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Dete Min Ant

This document discusses determinants and their properties. It defines determinants using notations for row operations and defines minors and cofactors. It then discusses properties of determinants such as how their value changes with row/column operations. It also discusses how determinants are used to check invertibility and solve systems of linear equations. The key points covered are: 1) Determinants can be evaluated using row operations and their value does not change with row/column interchanges or additions of row/column multiples. 2) Minors and cofactors are used to define the adjoint and inverse of a matrix. 3) A matrix is invertible if and only if its determinant is non-zero,

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Aniket Das
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37 views

Dete Min Ant

This document discusses determinants and their properties. It defines determinants using notations for row operations and defines minors and cofactors. It then discusses properties of determinants such as how their value changes with row/column operations. It also discusses how determinants are used to check invertibility and solve systems of linear equations. The key points covered are: 1) Determinants can be evaluated using row operations and their value does not change with row/column interchanges or additions of row/column multiples. 2) Minors and cofactors are used to define the adjoint and inverse of a matrix. 3) A matrix is invertible if and only if its determinant is non-zero,

Uploaded by

Aniket Das
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DETERMINANTS

𝑎1 𝑏1
| |=𝑎 𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑏1
𝑎2 𝑏2 1 2

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑎2 𝑐2 𝑎2 𝑏2
|𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | = 𝑎1 | | − 𝑏1 |𝑎 𝑐3 | + 𝑐1 | |
𝑏3 𝑐3 3 𝑎3 𝑏3
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
=𝑎1 (𝑏2 𝑐3 − 𝑏3 𝑐2 ) − 𝑏1 (𝑎2 𝑐3 − 𝑎3 𝑐2 ) + 𝑐1 (𝑎2 𝑏3 − 𝑎3 𝑏2 ) = 0

We shall be using the following notations to evaluate a determinant:


(1) 𝑅𝑖 to denote 𝑖𝑡ℎ row.
(2) 𝑅𝑖 ↔ 𝑅𝑗 to denote the interchange of 𝑖𝑡ℎ and 𝑗𝑡ℎ rows.
(3) 𝑅𝑖 → 𝑅𝑖 + 𝜆𝑅𝑗 to denote the addition of 𝜆 times the elements of 𝑗𝑡ℎ row to the
corresponding elements of 𝑖𝑡ℎ row.
(4) 𝑅𝑖 (𝜆) to denote the multiplication of all element of 𝑖𝑡ℎ row by 𝜆.
Similar notations are used to denote column operations if R is replaced by C.

P-1 : The value of determinant remains unchanged, if the rows and the columns
are interchanged.
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
If 𝐷 = |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |and 𝐷′ = |𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 |. Then 𝐷′ = 𝐷,
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
P-2 : If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, the
determinant is unaltered in numerical value but is changed in sign only.
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Let 𝐷 = |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | and 𝐷′ = |𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 |. Then D' = − D
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
P-3 : If a determinant has two rows (or columns) identical, then its value is zero.
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
Let 𝐷 = |𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 |. Then, D = 0
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
P-4 : If all the elements of any row (or column) be multiplied by the same
number, then the value of determinant is multiplied by that number.
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑘𝑎1 𝑘𝑏1 𝑘𝑐1
′
Let 𝐷 = |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | and 𝐷 = | 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |. Then 𝐷′ = 𝑘𝐷
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
P-5 : If each element of any row (or column) can be expressed as a sum of two
terms, then the determinant can be expressed as the sum of the determinants.

Prepared by : Pravesh Kumar, PGT(Maths)


𝑎1 + 𝑥 𝑏1 + 𝑦 𝑐1 + 𝑧 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
e.g., | 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | = |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | + |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
P-6 : The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any
row (or column) the same multiples of the corresponding elements of any other row
(or column)
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎1 + 𝑚𝑎2 𝑏1 + 𝑚𝑏2 𝑐1 + 𝑚𝑐2
e.g., 𝐷 = |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | and 𝐷′ = | 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |. Then 𝐷′ = 𝐷
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 − 𝑛𝑎1 𝑏3 − 𝑛𝑏1 𝑐3 − 𝑛𝑐1
P-7 : If all elements below leading diagonal or above leading diagonal or except
leading diagonal elements are zero then the value of the determinant equal to
multiplied of all leading diagonal elements.
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎1 0 0 𝑎1 0 0
e.g., | 0 𝑏2 𝑐2 | = |𝑎2 𝑏2 0 | = | 0 𝑏2 0 | = 𝑎1 𝑏2 𝑐3
0 0 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 0 0 𝑐3

If we take the element of the determinant and delete


(remove) the row and column containing that element, the determinant left is called
the minor of that element. It is denoted by 𝑀𝑖𝑗
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Consider the determinant 𝛥 = |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |, then determinant of minors
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑀11 𝑀12 𝑀13
𝑀 = | 21 𝑀22 𝑀23 |,
𝑀
𝑀31 𝑀32 𝑀33
𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎23
where 𝑀11 = minor of 𝑎11 = |𝑎 𝑎 |, 𝑀12 =minor of 𝑎12 = |𝑎 𝑎33 |
32 33 31
𝑎21 𝑎22
𝑀13 = minor of 𝑎13 = |𝑎 𝑎32 |
31

The cofactor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is defined as (−1)𝑖+𝑗


times the minor of that element.
It is denoted by 𝐴𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴13
If 𝛥 = |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |, then determinant of cofactors is 𝐶 = |𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐴23 |,
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝐴31 𝐴32 𝐴33
where
𝐴11 = (−1)1+1 𝑀11 = +𝑀11 , 𝐴12 = (−1)1+2 𝑀12 = −𝑀12 and
𝐴13 = (−1)1+3 𝑀13 = +𝑀13
Similarly, we can find the cofactors of other elements.
Note :The sum of products of the element of any row with their corresponding
cofactor is equal to the value of determinant i.e. 𝛥 = 𝑎11 𝐴11 + 𝑎12 𝐴12 +
𝑎13 𝐴13 = 𝑎11 𝐴11 + 𝑎21 𝐴21 + 𝑎31 𝐴31

Prepared by : Pravesh Kumar, PGT(Maths)


Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] be a square matrix of order n and let 𝐴𝑖𝑗 be cofactor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 in A. Then the
transpose of the matrix of cofactors of elements of A is called the adjoint of A and is
denoted by adj A
𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴13 𝑇 𝐴11 𝐴21 𝐴31
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐴23 ] = [𝐴12 𝐴22 𝐴32 ]
𝐴31 𝐴32 𝐴33 𝐴13 𝐴23 𝐴33
Where 𝐴𝑖𝑗 denotes the cofactor of 𝐴𝑖𝑗 in A.
𝑝 𝑞
Example : 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝐴11 = 𝑠, 𝐴12 = −𝑟, 𝐴21 = −𝑞, 𝐴22 = 𝑝
𝑟 𝑠
𝑠 −𝑟 𝑇 𝑠 −𝑞
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [−𝑞 𝑝 ] = [−𝑟 𝑝 ]
Note : The adjoint of a square matrix of order 2 can be easily obtained by
interchanging the diagonal elements and changing signs other
elements.

If A, B are square matrices of order n and 𝐼𝑛 is


corresponding unit matrix, then
(i) 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = |𝐴|𝐼𝑛 = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴 (Thus A (adj A) is always a scalar matrix)
(ii) |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = |𝐴|𝑛−1
(iii) A is singular  |adj A|= 0

A non-singular square matrix of order n is invertible if there exists a square


matrix B of the same order such that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼𝑛 = 𝐵𝐴.
In such a case, we say that the inverse of A is B and we write 𝐴−1 = 𝐵
1
The inverse of A is given by 𝐴−1 = . 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
|𝐴|

The necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of the inverse of a
square matrix A is that |𝐴| ≠ 0

Let 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 be a system of linear equations with n unknowns. If A is non-


singular, then 𝐴−1 exists.

Then the system of equations given by 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 has a unique solution given by


𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵.

Prepared by : Pravesh Kumar, PGT(Maths)


If A is a singular matrix, then the system of equations given by AX=B may be
consistent with infinitely many solutions or it may be inconsistent also.
(i) If |𝐴| ≠ 0, then the system is consistent and has a unique solution given by
−1
𝑋=𝐴 𝐵
(ii) If |𝐴| = 0 and (adj A) 𝐵 = 0, then the system is consistent and has infinitely
many solutions.
(iii) If |𝐴| = 0and (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐵 ≠ 0, then the system is inconsistent

1
If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑘𝐼𝑛 then, 𝐴−1 = 𝐵
𝑘

Prepared by : Pravesh Kumar, PGT(Maths)

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