Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.

0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering

University of Technology

Course : Industry 4.0 Technologies in Mechanical Engineering

Lecturer : PhD Tran Quang Phuoc

PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran
 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Chapter 3: Internet of Things (IoT)- Bigdata - Digitalize

Content

+ Internet of Things (IoT)

+ Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran

 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Internet of Things (IoT)

Introduction
IoT is the term coined to enable interactions between physical devices at any remote location on earth.
IoT establishes machine-to-machine (M2M) communication irrespective of the protocol, domain, or
application. The participating entities must be equipped with device-specific embedded software,
sensors, and network supporting components. The embedded software provides device-specific
functionalities, sensors sense the presence of other physical entities and gather information, and the
Internet acts as a communication medium and is responsible for remote management and access control
of the devices.

PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran

 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Internet of Things (IoT)

The technology is embodied in a wide spectrum of networked products, systems, and sensors, which
take advantage of advancements in computing power, electronics miniaturization, and network
interconnections to offer new capabilities not previously possible. While IoT new market opportunities
and business models, among other things, it also creates concerns about security, privacy, and technical
interoperability.
New IoT products such as Internet-enabled appliances, home automation components, and energy
management devices are moving us toward the “smart home,” offering more security and energy
efficiency. Other personal IoT devices such as wearable fitness and health monitoring devices and
network-enabled medical devices are transforming the way health care services are delivered. This
technology promises to be beneficial for people with disabilities and the elderly, enabling improved
levels of independence and quality of life at a reasonable cost. IoT systems such as networked
vehicles, intelligent traffic systems, and sensors embedded in roads and bridges move us closer to the
idea of “smart cities,” which help minimize congestion and energy consumption. IoT technology also
offers the possibility to transform agriculture, industry, and energy production and distribution by
increasing the availability of information along the value chain of production using networked sensors
PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran
 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Internet of Things (IoT)

Definition
The term Internet of Things, also called the Internet of Everything (IoE) or the Industrial Internet, refers to a
heterogeneous network of physical and virtual objects embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and
connectivity to enable objects to achieve greater value and service by exchanging data with other connected
objects via the Internet.

Machine to machine (M2M), human to machine (H2M), and machine to smartphone (M2S) or a similar
handheld device, such as a tablet computer. The accumulation of all this technology is now referred to as
Industry 4.0, or the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR).

The adoption of this technology is rapidly gaining momentum, as technological, societal, and competitive
pressures push firms to innovate and transform themselves. As IoT technology advances and increasing numbers
of firms adopt the technology, IoT cost-benefit analysis will become a subject of great interest. Because of the
potential but uncertain benefits and high investment costs of the IoT, firms need to carefully assess every IoT-
induced opportunity and challenge to ensure that their resources are spent judiciously.

PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran

Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT Architecture

PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran

 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Internet of Things (IoT)

How the IoT works
IoT basic
Connecting devices and ensuring that they communicate correctly requires a clear framework. In the case of the
IoT, however, it requires many frameworks. What makes the task so difficult for the IoT is that it must function
with an array of legacy and modern systems and protocols—and it must bridge many technologies and
standards. A starting point is to understand that the IoT isn’t a monolithic entity. It’s a vague and often confusing
confederation of vendors, platforms, systems, technologies, software, and tools.

The IoT relies on the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model to bring disparate entities together. Under this
model, there are four primary groupings that encompass seven operational layers. These include a physical layer,
data links, a network, a transport mechanism, a session layer, a presentation layer, and a software application.
Here’s a brief technical overview of the plumbing and electrical wiring for the IoT:

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 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT basic
- The physical and data link layers govern how devices connect to the IoT.
For instance, a system might use cables, Bluetooth, or Wi-Fi-Or some combination of these technologies to
communicate with the outside world. Today, devices typically rely on Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) to
discover each other’s presence on the network and establish functional network services for data sharing,
communications, and entertainment.
- The data link layer identifies connected devices using a media access control (MAC) address. The
protocols at this level focus on how various switches deliver frames and data to all the different devices on
the network.
- The network layer, also referred to as the Internet layer, requires protocols and standards to route
packets of data to an Internet Protocol (IP) address. Today, many Internet devices rely on IPv6, which
offers advanced network identification and controls.
- The transport layer addresses the need for end-to- end communication. It delivers features that aid in
reliability, alleviating congestion, and guaranteeing that packets arrive intact and in the correct order. The
session, presentation, and application layers address cross-application messaging and the exchange of data.
PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran
 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Internet of Things (IoT)

The Network is the Thing
There are four primary network types that address different requirements.
Personal Area Network (PAN) These devices transmit data over a few meters, often using Bluetooth Low
Energy (BLE). Fitness trackers, smartwatches, AirPods, car navigation and infotainment systems, and
health care technology such as digital thermometers are a few examples of devices that typically use a
PAN.
Local Area Networks (LAN) The technology supports short–to medium range communication. It is best
suited to environments where dozens or hundreds of sensors are connected in the same space, typically at a
distance of no more than a few hundred meters. This might include a house or small factory. A gateway
device allows wired devices to operate with wireless devices within a LAN.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) This long-range communications framework operates at a city-scale
level, typically up to a few kilometers. It’s frequently used to operate smart traffic grids, transit payment
systems, and smart parking meter systems.
Wide Area Network (WAN) Connecting devices at a city-wide level or beyond requires connectivity
measured in many kilometers. These networks, which may incorporate all the above networking frameworks,
support large farms, factories, and campuses.
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 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Internet of Things (IoT)

The Network is the Thing
Eight key networking and communications frameworks that move data within the IoT.

Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) This technology delivers a low-power, long-range wireless
communication framework. It is valuable for large and widespread deployments of wireless sensors, such as those
used in smart city initiatives. Several IoT specific LPWAN technologies exist, including LongRange physical layer
protocol (LoRa), Haystack, SigFox, LTE-M, and Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT).
Cellular Wireless networks include legacy 2G (GSM) and 3G (GSM and CDMA), as well as 4G and
increasingly common 5G. In addition, two standards exist for using IoT devices over LPWANs. NB-IoT and LTE-
M introduce more robust and flexible frameworks for transporting data across cellular devices and services
because they were designed specifically for the IoT.

Wi-Fi The wireless networking standard has evolved considerably since its introduction in the late 1990s. IEEE
802.11 a/b/g/n offers varying levels of speed and connectivity. The 8.2.11n standard delivers the highest data
throughput among various wireless technologies, but it comes at a cost: high power consumption. Although Wi-Fi
is ideal for connecting smartphones, smartwatches, and many other IoT devices, it draws too much power to make
it suitable for battery-powered sensors.
PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran
 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Internet of Things (IoT)

The Network is the Thing
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Bluetooth connectivity has emerged as a foundation for the IoT. It supports
PANs and accommodate short-range exchange of data (approximately 100 meters). BLE works across layer 1
(physical) and layer 2 (MAC address). It is ideal for devices that transmit limited volumes of data, typically in
bursts. BLE works with a growing array of devices, including fitness trackers, smartwatches, and digital
thermometers.
Near Field Communication (NFC) This wireless technology is ideal for digital payment systems such as
Apple Pay or Android Pay. It operates at very close range, up to about 4 centimeters, or 1 ½ inches, using an
NFC chip located in a device or on a card. This makes it relatively secure. The technology is also used for
smart cards at hotels and smart labels used for asset tracking.

ZigBee The 2.4-gigahertz wireless chip technology is slightly slower than Bluetooth BLE (250 kbps throughput
compared to 270 kbps) and it reaches approximately 30 meters. However, Zigbee is a mesh network, which
makes it highly suited to smart homes and smart office buildings that require device-to- Device communication.
A similar protocol, Z-Wave, which operates at 908 megahertz (meaning it has a better range than ZigBee but
can’t transmit as much data at any given moment), was recently released into the public domain. Both operate
on the IEEE 802.11.15.4 standard.
PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran
 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Internet of Things (IoT)

The Network is the Thing

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) RFID is widely used to track physical objects and assets, including
industrial environments and supply chains. These tags, chips, or printed circuits, are attached to objects. They
offer a range of about one meter. Once an object is tagged, an RFID reader can pinpoint it. Tags can be both
passive and active. The former works without batteries. This means that tags are read when they pass a reader.
Active tags periodically broadcast their location, making them more trackable. A newer RFID protocol called
Dash7 offers an open standard for bidirectional data exchange at up to 500 meters.1 It operates in the sub
gigahertz spectrum and offers low latency, making it ideal for sensors, alarms, and other connected industrial
systems.

Ethernet In some cases, where it’s possible to connect devices to a wired network, Ethernet is the technology of
choice. This might include sensors or devices like security cameras located within a building. The IEEE 802.3
standard was introduced in 1980 and formalized in 1983. Today, it transports data at a rate of approximately 400
gigabytes per second and it interworks fully with Wi-Fi.

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 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Internet of Things (IoT)

Building a Better Sensor Sensors are the eyes, ears, nose, and fingers of the IoT.

- Thousands of different types of sensors now exist, detecting light, sound, temperature, magnetic fields, motion,
moisture, tactile pressure, gravity, electrical fields, chemicals, and much more. These devices can detect toxic
gasses, radiation, and the presence of biological and chemical compounds.

- Sensing devices can detect and measure minute

concentrations of pollution or toxic substances in the
atmosphere or water supply. They can spot incredibly tiny
changes in structures, such as bridges and tunnels, by
measuring vibration. Image sensors, relying on Light
Detecting and Ranging (LiDAR), allow cars to park
themselves and detect when another vehicle on the road is too
Close or approaching too quickly. Meanwhile motion sensors
in security and video systems provide alerts when an event or
change takes place. This automation allows a person to view
an event immediately when there’s a valid reason to do so.
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 Ho Chi Minh City
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Internet of Things (IoT) Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering

- Many IoT sensors use microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, which dates back to the early 1960s.
These circuits, which are produced using a standard silicon fabrication process, are actually small mechanical
systems (typically between 1 micrometer by 1 millimeter) that can stretch, bend, spin, and change form based on
environmental conditions and other factors. MEMS generate an electrical signal that translates into data about how
a system is moving or reacting to conditions. Thus, a fitness tracker, smartwatch, or smartphone can measure
activity and movement, and with the use of GPS and other input, translate this data into steps and distance traveled
using algorithm.

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 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Internet of Things (IoT)

Chips

•Manufacturing chips at lower costs is an important factor driving the development of IoT. As chip
costs decrease, IoT devices become more popular.

•Technical advances in chip fabrication like dual damascene processes and copper integration help
create compact, high-performance chips for IoT.

•Using advanced materials like silicon-on-insulator (SOI) improves efficiency and lowers power
consumption for IoT chips.

•Streamlined chip fabrication processes with high integration allow designing specialized chips for
IoT applications like smart grid, wearables, healthcare.

•Advanced chip manufacturing technologies enable integrating multiple sensors, wireless

connectivity into a single IoT chip.
PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran
 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Internet of Things (IoT)

A Clearer View through Clouds
1.Concept of cloud computing:
A model allowing network access to rapidly select and use computing resources like servers,
storage, network, applications, services in a quick and convenient way.
2.Characteristics of cloud computing:
+Self-service, on-demand : Users can self-register, select and utilize cloud computing
resources without interacting with the provider. Resources are available to serve users
anytime.
+Easy expandability and scalability of resources : Users can easily and rapidly scale up or
down their usage of cloud resources based on needs.
+Broad network access through internet-connected devices : Cloud computing resources can
be accessed from various internet-connected devices.
+Resource pooling and sharing between multiple users : Physical resources are pooled
together to serve multiple users based on demands.
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 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Internet of Things (IoT)

3.Cloud computing services:
+ IaaS - Infrastructure as a Service: Provides fundamental computing infrastructure resources like
servers, virtual machines, storage, networking for users. Users can install and manage operating
systems, software themselves. Examples: Amazon EC2, Microsoft Azure.
+ PaaS - Platform as a Service: Offers a platform to develop, deploy and manage applications. Includes
integrated operating system, development environment. Examples: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Microsoft
Azure App Service.
+ SaaS - Software as a Service: Provides complete, ready-to-use software applications for users to
download and use directly. No need to manage infrastructure. Examples: Gmail, Office 365, Salesforce
CRM.
4.Deployment models:
+ Public cloud: Cloud computing services provided openly for public use on shared resources.
Examples: AWS, Azure, GCP.
+ Private cloud: Cloud services provided exclusively for an organization through private network
infrastructure. Enterprise clouds are an example.
+ Hybrid cloud: A combination of public and private cloud. Allows data and applications to move
between cloud environments. PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran
 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Internet of Things (IoT)

6. Challenges and risks:
5. Benefits of cloud computing: flexible -Security
costs, scalability, resilience, collaboration, +Data Breaches
innovation. +Data Loss
+ Flexible costs: Only pay for what you use, +Compliance and Legal Issues
can scale up or down based on needs. Saves +Identity and Access Management
IT infrastructure costs. -Availability
+ Scalability: Can easily scale usage of cloud +Downtime
resources. Accommodates fluctuating +Network Issues
demands. +Vendor Reliability
+ Resilience: Data is backed up redundantly. +Data Center Location
Easy to recover from failures. -Vendor Lock-In
+ Collaboration: Allows multiple users to +Limited Portability
access, utilize, and share data and apps. +Cost Implications
+ Innovation: Provides latest technologies to + Loss of Control
businesses. Drives innovative thinking. +Compatibility Issues
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 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Internet of Things (IoT)

7. Major cloud computing vendors.
Amazon Web Services (AWS): Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Amazon Simple
Storage Service (S3), Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service), AWS Lambda, Amazon
Sagemaker.
Microsoft Azure: Azure Virtual Machines, Azure Blob Storage, Azure SQL Database,
Azure Functions, Azure Machine Learning.
Google Cloud Platform (GCP): Google Compute Engine, Google Cloud Storage, Google
BigQuery, Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE), Google Cloud AI.
IBM Cloud: IBM Cloud Virtual Servers, IBM Cloud Object Storage, IBM Db2 on Cloud,
IBM Watson, IBM Kubernetes Service.
Oracle Cloud: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI), Oracle Autonomous Database, Oracle
Cloud Applications, Oracle Cloud Functions.
Alibaba Cloud: Elastic Compute Service (ECS), Object Storage Service (OSS),
ApsaraDB for RDS, Alibaba Cloud Machine Learning.
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 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Internet of Things (IoT)

8. Future development trends.
+ Hybrid and Multi-Cloud Adoption
+ Edge Computing Integration
+ Serverless and Function-as-a-Service (FaaS)
+ Cloud-Native Technologies
+ AI and Machine Learning Integration
+ Cloud Security and Compliance
+ Quantum Computing in the Cloud
+ Green Cloud Computing
+ Cloud Cost Management
+ Edge AI and Cloud Collaboration
+ Blockchain and Cloud Integration
- 5G changes the IoT
- A need for standard PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran
 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Internet of Things (IoT)

Types of IoT systems
IoT systems can be classified in several ways: by scope, by sector, by the implemented networking protocols,
and by the direction or the flow of data. Classifying IoT systems into sub-types and genres is helpful to gather
experts from these areas and focus their shared experiences and knowledge to develop great IoT systems.

By Flow of Data
Remote Monitoring: Data flows from the thing to
the IoT client
• Remote Controlling: Remote commands flow
from users to the device( s)
• Thing-to-Thing: Data is shared among the IoT devices
• Combinations: Mixture of two or more of the above
systems.

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 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Internet of Things (IoT)

- By Scope ( Type of Devices)
This classification focuses on the type of devices, or things, being connected to the cloud.
• Internet of Nano Things ( IoNT), covering nano-scale devices
• Internet of Mission-Control Things ( IoMCT), for Military, Police, etc.
• Internet of Mobile Things ( IoMT), for on- the-move IoT devices ( OMIDs)
• Internet of Robotic Things ( IoRT), for IoT Robotics.
- By Sector - By Networking Protocols
This classification focuses on the industry in which This classification focuses on the type of
the IoT system is imple-mented network protocol implemented
• Agriculture: Precision agriculture, vertical • Cellular: for mobile, moving, and portable
systems,
farming, etc.
• LAN/PAN: local/ personal area networks,
• Industrial: Industry 4.0, smart factories, Industrial such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi
IoT ( IIoT), etc. • LPWANs: low-powered wide area networks,
• Social: Smart homes, connected appliances, e.g. LoRa ( Incháustegui et al., 2020)
Google Home, etc. • Mesh Networks: formed of a mesh of nodes
• Infrastructure: Water management, smart cities, collaborating to reach an Internet gateway,
vehicle, etc. such as ZigBee.
• Other Sectors… PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran
 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
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Internet of Things (IoT)

THE DETAILED PROCEDURE
1. Set the Common Ground ( differences and similarities, resources)
2. Define the system architecture ( scope, sector, direction of data flow)
3. Define the data structure ( needed insights, raw data, types, sizes, data sources)
4. Develop the IoT devices that would capture and broadcast the raw data ( the things)
5. Obtain/ setup networking to match system needs ( data packet size, broadcast
frequency)
6. Develop/ select the DA algorithms to get the insights ( Analytics)
7. Develop IoT clients ( web applications) as per system architecture and DA
algorithms
8. IoT outputs: protocols for streamlining operations
9. IoT outputs: protocols for repurposing data ( reuse it for technologies)
10. IoT outputs: protocols for data monetization
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 Ho Chi Minh City
University of Technology
Internet of Things (IoT) Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering

1. Set the Common Ground ( differences and similarities, resources)

First and foremost, the available technologies, the organization needs to know what technologies are available
in-house. This will be valuable later during development, as the company would utilize its in-house
technologies rather than spend resources on importing new technologies. Specifically, the organization needs to
review the following:
• Manufacturing systems ( production layout, machines used, etc.) ( if applicable)
• Open-source or proprietary technologies ( can you modify it, or is it a Blackbox)
• Operating systems ( OS) available ( Windows, Linux, Mac, others)
• Programming languages, software solutions ( C++, Python, others, libraries)
• Custom/ unique systems or designs available only in-house ( developed internally)
Next, the people, the survey must query the organization’s people and identify educational background and
experience, especially with the in-house technologies. These experts would form the basis of the IoT Team for
the organization.
+ The first task of the IoT team would be to set the Common Ground for everyone. The team must agree on
technology choices; what hardware to use, which OS to use, which programming language to implement, which
web development solutions to use, and so on.
+ Secondly, the team must identify any weakness in the organization related to IoT; any skills or technologies
the organization lacks. Then based on the team’s recommendations, the organization would act and close the
gaps, setting up training, hiring experts, and procuring all the needed technologies, systems, and infrastructure.
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 Ho Chi Minh City
University of Technology
Internet of Things (IoT) Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering

2. Define the system architecture ( scope, sector, direction of data flow)

Once the IoT team is in place and a technological common ground has been established, the team would be ready
to develop its first IoT system for the organization.
+ IoT system architecture is related to the IoT classifications we discussed at the beginning of this chapter.
Specifically, which sector would this system belong to? What would be the scope of the system? What would be
the direction of data flow?
+ By defining or setting the Sector of the proposed IoT system, the team would identify which area it would be
related to, such as industry, agriculture, infra-structure, sustainability, or others. This would allow the team to
invite experts from these sectors for advice and guidance. Be it from within the organization or not, these experts
would provide excellent input to the IoT team, especially in the next step ( defining/ setting the data structure).
+ A similar argument can be made for the Scope of the proposed project: Roboticists would define robot data
needed for an IoT Robotics project, nano-technology experts would advise on IoNT ( IoT for nanotechnology)
systems and so on.
+ Next, the direction of data flow, the team would decide if the proposed IoT system would implement remote
monitoring, remote controlling, thing-to-thing, or combinations.
+ These three decisions, Sector, Scope, and Data Flow, would directly impact the design, setup, and programming
of all parts of the IoT framework, specifically, the IoT devices, the DA algorithms, and the IoT clients. Therefore,
the IoT team must clearly set these choices very early on and make sure not to make any changes along the way.
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 Ho Chi Minh City
University of Technology
Internet of Things (IoT) Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering

3. Define the data structure ( needed insights, raw data, types, sizes, data sources)
Data is the DNA of an IoT system; IoT devices capture and broadcast raw data to the cloud. There,
DA algorithms convert the raw data into valuable insights and deliver them to the IoT clients, where
users can utilize these insights for their purposes.
Therefore, the development process begins from the end; we start from the insights and reverse-
engineer the whole IoT system to obtain them. Specifically, the IoT team must answer the following
questions:
1/What insights do we need from our Iot system
2/ What raw data would we need to develop these insights? Where to get it from?
3. What types of data would we need to capture?
4. How much data would we need? How often would we need it?

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Ho Chi Minh City
University of Technology
Internet of Things (IoT) Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering

4. Develop the IoT devices that would capture and broadcast the raw data ( the things)

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 Ho Chi Minh City
University of Technology
Internet of Things (IoT) Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering

4. Develop the IoT devices that would capture and broadcast the raw data ( the things)

The Sensors: These are the actual devices that capture the raw data and send it to the controller for
analysis and processing. There is a wide variety of sensors that can capture any type of data. Sensors
also vary in range, capability, and cost. Sensors could be digital or analogue, each with its pros and
cons. The field of Sensor Selection is beyond the scope of this book. Relevant experts include
Mechatronics, Automation, and E&E engineers.

The Network-Ready Controller: The brains of the IoT device. Programmed to perform all primary
tasks; receive data from sensors, package data to web-friendly formats, and broadcast data to the
cloud. Optionally, to give motion commands to actuators, if included.
There are different types of IoT controllers, each with varying capabilities and features: Controller
Chip controllers, such as the AT91SAM chip, an ARM archi-tecture processor, the Controller Board
controllers, such as the Arduino or the NodeMCU controllers, or the full-fledged Computer-on-chip
controllers, such as the Raspberry Pi, or Beaglebone systems. For the sake of simplicity, we will refer
to all of these types as Controllers. In later chapters, we will discuss these differ-ences and their
impact on IoT operations.
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 Ho Chi Minh City
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Internet of Things (IoT) Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering

4. Develop the IoT devices that would capture and broadcast the raw data ( the things)
The Network Module ( Optional): Regardless of
the differences, all IoT controllers must be ready,
both in hardware and software, to connect to the
Internet. For some IoT controllers, connectivity is
a b uiltin feature ( Raspberry Pi, Beaglebone,
NodeMCU). For others ( Arduino, AT91SAM,
etc.), a network module is needed. A network
module is an external module device added to
establish a network connection for the controller
Nevertheless, sometimes this is something we
cannot escape; perhaps the only controllers we
have in-house are Arduino Uno. Perhaps our
system requires a specific ARM-based controller
that is not readily connected, and other reasons
may apply. Therefore, in the later hands-on
chapters, we will discuss both connectivity
options (built-in and through a module).
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 Ho Chi Minh City
University of Technology
Internet of Things (IoT) Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering

4. Develop the IoT devices that would capture and broadcast the raw data ( the things)

The Power Source: Obviously, power is essential for the components of the IoT device. This is not an
issue for indoor IoT applications, such as industry or smart homes. However, the situation is different
for outdoor, mobile, and embedded IoT applications.

+ For Outdoor applications, we could always extend power lines to wire up the devices, but that would
be expensive, disruptive, and restrictive to the IoT devices. The better option is to use solar-powered
rechargeable batteries or power banks. Free from the wires, the developers could freely experiment
with the locations and arrangements of the devices with ease.

+ Mobile IoT devices, used in the logistics industry, could be recharged through the vehicles on which
they are installed. Embedded IoT devices, installed within consumer products, could be recharged
when the consumers power the products and use them.
Regardless of the recharging method, the power unit typically contains a rechargeable battery or a
power bank and miscellaneous components for recharging.

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 Ho Chi Minh City
University of Technology
Internet of Things (IoT) Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering

4. Develop the IoT devices that would capture and broadcast the raw data ( the things)

The Actuators ( If Needed): Adding the actuators

to the IoT devices would comprehensively change
their primary functions. As discussed before, IoT
devices primarily capture and broadcast data.
Adding actuators to the devices would add another
function: Automation. Specifically, adding
actuators, with miscellaneous components, would
turn the IoT devices into remotely monitored/
operated autonomous systems.
In many situations, we may need to create systems
that can operate independently of human input.
However, we may still need to monitor them and
override their operations when needed. Examples
of such systems include Industry 4.0 (machining
centres), IoT Robotics, and water management
systems.
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 Ho Chi Minh City
University of Technology
Internet of Things (IoT) Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering

5. Networking configuration and setup

Being network-ready and part of the IoT framework
Alternatively, we could use a Long Range Wi-Fi connection
( LoRa). The main advantage of LoRa is that it provides a
range of connection 1,000 times bigger than a regular WAP,
but that connection would be limited in terms of bandwidth
and data size. Recalling that we only need infrequent and
small data packets in agriculture, LoRa could be a via-ble
alternative.
For Mobile applications, IoT devices need a reliable
connection. So, a built-in WAP is often added as part of the
device itself. Coupled with a Network-Selection algorithm,
the device could remain connected to whichever network is
available nearby.
Just as in power requirements, Embedded IoT devices,
installed within consumer products, could utilize the local
Wi-Fi when the consumers power their products and use
them.
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 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

6- Select/ develop the required DATA analytics ( DA) algorithms

Purpose: Which could be any of the following:

• Descriptive: What is going on with our system?

• Diagnostic: Why is ( something) happening?
• Predictive: What is likely to happen ( to
something)?
• Perspective: What can we do about it?

PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran

 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

6-Select/ develop the required DATA analytics ( DA) algorithms

Steps: In general, DA involve the following steps:

+ Pre-processing ( cleansing, trans-forming)
+ Integration ( combining multiple sources)
+ Modelling/ visualization.

PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran

 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

6-Select/ develop the required DATA analytics ( DA) algorithms

Methods:

The methods and techniques used in implementing these steps involve various fields:
+ Statistics & Probability
+ Fuzzy logic
+ Artificial Intelligence ( AI)
+ Machine Learning ( ML)
+ Deep Learning ( DL)
+ Other advanced Data Science topics.

Focus on processing and visualizing the raw data, deduce any lessons and experimenting
with methods and techniques.

PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran

 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

7- Select/ develop your IoT Client

Any free email services out there, such as Yahoo, Gmail, or your corporate or school
email. It will cost you nothing, and setup will take minutes, but the contents of your email
would be exposed to the administrators of your provider.

Create the email application yourself; perhaps you want a particular feature or a unique
email ID. But you host the application using a hosting web service for a fee. You need to
have some knowledge of web development for this option, and you need to spend money
on hosting. Still, your email is exposed to the hosting service.

Do everything yourself; create the email application, launch it, and host it on your own
physical server. While this option would give you complete control and privacy, you will
need to be an expert in web development and spend more money on hosting.

PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran

 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

8- IoT outputs: Streamlining operations

Three types of outputs from the IoT Clients that we can use for streamlining operations:

+ Live ( or interactive or online) data

+ Historical ( stored or offline) data
+ Performance reports. Live

PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran

 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology
9- IoT outputs: Protocols for repurposing DATA
- To identify other areas/ fields
+ Where the IoT data could be useful ?
+ What else we can do with this data ?
+ Which other project or activity can benefit from
this insight ?
+ Who else would find this data beneficial?
- To identify the target technology/ framework
Develop the Data Pipeline to export the data
from the IoT framework into that target
technology /framework.
The Data Pipeline is a set of data processing designed to facilitate this transfer, namely:
+ Data Conversion: IoT data is converted into compatible units/ settings based on the requirements of the
target technology/ framework.
+ Data Repackaging: At this stage, data could be in the form of insights, so it is possible that data would
need to be returned to the raw or basic form. Also, the data structure is reorganized as per the requirements of
the target technology/ framework.
+ Data Transfer: Once ready, the converted and repackaged data is then transferred to the target technology/
framework. The rate of transfer is, again, as per the requirements of the target technology/
PhD.framework.
Quang-Phuoc Tran
 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

10- IoT outputs: Protocols for DATA Monetization

+ Identify the Scope of Data to Be Monetized: Define precisely what you are selling; your
whole data set, a sub-set, a repurposed data set, others.
+ Ensure Validation of Data: You need to show your prospective customers how you obtained
your data, with evidence but without exposing propriety information.
+ Ensure Data Security and Encryption: This
could also be considered part of data validation,
ensuring your data is also safe and protected.
+ Package Data in Periodic Reports:
Configure your system to create reports daily,
weekly, monthly, or in other intervals.
+ Offer Data Subscription Services: To your
prospective customers for a profit.

PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran

Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Sample : The centralized water management

The IoT framework.

Autonomous water gates. PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran

Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran

 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

The Industrial Internet provides a way to get better visibility and insight into the
company’s operations and assets through integration of machine sensors,
middleware, software, and backend cloud compute and storage systems. Therefore, it
provides a method of transforming business operational processes by using as
feedback the results gained from interrogating large data sets through advanced
analytics. The business gains are achieved through operational efficiency gains and
accelerated productivity, which results in reduced unplanned downtime and
optimized efficiency, and thereby profits.

Although the technologies and techniques used in existing machine-to-machine (

M2M ) technologies in today's industrial environments may look similar to the IIoT,
the scale of operation is vastly different.
PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran
 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

Key IIoT Technologies

“The Industrial Internet is a coming together of several key technologies in order

to produce a system greater than the sum of its parts.”

+ Sensor technology has reduced dramatically in recent years in cost and size.
This made the instrumentation of machines, processes, and even people financial
and technically feasible.

+ Big Data and advanced analytics are another key driver and enabler for the IIoT

PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran

 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

Key Opportunities and Benefits
•Improved Operational Efficiency - IIoT enables real-time tracking, monitoring
and analytics of industrial processes to optimize productivity, asset utilization and
workflow.
•Enhanced Flexibility - Smart connected machines and assets can be rapidly
reconfigured and adapted to new production needs with software reprogramming.
•Lower Costs - Data analytics helps identify inefficiencies and waste to improve
utilization rates and lower energy, material and labor costs.
•New Business Models - IIoT allows transition from product sales to performance-
based service models with continuous revenue streams.
•Proactive Maintenance - Real-time equipment monitoring facilitates predictive
maintenance before failures, reducing downtime.
PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran
 Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

Key Opportunities and Benefits

•Advanced Quality Control - Granular data insights enable improved compliance,

traceability and precision in quality control procedures.
•Safety and Risk Reduction - Wearables, sensors and analytics tools help identify
potential risks and hazards to improve workplace safety.
•Supply Chain Integration - Real-time inventory visibility and coordination with
vendors/partners across supply chain enables agile responses.
•Sustainability - IIoT optimizes energy use, reduces waste, and creates transparency
for more eco-friendly practices.
•Enhanced Customer Service - Data from smart connected products allows
businesses to rapidly respond to customer usage patterns and needs.

PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran

Ho Chi Minh City Industry 4.0 technologies in Mechanical Engineering
University of Technology

Exercise

+ Apply an IoT to the sensor in your project.

+ Build an IoT system from step 1 to step 7, presenting components
and detailed content at each step.
+ You can choose 1 of 2 options :
1-Make prototype of your IoT sensor with an arduino board as above
example ( Slide 40) and programming.
2- Simulation

PhD. Quang-Phuoc Tran