LAB NO # 2

BAHRIA UNIVERSITY KARACHI CAMPUS

INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENTS

LAB EXPERIMENT # 2

Differential Amplifier

OBJECTIVE
a) To design a differential amplifier with specified gain requirements.
b) To verify and investigate performance characteristics of this amplifier including common-
mode and differential-mode gain and common mode rejection ratio (CMRR).

EQUIPMENTS
1. Breadboard
2. Digital Multi Meter (DMM)
3. Oscilloscope (Dual Channel)
4. Dual Power Supply
5. Resistor (10KΩ)
6. Transistor (QN2222)

INTRODUCTION

The differential amplifier is a basic circuit, used in all linear integrated circuits. It is also the basis
for analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters. Understanding its operation, including DC
(bias operation, and its response to signal inputs, is important for further study of linear integrated
circuits. Students are introduced to the following concepts:

• Differential Mode operation of Differential Amplifier

A differential amplifier is any two-input amplifier that has an output proportional to the
difference of the inputs. The defining equation for a differential amplifier is then, see eq
2.1:

yo = A( xi1 − xi 2 ) eq 2.1
 LAB NO # 2

where the output, yo, and the inputs {xi1, xi2} could be either voltages or currents. For the
differential amplifier shown in Figure 2.1, the output expression is shown in eq 2.2:

( ) eq 2.2

if the resistor values are chosen so that given in eq 2.3.

RA RC eq 2.3
=
RB RD

R
B
R
A
−
vo
+ R
C
vi1 +
− +
vi2 RD
−

Figure 2.1 - A Differential Amplifier

Ideally this amplifier (or any differential amplifier) is sensitive only to the difference in the two
input signals and is completely insensitive to any common component of the two signals. That
is, if the difference in inputs remains constant, the output should not vary if the average value of
the two inputs changes. Unfortunately, a differential amplifier rarely meets this goal
completely, and the output has a slight dependence on the average of the input signals. The
output for this type of imperfect differential amplifier is given by eq 2.4:

) Eq 2.4

where
ADM = the amplification of the input signal difference, vi2 - vi1
and
vi 2 + vi 1
ACM = the amplification of the input signal average, .
2

The quality of a differential amplifier is displayed in its ability to amplify the differential signal
while suppressing the common signal. A measure of this quality is the ration of the differential
gain to the amplification of the average (or common) part of the input signals. The measure of
quality is named Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) and is usually expressed in decibels
 LAB NO # 2

(dB). The defining equation for CMRR is given in eq 2.5:

ADM
CMRR = 20 log10 eq 2.5
ACM

Unfortunately, usual analysis procedures do not produce an expression in this form: the
differential-mode gain, ADM, and the common-mode gain, ACM, are not the usual results of
analysis. A more typical result of analysis procedures is given in eq 2.6:

vo = A1vi1 + A2vi 2 eq 2.6

PROCEDURE
A. Amplifier design
Design a differential amplifier with the circuit topology of Figure 2.1 with the following
performance requirements and restrictions:
• Magnitude of the voltage gain 5 or 10 (your choice)
• Input resistance seen by each source 2 k
• the DC power supplies will be set at 15 V.

B. Design Verification
Construct the above designed amplifier. Measure the individual input AC voltage gains at any
frequency less than 1 kHz (set the other source to zero). Compare results with theory and Multisim
simulation. Calculate the common-mode and differential-mode gains and the CMRR from the
experimental results.

C. Measurement of the Common-mode and Differential-mode Gains Directly

To measure the differential-mode gain, the inputs must be exact inverses: they will then have only
differential components as their average will be zero. Build an inverting amplifier of unity
magnitude gain (it is suggested that a decade box be used as one of the resistors and the gain be
“tuned” so it is as close to negative one as possible – use the difference function on the input of the
oscilloscope). Since a function generator typically has an output impedance of approximately 50
ohm, the output impedance of the inverting amplifier should also be approximately 50 ohm.
Connect this amplifier between the two inputs so that vi2 is the inverse of vi1. Measure the gain:
this is a measurement of the differential mode gain. Notice that the magnitude of the total input
voltage across the differential input is twice that at either single input. Calculate the CMRR from
these results and compare with the results of Part B

TABLE 2.1: COMMON MODE

Vo

Av

TABLE 2.2: DIFFERENTIAL MODE

Vo

Av
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EXERCISE

Q1: Simulate differential amplifier configurations of op amp using MULTISIM software.

Q2: What is differential mode and common mode? Explain using circuit diagram.

Q3: What will be the values of resistors RA, RB, RC and RD if desired ADM is 20?

CONCLUSION: