APA STYLE CITATION (For books, encyclopedias and dictionaries)

 APA (American Psychological Association) is most commonly used to cite sources within the health
sciences and social sciences fields.
 This resource, revised according to the 5th edition of the APA manual, offers examples for in-text
citations, endnotes/footnotes, and your bibliography or reference page

CITATION FORMAT FOR BOOKS

r For Citing Books

Author's Last Name, First Initial. (publication Date). Book title. Additional information. City of
publication: Publishing company.

Examples:

Allen, T. (1974). Vanishing Wildlife of North America. Washington, D.C.: National

Geographic Society.

Boorstin, D. (1992). The creators. New York: Random House.

Ermann, M. D., Williams, M. B., & Shauf, M. S. (Eds.). (1997). Computers, ethics, and
society. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Odell, L., Vacca, R., Hobbs, R., & Irvin, J.L. (2001). Elements of language. Austin, TX:
Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Utah Association of Counties. (1981). Utah county facts book. Salt Lake City: Utah
Association of Counties.

r For Citing eBooks

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year of Publication). Book Title. edition. City of
Publication, State: Publisher. (Looks like print if retrieved from a database)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year of Publication). Book Title. Retrieved from
home URL for authoritative website

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year of Publication). Book Title: Subtitle of book.
edition. doi: number

Examples:

Roush, C. (1999). Inside Home Depot. New York, NY: Jossey-Bass.

Speed, H. (2004). The practice and science of drawing. Retrieved from

http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14264
 Rodriguez-Garcia, R., & White, E. M. (2005). Self-assessment in managing for results.
doi: 10.1596/9780-82136148-1

CITATION FORMAT FOR ENCYCLOPEDIAS AND DICTIONARIES

r For Citing Encyclopedias and Dictionaries

Author’s Last name, First initial. (Date). Title Article. Title of Encyclopedia (Volume, pages). City
of publication: Publishing company.

Examples:

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In the New Encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp.
501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-

Webster.

Pettingill, O. S., Jr. (1980). Falcon and Falconry. World Book Encyclopedia. (pp. 150-
155). Chicago: World Book.

Home. (1989). In Oxford English dictionary (Vol. 8, p. 324). New York, NY: Oxford
University Press.

Ring, A. A. (1997). Real estate. In Encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 16, pp. 213-214).
Danbury, CT: Grolier.

r For Citing Online Encyclopedias

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year of publication). Title of entry or article. In
Name of editor (Ed.), Name of reference source. City of publication, State: Publisher. (If retrieved from
a database, it will look like a print source)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year of publication). Title of entry or article. In
Name of editor (Ed.), Name of reference source. Retrieved from complete URL from authoritative
website

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year of publication). Title of entry or article. In
Name of reference source. doi: number

Examples:
E.B., & L.E. (2009). Dsylexia. In S. Wallace (Ed.), A Dictionary of education. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.

Photonics. In The Columbia Encyclopedia. (6th ed.). Retrieved from

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-photonics.html

Guttentag, J. Demand clause. In Mortgage encyclopedia. doi: 10.1036/0071458492

CITATION FORMAT FOR MAGAZINES

r Citing a Magazine Article in Print

Author, F.M. (Year, month of publication). Article title. Magazine title, volume(issue), pp.-pp.
Note: Volume number can be found on the publication information page of the
magazine. Page numbers are typically found on the bottom corners of an article. If issue
number is not provided, omit it from the citation.

Examples:

Luckerson, V. (2014, January). Tech’s Biggest Promises for 2014. TIME, 183, 23-25.

Rothbart, D. (2008, October). How I caught up with dad. Men's Health, 108-113.

Jaeger, J. (2010, August). Social media use in the financial industry. Compliance Week,
54.

r Citing a Magazine found Online

Author, F.M. (Year, month of publication). Article title. Magazine title, volume(issue). Retrieved
from http://xxxxx

Note: Volume and issue number may not be on the same page as the article. Browse
the website before omitting it from the citation.

Examples:

Rothbart, D. (2008, October). How I caught up with dad. Men's Health, 108-113.
Retrieved from http://books.google.com

Folger, T. Higgs: What causes the weight of the world. Discover Magazine,. Retrieved
from http://discovermagazine.com

CITATION FORMAT FOR NEWSPAPER

r Citing a Newspaper in Print

Structure:
Author, F.M. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Article Title. Newspaper Title, pp. xx-xx.
Note: If the article is printed on discontinuous pages, list all of the page
numbers/ranges and separate them with a comma. (e.g., pp. C2, C4, C7-9.)

APA format example:

Rosenberg, G. (1997, March 31). Electronic discovery proves an effective legal
weapon.The New York Times, p. D5.

Notes: When creating you newspaper citation, keep in mind:

Precede page numbers for newspaper articles with p. (for a single page) or pp. (for
multiple pages). If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers,
and separate the numbers with a comma (e.g., pp. B1, B3, B5-B7).
 r Citing a Newspaper Article found Online
Structure:
Author, F.M. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Article Title. Newspaper Title. Retrieved
from newspaper homepageURL
Note: Use the URL of the newspaper’s home page to avoid broken links.

Tips for citing online newspaper articles:

 You do not need to include retrieval information (e.g., date of access) in APA citations
for electronic resources.
 If you found a newspaper article through an online database (e.g., EBSCO’s Academic
Search Complete), you do not need to include that information in the citation, either.
 If a URL runs across multiple lines of text in the citation, break the URL off before
punctuation (e.g., periods, forward slashes) – except http://.
 When you use a bibliography tool like EasyBib to help you with your citations, make
sure you are citing a newspaper article – not a website!

MAGAZINE AND NEWSPAPER

FORMAT

Author’s last name, first initial. (publication date). Article title. Periodical title, volume number
(issue number if available), inclusive pages.

NOTE

Do not enclose the title in quotation marks. Put a period after the title. If a periodical includes a volume
number, italicize it and then give the page range(in regular type) without “pp.”. If the periodical does not
use volume numbers, as in newspaper, use p. or pp. for page numbers. Unlike other periodicals, p. or
pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style.

CITATION FORMAT FOR WEBSITE OR WEBPAGE

r Citing a General Website Article with an Author

Author, A. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Article title. Retrieved from URL

Examples:
Satalkar, B. (2010, July 15). Water aerobics. Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com

Simmons, B. (2015, January 9). The tale of two Flaccos. Retrieved from
http://grantland.com/the-triangle/the-tale-of-twoflaccos/

r Citing a General Website Article without an Author

Article title. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Retrieved from URL
 r Citing of Online Periodical
Author’s name. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number,
Retrieved month day, year, from full URL

Examples:
Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out.
New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2000, from http://www.nytimes.com

r Citing of Online Document

Author’s name. (Date of publication). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from full URL

Examples:
Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services. (2010, April 27). Your preschool child's
speech and language development. Retrieved April 1, 2013, from
http://www.children.gov.on.ca/htdocs/English/topics/earlychildhood/speechlanguage/
brochure_preschool.aspx

Carberry, A. (2018). How to take care of plants. Retrieved August 15, 2018, from
https://www.wikihow.com/Take- Care-of-Plants

REMINDERS
 When citing internet sources, refer to the speciifc website document. If a document is undated, use
“n.d.” for no date immediately after the document title. Break a lengthy URL that goes to another line
after a slash or before a period. Continually check your references to online documents. There is no
period following a URL.
Note: If you cannot find some of this information, cite what is available.
 If a document is contained within a large and complete website such as that for a university or a
government agency, identify the host organization and the relevant program or department before
giving the URL for the document itself. Precede the URL with a colon.

APA ANNOTATION
 An annotated bibliography is a list of citations on a certain topic that provide a description of each of the
various books, articles, and other sources on the list.
 The annotated bibliography looks like a References list but includes a summary and/or critical
evaluation (i.e., annotation) after each source that is cited.
 It can be part of a larger research project, or can be a stand-alone report in itself.
 The APA annotation summarizes and assesses the book in citation.
 The first paragraph provides a brief summary of the author’s project in the book, covering the main
points of the work
 The second paragraph points out the project’s strengths and evaluates its methods and presentation.
 This particular annotation does not reflect on the source’s potential importance or usefulness for this
person’s own research.
TYPES OF ANNOTATION
1) Summary Annotation
 also known as descriptive or informative annotation
 it describes why the source is useful for researching a particular topic or question
 include the source's distinctive features
 it describes the author's main arguments and conclusions without evaluating what the
author says or concludes.
 answers the following questions: who wrote the document, what the document
discusses, when and where was the document written, why was the document
produced, and how was it provided to the public.

2) Evaluative Annotation
 also known as analytical or critical annotation
 not only summarizes the material, it critically assesses the work for accuracy, relevance,
and quality
 examines the strengths and weaknesses of what is presented as well as describing the
applicability of the author's conclusions to the research being conducted.
 more common
 can help you learn about your topic, develop a thesis statement, decide if a specific
source will be useful for your assignment, and determine if there is enough valid
information available to complete your project.

REMEMBER!
Annotations are original descriptions that you create after reading the document. When researching,
you may find journal articles that provide a short summary at the beginning of the text. This article
abstract is similar to a summary annotation. You may consult the abstract when creating your
evaluative annotation, but never simply copy it as that would be considered plagiarism.

BASIC WRITING AND FORMAT TIPS

 Each annotation should be one paragraph, between three to six sentences long (about 150- 200
words).
 Start with the same format as a regular References list.
 After each citation, the annotation is indented two spaces from the left margin as a block.
 All lines should be double-spaced. Do not add an extra line between the citations.
 If your list of citations is especially long, you can organize it by topic.
 Try to be objective, and give explanations if you state any opinions.
 Use the third person (e.g., he, she, the author) instead of the first person (e.g., I, my, me).

FORMATTING RULES (acc. to APA)

 The text and the reference list should be double-spaced.
 Numbering starts on the title page, at the top right of the page.
 Each paragraph should be indented. Reference list entries must have a hanging indent.
 There should be 1 inch (2.54 cm) margins all around (top, bottom, left, and right) on each page.
  Use Times Roman font, or a similar serif font.

MLA ANNOTATION
r Bibliography
 is a listing of citations – usually including the author, title, publication information, etc. – of the sources
that you have used or plan to use for your research topic
 help the readers of your research find out where you obtained your information
 used by instructors and others to assess the validity of your research findings as well as aid future
researchers in locating sources on similar research topics
 sometimes referred to as Works Cited pages or References

r Annotated Bibliography
 a list of citations to books, articles, and documents
 each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150-200 words) descriptive and evaluative
paragraph, the annotation
 the purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the
sources cited
 provides a short paragraph of description/criticism/evaluation of each of your sources
 help you remember specific information contained in your source
 they may describe the author's point of view, authority, or clarity and appropriateness of
expression

r Importance
 as a student, this method will help you develop or hone your research skills, providing you with
practice not only in locating sources but also in analyzing and evaluating them for relevance and
quality
 readers will gain insight into your research abilities, as well, allowing them to assess your work more
thoroughly

r MLA Annotation
 An annotated bibliography might be an overview of a topic, or it might be something you write in
preparation for a specific research essay. Many annotated bibliographies include:

→ A citation to the article, chapter, or other work

→ Mention of the methods the authors used

→ Qualifications of the author or authors

→ A summary of the argument and/or findings

→ Evaluation of the work, for example the logic of the arguments or value of the evidence

→ How this work supports your own research

Example: (see ppt to see proper formatting)

 Battle, Ken. “Child Poverty: The Evolution and Impact of Child Benefits.” A Question of Commitment:
Children's Rights in Canada. Ed. Katherine Covell and R.Brian Howe. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University
Press. 2007. 21-44.

Ken Battle draws on a close study of government documents, as well as his own research as an
extensively-published policy analyst, to explain Canadian child benefit programs. He outlines some
fundamental assumptions supporting the belief that all society members should contribute to the upbringing of
children. His comparison of child poverty rates in a number of countries is a useful wake-up to anyone
assuming Canadian society is doing a good job of protecting children. Battle pays particular attention to the
National Child Benefit (NCB), arguing that it did not deserve to be criticized by politicians and journalists. He
outlines the NCB’s development, costs, and benefits, and laments that the Conservative government scaled it
back in favour of the inferior Universal Child Care Benefit (UCCB). However, he relies too heavily on his own
work; he is the sole or primary author of almost half the sources in his bibliography. He could make this work
stronger by drawing from others' perspectives and analyses. However, Battle does offer a valuable source for
this essay, because the chapter provides a concise overview of government-funded assistance currently
available to parents. This offers context for analyzing the scope and financial reality of child poverty in
Canada.

r The Process
W Writing the Description
 The summary of an annotated bibliography in MLA style may be written either as short, direct
phrases or as complete sentences. Annotations should include:
 the main points from the source
 the topics covered
 the approach used and any findings
 or your critical evaluation

 Take care not to include any unnecessary details, as the goal is to summarize each source as
succinctly as possible and, in some cases, evaluate them.

W Template

 For each source, use this template to guide you as you identify the necessary details:
 Author (last name, first name).
 Title of source.
 Title of the container,
 Other contributors (names and roles),
 Version,
 Number,
 Publisher,
 Publication Date,
 Location of the source (such as URL or page range).
 Summary or Analysis.