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The Calculus 7 PDF Free

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64 views

The Calculus 7 PDF Free

maths

Uploaded by

Anderson Alfred
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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ND MINIMUM 1 MAXIMUM A oh FUNCTION VALUES ivative is to dete he derivative is were af Tia reine) valites. 1N this Section, ye it imum -(0} ins its maxing cand. uinainan i : ee ‘treatment of extreme function values by cussing both reas ee absolute extrema and the extreme Jue theorem, applications of whe an eS = —_———— are presented in the next section: mine where a ‘An important applicatio 4 funcigg Pe a scetaisbbieall A The function fhas a relative maximum value a ie ae ¢ if «there exists an open interval containing & O° which fis defined, © guch that f(Q. 2 (2) for all x in this interval 9.1.1 Definition of ¢ a function having 3.1.2 Definition of a Relative Minimt | ‘The function f has a relative minimum yalue at the number ¢ if thefe exists an open interval containing c, on which fis defined, such that f(c) = (2) for all x in this interval. Figures 1 and 2 show a portion of the graph of relative maximum value at c. Mou Figures 3 and 4 show a portion of the graph of @ funtion having « relative minimum value at c. Ifa function has either a relative maximum ora relative minimum valu. atc, then the function has a relative extremum at c. "The following theorem is used to locate the possible numbers at whick a function has a relative extremum. f He ce for all values of x in the open interval (a, b), and if f ia a relative extremum at ¢, whe 2, Definition 3.1.2 guarantees that s Ff has a relative minimum value at 2, Figure $ shows the graph of f. q ‘abola whose vertex is at the point (2, |) where the graph has a horizot angent. Note that /’(c) can equal zero even if f does not have a relative extre- 1 Mum at c, as shown in the following illustration. ILLUSTRATION 2 Consider the function / defined by Crchsaye dye, ~S foo wher ast bay f(x) = 3(x = 1 nS . ! poet Because f"(1) = 0, jinay have a relative extremum at 1. However, because : #Q) = 2 and 2> fl) when x <1 and 2< flx) when x > 1. oeither Definition 3.1.1 nor Definition 3.1.2 applies. So f does not have @ relative extremum at 1. The graph of this function, shown in Figure 6, has 2 hori- Zontal tangent at the point (1, 2), which is consistent with the fact that the derivative is zero there. = FIGURE 5 A function may have a relative extremum at a number at which the derivative fails to exist. This situation occurs for the functions whose graphs appear in Figures 2 and 4 as well as for the function in the followin: illustration. TLLUSTRATION 3 Le: the function f be defined by 2x-1 ifxs3 n= if3 ILLUSTRATION 4 Let the function f be defined by a 3 10 fla) = 2" 2e-difes3 ‘The domain of fis the set of all real numbers. f= Bs if3<4 ; FIGURE 7 £0) = 5pR ifx #0 G | | . | condition for fio have a relative " Flo) does not exist, But this condition is not not sufficient, condition for a function to have & relative extr ¢ to be a critical number. EXAMPLE 1 n [-10, 10} by {-10, 10) ” ™— 212__CHAPTER 3. BEHAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS Furthermore, (0) does not exist, Figure 8 shows the graph of j 4, function has no relative extrema. . q Ks if'a function fis defined at a number «a neg, basis extremum there is that either fo) esta 1 sufficient. ‘of the function f, and if either -) does not exist, then ¢ is 2 critical number of f revious discussion, a necessary. Because of this definition and the pr remunt a Slax) = xt + xt = 2) ly to the nearest tenth the critical numbers of (a) Estimate graphical analytically. (b) Confirm the answers in part Solution (a) Because f(x) is a polynomial, (“(a) exists everywhere. The only ert numbers are, therefore. those values of x for which /"(0) — 0. that the x coordinates of the points on the graph of f for whic! the tangs line is horizontal. Figure 9 shows the graph of f plotted in the [~ 10.10 by [—10. 10] window. On our calculator, the tangent line «ppearstobe horizontal at the points (3.0, -9.0). (=1.0, 7.0), and (1.0.90) Thus, we estimate the critical numbers to be ~3.0, ~ 1.0. and 0. (b) We compute f’(1x), set it equal 10 zero, and solve for ~ 4x3 + 12x? — 4x = 1 x4 37-24-39 =0 ex +3)- (+3) =0 (+ 3G? =I x+3=0 ” We have confirmed the critical numbers to be ~3, ~I.andl. 4 > EXamPle2.—SS (a) Find the critical numbers of the function defined by 48 4 gyi f(x) ‘Support the answers in part (a) graphically two ways: raph! Fe) plot the graph of NDER( (a), cas Wo ways: (b) Plot the 2147 3.1._ MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM FUNCTION VALUES _213 FIGURE 10 t DER? +41! SI by [-8.51 FIGURE 11 Solution (FQ) ae ete wy + 4+) ae When ¢ = —1,f'(x) = 0, and when x = 0, f“(1) does not exist. Both ~1 and O are in the domain of f; therefore the critical numbers of fare =I and 0. (b) Figure 10 shows the graph of plotted in the [—5. 5] by [-5. 5] window. ‘The graph appears to have a horizontal tangent Tine at the point © (1, =3) and a vertical tangent ine at the point (0. 0), Therefore, the sfope of the tangent line is 0 when x = —1 and the tangent line has no slope when xv = 0. These faets support our answers in part (a) (e) Figure 11 shows the graph of NDER(/(0). 1) plotted in the [~5, 5] by [=5, 5] window, Because the graph off’ intersects the x axis at (—1, 0). FEI) = 0. The graph of f” has the y axis ay a vertical asymptote, which indicates that f’(0) does not exist. Again we have supported our answers in part (a). rT EXAMPLE 3 Find he critical numbers of the function defined by 8(4) = sin.x cos. Solution Because sin 2x = 2:sin x cos x, , Since g’(x) exists for all x, the only critical numbers are those for which a(x) ). Because cos 2x = 0 when Qx= tn thw — where k is any intezer the critical numbers of g are $7 + kar, where k is any integer. < We are frequently concerned with a function defined on a given inter- val, and we wish to find the largest or smallest function value on the interval ‘These intervals can be either closed, open, or closed at one end and open at the other. The greatest function value on an interval is called the absolie ‘macimum value, and the smallest function value on an interval is called the absolute minimum vatue. Following are the precise definitions. The function f has an absolute maximum value on an interval if there is some number ¢ in the interval such that f(c) = f(x) for all rin the interval. The namber f(c) is then the absolute maximum value of f om the interval. - pred acid FIGURE 12 Tose x32) FIGURE 13 veh D FIGURE 14 0 on anh TPT nan interval solute minimum onan if te i caine ¢ rathe interval such that [CO f(2) for a a ie interval, ‘The number fe) fs then the absolute minimum value of fon the intervals i interval is either an abso, teoxtremum of a function onan interval lacs nasi ate or aa aot nim value of the function on tig ' - pot have aa) UpSOIWE EXEC oq (alana ahisaliaeee 2 slowing illustrations, & fumetion and 3, interval, In each of the fi sat particuar interval, In ench of ei Oe in werval are given, andl We find the absolute extremal of the function on the interval if there are any. se fis the function defined by 2x fe) fon [l, 4) is sketched in Figure 12. This function has an Bt ae ron [1. 4). There is no absolute maximum vale = 8, but f(x) is always less than 8 on the 4 The absolute minimum value of of fon [1, 4) because lim £0) interval, — [STLLUSTRATION © Consider the function defined by fa) = —3t ‘The graph of f on (—3, 2] appears in Figure 13. This function has ar ‘bsolute maximum value of O on (~3, 2]. There is no absolute minimum value of fon (~3, 2] because lim, f(x) = —9, but f(a) is always greater —9 on the given interval.’ ” 4 > ILLUSTRATION 7 % Fan abso imum value nor an absolute minimum value 02 igure 14 shows the graph of fon (~1, 1), Observe that fx) = == dim f(x) = +0 4 > USTRATION 8 © Let fbe the function def ih fx< (a) {i itx<1 a -6x+7 ifs fined by an \ ap ca 3.-2) stl ite Page? itis, OSM FIGURE 15 fey xed. 23 = FIGURE 16 @ay fone aate8 FIGURE 17 u 3.1_MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM FUNCTION VALUES _215 The graph of fon [~5. 4] appears in Figure 15, The absolute maxitnum value of fon [5.4] occurs at I and f(1) = 2: the absolute mininwum value of fon [~5. 4] occurs at ~5, and f(—5) = —4. Note that f has a relative maximum value at | and a relstive minimum value at 3. Also observe that 1 is a critical number of f because /"(1) does not exist, and # is a eritical ) tumber of fbeeause f"3) = 0. ve “4 BS ILUSTRATION 9 The function / defined by ! c a ih}=s5 has neither an absolute maximum value nor an absolute minimum value on [2.4]. See Figure 16 for the graph of fon this interval. lim f(x) = ~%: $0 F(x) can be made less than any nogative number by taking 3 ~ x > 0 and less than a suitable positive 5. Also. lim f(x) = +2: so/(x) can be made greater than any positive number by taking x — 3 > 0 and less than @ ©. suitable positive 6.4 4 We may speak of an absolute extremum of a function when no interval is specified. In such a case we are referring to an absolute extremum of the function on its entire domain. TLLUSTRATION 10 The graph of the function f defined by SO) = 8 = 4x + 8 is the parabola, shown in Figure 17. The lowest point of the parabola is at ni- < (2, 4), and the parabola opens upward. The function has an absoluce mis mum value of 4 at 2. There is no absolute maximum value of f- Referring back to Illustrations 510. we see that the only case in w! there are both an absolute maximum function value and an absolute min mum Function valve is in Ilustration 8, where the function is continuous on the closed interval [~5, 4}. In the other illustrations, either we do not have rval or we do not have @ continuous function. [f a function is a closed interval, a theorem, called the exireme-value theo~ rem, assures that the function has both an absolute maximum value and an bsolute minimum value on the interval. The proof of this theorem, beyond the scope of this book, can be found in an advanced calculus text. a closed continuous on Se cikaldh If the function fis continuous on the closed interval [a, b}, then f hhas an absolute maximum value and an absolute minimum value on {a, 6]. 216 ___CHAPTER 3_ BEHAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS Th luc theorem states that continuity of a funetion gy, closed interval is «t sufficient condition to emcee the function both an absolute maximum value and an absolute minimum value op yy, imerval. However. itis not a necessary conclition For example. the ity ‘whose graph appeats in Figure 18 has an absolute maximém value ats , vid ac ataoiute minimum value at x= d, even though the function i discontinuous on the open interval (~ 1. De vn absolute extremum of a function continuous on 2 closed inieyay must be either a relative extremum of a function value at an endpoint of, interval, Because a necessary condition for a function 10 hive a relay casita 1 number, the abs extremum at a number ¢ is for ¢ to be a eriticd Soh a maximum value and the absolute minimum value of a continuous functiog Fon a closed interval [a,b] ean be determined by the following procedure i. Find the function values at the eritical numbers of f on (a, 6), 2. Find the values of f(a) and f(b). . 3, The largest of the values from steps | and 2 is the absolute maximum value, and the smallest of the values is the absolute minimum value. DP EXAMPLE 4 Find the absolute extrema of fon [-2. 3]if Sis) = 3° = 6x = 1 and support the answers graphically. Solution Because fis continuous on [—2, 3], the extreme-value theorem applies. To find the critical numbers of f, we first compute fx): f= 6 Because f(x) exists for all real numbers, the only critical numbers will be the values of x for which f”(x) = 0. We set f’(x) 3x7 - 6 =0 Table 1 ,=tVi 2-141 141 3 a=tldl x fe)| 3 4.66 -666 8& jp = A —— Thus the critical numbers of fare approximately 1.41, and cach of thet numbers is in the given closed interval [~2, 3]. The function values atthe critical numbers and the endpoints of the interval appear in Table 1 The absolute maximum value of f on [~2, 3] is therefore 8 which occurs at the right endpoint 3, and the absolute minimum value of fot [-2, 3] is approximately —6.66, which occurs at the critical number [4h Figure 19 shows the graph of f plotted in the [-2, 3] by [-10. 10] window. The graph supports our answers, . 4 SOx) = (x — 2° and confirm the answers analytically So 217 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM FUNCTION VALUES. Solution The graph of /ploued in the [1. 5] by [— 1. 3] window appears in Figure 20. From the graph, the absolute minimum value is 0 occurring at ¥ = 2. The absolute maximum value occurs at the right endpoint 5. and on our calculator. we estimate /(5) to be 2.08. We confirm the answers analytically by applying the extreme-value theorem hecauise fis continuous on [1, 5]. 2 Fy 1 SIby F-1.3) a There is no value of x for which {"(x) = 0. However, because f(x) does not exist at 2. we conclude that 2 is a critical number of fz so the absolute FIGURE 20 extrema occur either at 2 or at one of the endpoints of the interval, The function values at these numbers are given in Table oy From the table we conclude that the absolute minimum value of fon fable? U1, 5Jis 0 and the absolute maximum value is V9 ~ 2.08. thus confirming 10) = (9-9 x 2 5 our answers 4 jolt 9 Wa fi __ Before proving Theorem 3.1.3, as promised, we prove a preliminary theorem used in the proof of Theorem 3.1.3 as well as in the proof of some Tater theorems. (D If tim f(x) exists and is positive, there is an open inter val containing ¢ such that f(x) > 0 for every x # « in the interval. (ii) If tim fC) exists and is negative, there is an open interval containing c such that f(x) < 0-for every x # c in the interval. Proof of part (i) Let lim/(x) = L, where, by hypothesis, L > 0. Applying /_ the definition of a finiit'(1.5.1) with € = $2, there is a 6 > 0 such that fO<|x-—cl <6 then [fy - L| < 4h a Because 0 <. < 6 is equivalent to the statement xis in the open interval (c ~ 6,¢ + 6) but x # @ and | f(x) — L| < 42s equivalent to the continued inequality 0, this statement means that f(x) > 0 for every x = ¢ in the ‘open interval (¢ ~ 6, ¢ + 8) a The proof of part (ii) is similar to the proof of part (i) and is left as an exercise (see Exercise 57). Proof of Theorem 3.1.3 We wish to show that if f(x) exists for all values of x in the open interval (a, b), and if fhas a relative extremum at ¢, where a Othen ‘Therefore by Theorem 3.1.8 (i) there that LG ) #0, Then either {"(6) 79 oF 1) <9, 4 mf 210 59 mx e is an open interval J containing su, fo) = 10, g fi ¢ for all x # ¢ in J. Furthermore, fla) — fl = («- 9 From (4), the quotient on the right Therefore, from (5) we can conclude that if £- SO ig rte é ae s of (5) is positive if x is iny fxisin f(x) — floandz ~; have the same siga: that is fa) > fO and Fi) < £0 if roc if x © > 0. Show th many should be used to produge B for the total cost where x is in [0, bf and «™ v ). SHOW that for jhe SEA nad heoite minima value of f 10 OCCUF AL number ig ov interval (0, A), the Following equality yay eds an Support the choices of ¢ graphically by plotting in the same window the graphs of fand the horizontal tangent line at (c, f(c)). ) : hey. Solution aNd f(x) = 128 = 9 ~G Because /"(a) exists for all values of x, fis differentiable on (—2, +22) and therefore continuous on (—*, + ~). Conditions: () and Git ) of Rolle’s theo- rem thus hold on any interval. To determine on wi intervals condition: Gi) holds, we find the values of x for which f(x) = 0. If f(x) = 0,

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