalk length (cm)

Source of Stalk length (cm) at 40 DAT Stalk length (cm) at 60 DAT

variance d.f. S.S. M.SS F cal S.S. M.SS F cal
Replication 2 0.132 0.032
1.526
Treatments 8 1.537 0.192 1.434 1.694 0.212

Error 16 2.144 0.134 2.220 0.139

Total 26 3.813 3.946

64
 Appendix- V

Analysis of variance for head diameter (cm)

Source of head diameter (cm) at 40 DAT head diameter (cm) at 60 DAT

variance d.f. S.S. M.SS F cal S.S. M.SS F cal
Replication 2 0.376 0.407
2.662
Treatments 8 12.061 1.508 34.413 4.302
3.469
Error 16 9.063 0.566 19.840 1.240
Total 26 21.500 54.660

Appendix- VI

Days taken for initiation of head formation after transplanting, Days taken for complete maturity of head after
transplanting

Source of Days taken for initiation of head formation after Days taken for complete maturity
variance transplanting of head after transplanting
65
 d.f. S.S. M.SS F cal S.S. M.SS F cal
Replication 2 0.017 1.061
Treatments 8 59.629 7.454 4.259 134.775 16.847 4.894
Error 16 28.001 1.750 55.074 3.442
Total 26 87.647 190.910

Appendix- VII

Analysis of variance for fresh weight of head (g), Dry weight of head (g)

Source of fresh weight of head (g) Dry weight of head (g)

variance d.f. S.S. M.SS F cal S.S. M.SS F cal
Replication 2 92.519 8.296

66
 Treatments 8 630871.6 78858.95 461.476 1971.41 246.43 30.875
Error 16 2734.1 170.884 127.704 7.981
Total 26 633698.3 2107.41

Appendix- VIII

Analysis of variance for Yield plot-1 (kg), Yield ha-1 (q)

Source of Yield plot-1 (kg) Yield ha-1 (q)

variance d.f. S.S. M.SS F cal S.S. M.SS F cal
Replication 2 5.001 7.010
4.029
Treatments 8 87.758 10.970 15590.02 1948.75 748.830

Error 16 43.568 2.723 41.638 2.602

Total 26 15638.67

67
 Appendix- IX

S.N. Particulars Input Rate (₹) Rates (₹/ha)

Nursery bed preparation and mix
1. 12 labours 220 2640
FYM
2. Bed treatment - - 800

3. Cost of seed/ha (500 g) 500g 220/50g 2200

4. Nursery raising and transplanting 30 Labours 220 6600

5. Gap filling 5 labours 220 1100

6. Weeding charges (2 weeding 15 labours/weeding 220 3300

7. Irrigation charges (9) 9 500 4500

5 labours, 220,
8. Insecticide and spray 1700
200 ml 100ml/300
68
 9. Farm yard manure 150 quintal 50/q 7500

10. - - 4200
Transport charge
11. Two harvesting 20-L/Harvesting 220/ lobours 8800

12. Land revenue - - 2000

Total - - 45340

Cost of cultivation ₹/ha excluding treatment expenditure

69
 Curriculum Vitae

1. Name of the author: Mr. RISHABH DEV

2. Place and date of birth: Korba, Jan 15, 1993
3. List of institution attended

Sr. no. Institution Year

Govt. Higher Secondary School NTPC Jamanipali,

1. 2009
Korba (C.G.)

Saraswati Higher Secondary School Pragati Nagar

2. 20011
Korba, (C.G.)

4. List of degree

Sr. no. Degree Institution Year

Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya

1. B.Sc. (Ag.) 2017
Raipur (C.G.)

5. List special scientific interest and studies

1. To make the career in teaching in Agriculture University.
6. List of relevant professional experience, company or institution.
Location and dates
NIL
 Plant height
25

20

15
40 DAT
60 DAT
(cm)

10

0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
Fig, 3: Effect of plant growth regulators on plant height (cm)
 Plant spread
2500

2000

1500
40 DAT
cm2

60 DAT

1000

500

Fig, 4: Effect of plant growth regulators on plant spread (cm 2).

0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
 Number of non wrapping leaves
16

14

12

10
40 DAT
8
60 DAT

0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

Fig, 5: Effect of plant growth regulators on number of non wrapping leaves per plants
 Stalk length
4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50
40 DAT
2.00
(cm)

60 DAT
1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

Fig, 6: Effect of plant growth regulators on stalk length (cm)

 Head diameter
20
18
16
14
12
40 DAT
cm

10
60 DAT
8
6
4
2
0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

Fig, 7: Effect of plant growth regulators on head diameter (cm)

 Initiation of head formation
39

38

37

36

35
Days

34

33

32

31

30
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

Fig, 8: Effect of plant growth regulators on days taken for initiation of head formation after transplanting
 Head maturity
70

68

66

64
Days

62

60

58

56
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
Fig, 4: Effect of plant growth regulators on Days taken for complete maturity of head after transplanting
Fig, 9: Effect of plant growth regulators on days taken for complete maturity of head after transplanting
 Fresh weight of head
1600

1400

1200

1000

800
(g)

600

400

200

0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

Fig, 10: Effect of plant growth regulators on fresh weight of cabbage heads (g)
 Dry weight of head
120

100

80
(g)

60

40

20

0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

Fig, 11: Effect of plant growth regulators on dry weight of cabbage heads (g)
 Yield per plots
31

30

29

28
(kg)

27

26

25

24

23
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
Fig, 12: Effect of plant growth regulators on yield per plots (kg)
 Yield (qha-1)
420

400

380
(q)

360

340

320

300
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

Fig, 13: Effect of plant growth regulators on yield (qha -1)

250000

200000

Cost of cultivation
150000 Gross monetary return
Net monetry return
B:C ratio
100000

50000

0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

Fig, 14: Effect of plant growth regulators on economics of different treatments

 Temp. max Temp. min. RH morning RH evening Rain fall
100

90

80

70

60
Weather condition

50

40

30

20

10

0
08-14 15-21 22-28 29-04 05-11 12-18 19-25 26-02 03-09 10-16 17-23 24-30 01- 08-14 15-21 22-28 29-04 05-11 12-18 19-25
Oct 41 Oct 42 Oct 43 Nov 44 Nov 45 Nov 46 Nov 47 Dec 48 Dec 49 Dec 50 Dec 51 Dec 52 07Jan Jan 02 Jan 03 Jan 04 Feb 05 Feb 06 Feb 07 Feb 08
01

Figure1. Meteorological parameters during Rabi season 2018-19

GENERAL VIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL FIELD