Introduction to Traffic Management and Quality of Service Technology

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Agenda

Why Traffic Management Is Important? What Is QoS? How to Deploy QoS for Traffic Management? What Are Some of QoS Enabled Services?
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High Cost of NonResponsiveness

Brokerage Operations = $6.45 Million

Credit Card Authorization = $2.6 Million

Airline Reservations = $89,500

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The Cost of Congestion

Costs of Productivity Loss Due to Network Downtime Degradation Equipment Failure 31%

Congestion 69%

Congestion-related performance degradation has been found to cause the majority of network downtime costs
Michael Howard President, Infonetics Research
1997 Infonetics Research, Inc., Business-Centric Network Management and Downtime Costs 1997
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Fundamental Shift Towards Bandwidth-Intensive Applications

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

2% 7% 27% 23% 7% 16% 28% 14%

Multimedia Dynamic WWW Static WWW FTP and Telnet

39%

23%

15% 12%

E-Mail and News Other

17% 8%

18% 13%

17% 14%

1996
Source: The Yankee Group, 1996
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1998

2000

Not All Traffic Is Equal

Voice Bandwidth Random Drop Sensitive Delay Sensitive Jitter Sensitive Low to Moderate Low High High FTP Moderate to High High Low Low ERP and Mission-Critical Low Moderate To High Low to Moderate Moderate

Traffic Is Grouped into SLAs

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Agenda

Why Traffic Management Is Important? What Is QoS? How to Deploy QoS for Traffic Management? What Are Some of QoS Enabled Services?
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What Is Quality of Service?

Collection of technologies which allows applications/users to request and receive predictable service levels in terms of data throughput capacity (bandwidth), latency variations (jitter) and delay

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Agenda

Why Traffic Management Is Important? What Is QoS? How to Deploy QoS for Traffic Management? What Are Some of QoS Enabled Services?
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QoS Models

Provisioned QoS
Differentiated services

Signaled/dynamic QoS
Integrated services(RSVP)

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Step 1: Identify Traffic and its Requirements

Network audit
What is running and when?

Business audit
How important is it for business?

Application audit
What are its requirements from network?

Service levels required

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Network Audit
NetFlow
Provides information on various traffic flows in the network
How much bandwidth should I guarantee to my missioncritical applications? Are there any non-mission-critical applications I should police?

Protocol discovery
Discovers what bandwidth intensive applications are running on the network

Sniffer
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Step 2: Divide the Traffic into Classes and Color It

Differentiated IP Services
E-Commerce

Voice

Platinum Class Low Latency

Gold
Application Traffic E-mail, Web Browsing Voice

Traffic Classification Silver Keep Billing Simple Bronze

Guaranteed: Latency and Delivery

Guaranteed Delivery

Best Effort Delivery

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What Is a Class?

Single user
Mac address, IP address

Department, customer
Sub net, interface

Application
Port numbers, URL
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Network-Based Application Recognition

My Application Is too slow! Protocol discovery analyzes application traffic patterns in real time NBAR classifies network traffic using application information Enables downstream actions based on QoS policies via random early detection classbased queuing, and policing New applications easily supported by loading Packet Description Language Modules

Link Utilization

Citrix 25% Netshow 15% Oracle 10% FTP 30% HTTP 20%
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Mark Citrix Real-Time as GOLD Service and Police FTP Guarantee Bandwidth for Citrix
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What Is Coloring?

Layer 3 IPV4

Standard IPV4: Three MSB Called IP Precedence (DiffServ Code Point Uses Six MSBs)

Version ToS 1 Len Length Byte

ID

Offset TTL Proto FCS IP-SA IP-DA Data

Use this information to define QoS policies

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Color the Packets

Coloring Engine
VolP HTTP FTP VolP HTTP FTP

Separate Conform and Exceed Actions

VolP Platinum Class HTTP Gold Class FTP Bronze Class

Color closer to the application Set the DSCP (Diffserv Code Point) at the edge of network Avoid host application-based coloring
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Step 3: Define Policies for the Classes

Minimum bandwidth guarantee
This is the minimum guaranteed bandwidth to the class all the time

Give priority to the class

Class is treated in a strict priority manner

Maximum bandwidth limits

This is the maximum amount of bandwidth class will ever get

Congestion management
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Minimum Bandwidth Guarantee/ Priority for a Class

Policy required: Make sure my platinum class gets a priority treatment and gold class gets a minimum bandwidth guarantee

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Scheduling
Gold Silver Bronze
Step 1: Define Buffering 40% 25% 10%

Guaranteed: Latency, Delivery Guaranteed: Delivery Best Effort

Step 2: Define Bandwidth

Weights guarantee minimum bandwidth Buffering controls latency Unused capacity is shared amongst the other classes Each queue can be separately configured for QoS Benefits:
Maximize transport of paying traffic No loss of service class guarantees No wasted bandwidth as with PVCs

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Low Latency Queuing

PQVoice WFQData WFQData WFQData

V V 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4

Interface PQ WFQ

Exhaustive Queuing V V
4 3 2 1 1

WAN Circuit

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Large Packets Freeze Out Voice

Voice Packet 60 Bytes Every 20 ms Voice Packet 60 Bytes Every >214 ms ~214 ms Serialization Delay
Voice 1500 Bytes of Data Voice Voice 1500 Bytes of Data Voice Voice 1500 Bytes of Data Voice

Voice Packet 60 Bytes Every >214 ms

10 Mbps Ethernet
56 Kb WAN

10 Mbps Ethernet

Large packets can cause playback buffer underrun, resulting in slight voice degradation Jitter or playback buffer can accommodate some delay/delay variation
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Fragmentation Recommendations
Assuming 10 ms Max Blocking Delay Rules of Thumb
10 ms/Time for 1 Byte at BW = Fragment Size
Link Speed 56kbps 64kbps 128kbps 256kbps 512kbps 768kbps 1536kbs
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Frag Size 70 Bytes 80 Bytes 160 Bytes 320 Bytes 640 Bytes 1000 Bytes 2000 Bytes

Fragmentation Not Needed if Max Frame Size Is 1500 Bytes

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Link Fragmentation and Interleave(LFI)

Fragment

Fragment large packets and interleave with voice packets over WAN links Reassemble at other end of link Reduces voice delay and jitter
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RTP Header Compression

Header

Data

Header is 2x size of voice data (40 vs 20 bytes) RTP Header Compression(CRTP) reduces header to 24 bytes Used hop-by-hop on slow links
Data

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Maximum Rate Limiting

Policy required: Make sure my bronze traffic does not get more than x kbps of bandwidth at any time

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Traffic Policing vs. Shaping

Traffic Traffic

Traffic Rate

Policing

Traffic Rate

Time Traffic Shaping Traffic

Time

Traffic Rate

Traffic Rate

Time
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Time
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Policer

Web

ERP/SAP

Trash

Pointcast
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Shaper
Internet Service 128 Kbps Provider (ISP) Cloud Branch Office Bottleneck I Need to Reduce the Pace at Which I Send Packets

T1 Central Site

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Reduces outbound traffic flow to avoid congestion(via buffering) Eliminates bottlenecks in topologies with data rate mismatch Provides mechanism to partition interfaces to match far-end requirements
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Congestion Avoidance

Policy required: Make sure my bronze or silver traffic gets dropped when there is congestion and not gold traffic

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Weighted Random Early Detection

Gold
High Precedence
(Guarantees MissionCritical Apps, i.e.,Great Plains, Claris, Pivotal, Peoplesoft, Unified Messaging)

Silver
E-Mail, Interactive Video, Web

Bronze
E-Fax, FTP

Medium Precedence Low Precedence

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Putting it All Together

LLQ Policer/Marker DSCP Written IP Traffic
VolP HTTP FTP VolP HTTP FTP

IF

Packets are:

Colored(DSCP set) at Ingress Classified and potentially discarded by W-RED (Congestion Management) Assigned to the appropriate outgoing queue Scheduled for transmission by CBWFQ
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CBWFQ W-RED Queues or WFQ Scheduler

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Integrated Services
PBX
I Need 20K BW and 200 Msec Delay This App Needs 20K BW and 200 Msec Delay

PBX

Reserve 20K BW on this Line

Simplex and receiver-oriented RSVP QoS services

Guaranteed servicemathematically provable bounds on end-to-end datagram queuing delay/bandwidth Controlled serviceapproximate QoS from an unloaded network for delay/bandwidth

RSVP provides the policy to WFQ

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Policy
Packet Classified to Code Point X on Client or Router/Switch

RESV PATH

RESV PATH

RESV PATH

Directory

Policy Server Response: Admit the Call and Use the DiffServ Code Point X for Data Flow Policy Server

RSVP(Quantative) Is Used for the Control Path Flow; Data Path Uses an Aggregate as Identified by the DSCP; RSVP Is Used to Signal the Data Path Aggregate
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Complete QoS Management

CONFIGURE Network Wide TRENDING MONITORING

QPM

XML Device

IPM SLAM

XML

XML

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QDM
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QDM
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Agenda

Why Traffic Management Is Important? What Is QoS? How to Deploy QoS for Traffic Management? What Are Some of QoS Enabled Services?
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Example Application: QoS for Voice Over IP

Classification and Reservation of Resources Per Flow

PSTN

WAN Services IP
Classification and Reservation of Resources Per Aggregate
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Example Application: Premium IP

Voice, SNA Gold Guaranteed: Latency and Delivery

E-Commerce

Traffic Classification

Silver

Guaranteed Delivery

E-mail, Web Browsing

Best Effort Delivery Bronze Keep Billing Simple!

Deliver IP-Based Differentiated Services with Service Level Agreements(SLAs)

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Summary

QoS Is Managed Unfairness

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Introduction to Traffic Management and Quality of Service Technology

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