Echinoderms and

Hemichordates
RIZKA APRIANI PUTRI, M.SC
2021
 Deuterostomes

 Deuterostome characteristics:
 Radial, indeterminate cleavage
 (the division of an egg into cells, each of which has the
potential of developing into a complete organism)
 Formation of the mouth from a second opening
 Enterocoelous coelom development
 Tripartite Coelom
protocoel=axocoel ----> protosome
 mesocoel=hydrocoel ----> mesosome
 metacoel=somatocoel ----> metasome
Clade Ambulacraria

 Superphylum Ambulacraria contains two

deuterostome phyla
 Echinodermata and Hemichordata
 Members share a three-part (tripartite) coelom,
similar larval forms, and an axial complex
(specialized metanephridium).
Phylum Echinodermata

 Echinoderms
include sea stars,
brittle stars, sea
urchins, crinoids,
sea cucumbers.
 Entirely marine
 Lackability to
osmoregulate.
 Almost entirely
benthic.
 Nonsegmented.
 Phylum Echinodermata –
Characteristics

 Spiny endoskeleton of
plates
 Water vascular system
 Pedicellariae
a small wrench- or claw-shaped
appendage with movable jaws, called
valves, commonly found on
echinoderms
 Dermal branchiae (skin
gills)
 Pentaradial symmetry in
adults
Phylum Echinodermata -
Symmetry

 Echinoderms are
bilaterally
symmetrical as
larvae.
 This means their
ancestors were
bilaterally
symmetrical.
Phylum Echinodermata -
Symmetry

 As adults they show

secondary radial
symmetry –
pentaradial (5
parts).
 Perhaps an
adaptation for
sessile living in
early echinoderms.
 Crinoids
 Phylum Echinodermata -
Symmetry
 Today’s echinoderms are
mostly motile.
 Many are still radial.
 Some have again become
superficially bilateral (skeletal
& organ systems still
pentaradial).
 Sea cucumbers.
 A few sea urchins.
 No well defined head or
brain.
 Water Vascular System

 Echinoderms have a water

vascular system derived
from part of the coelom.
 A system of canals and
specialized tube feet that
functions in:
 Locomotion
 Food gathering
 Respiration
 Excretion
Water Vascular System

 The water vascular

system opens to
the outside through
small pores in the
madreporite.
Water Vascular System

 Canals of the water

vascular system lead
to the tube feet.
 Tube feet may have
suckers, allowing the
echinoderm to move
while remaining firmly
attached to the
substrate – important
in areas with lots of
wave action.
 Endoskeleton

 Echinoderms have an endoskeleton of

calcareous ossicles often with spines.
 Endoskeleton is covered by an
epidermis.
 Some have a very substantial
endoskeleton (sea urchins), others have
only a few scattered dermal ossicles
(some sea cucumbers).
 Development

 Eggs (which may be brooded

or laid as benthic egg
masses) hatch into bilateral,
free-swimming larvae.
 The type of larva is specific
to each echinoderm class.
 Class Asteroidea
 Bipinnaria
 Brachiolaria
 Class Ophiuroidea
 Ophiopluteus
 Class Echinoidea
 Echinopluteus
 Class Holothuroidea
 Auricularia
 Class Crinoidea
 Doliolaria
Development

 Metamorphosis involves a
reorganization into a radial juvenile.
 Left/right becomes oral/aboral.
Phylum Echinodermata
Class Asteroidea

 Class Asteroidea
includes sea stars.
 Common on rocky
shores and coral
reefs, some found
on sandy
substrates.
 Class Asteroidea

 Sea stars have

arms (rays)
arranged around
a central disc.
 The body is
flattened, flexible,
and covered with
a ciliated,
pigmented
epidermis.
Class Asteroidea

 The mouth is on the

underside of the sea
star.
 Ambulacral
grooves stretch out
from the mouth
along each ray.
 Tube feet border
each groove.
 Class Asteroidea

 The aboral surface is

often rough and spiny.
 Around the base of
each spine there are
pincerlike
pedicellariae that
keep the surface free
of debris and
sometimes help with
food capture.
 Class Asteroidea

 Skin gills are soft

epidermis covered
projections of the
coelom that extend
between ossicles
and serve a
respiratory
function.
 Class Asteroidea - Feeding

 Most sea stars are

carnivorous;
feeding on
molluscs,
crustaceans,
polychaetes,
echinoderms,
other inverts &
sometimes small
fish.
 Class Asteroidea - Reproduction

 Most sea stars

have separate
sexes with a pair
of gonads in each
ray.
 Fertilization is
external.
 Class Asteroidea - Regeneration

 Echinoderms can regenerate

lost parts.
 Sea stars can readily replace
an arm if it is lost.
 Thismay take several
months.
 They can also cast off an
injured arm.
 Class Asteroidea - Regeneration

 Some species can even regenerate an entire individual

from a broken off arm.
 Usually, a small piece of the central disc must be included.
 Linckia can regenerate a whole new individual from a
broken arm with no central disc attached.
Concentricycloidea (Sea daisies)

 The two species of sea

daisies were described
for the first time in 1986.
 They are tiny (< 1 cm),
have no arms and the
tube feet are arranged
around the periphery of
the disc.
 Once considered a
separate class, they are
highly derived sea stars.
Class Ophiuroidea

 Brittle stars (Class

Ophiuroidea) are
the largest group of
echinoderms.
 Abundant in all
benthic marine
environments – even
the abyssal sea
bottom.
 Brittle stars have very
slender arms.
Class Ophiuroidea

 No pedicillariae or
skin gills.
 Madreporite is on
the oral surface.
 Tube feet have no
suckers, their
primary function is to
aid in feeding.
Class Echinoidea

 Class Echinoidea includes sea

urchins and sand dollars.
Class Echinoidea

 The endoskeleton
is well developed in
echinoids.
 Dermal ossicles
have become
close-fitting plates
that form the test.
http://www.jaxshells.org/test.htm
Class Echinoidea

 Echinoids lack arms, but still show

the pentamerous plan in the five
ambulacral areas with pores in the
test for the tube feet.
Class Echinoidea

 Most echinoids are “regular” having a hemispherical

shape, radial symmetry, and medium to long spines.
 Regular urchins move using their tube feet with some
help from spines.
 Class Echinoidea

 “Irregular” echinoids include the sand dollars and

heart urchins that include some species that have
become bilateral.
 Spines are usually short and are used in
locomotion.
Class Echinoidea

 Echinoids live in all seas from the intertidal to

the deep sea.
 Urchins usually prefer rocky substrate, while
sand dollars and heart urchins like to burrow
into sandy substrate.
 Class Echinoidea

 Echinoids have a
complex chewing
mechanism called
Aristotle’s lantern.
 Teeth are attached
here.
 Sea urchins are
usually omnivorous
feeding mostly on
algae.
Class Holothuroidea

 Sea cucumbers (Class

Holothuroidea) are elongated along
the oral/aboral axis.
 Bilateral

 Ossicles are greatly reduced in most

species.
Class Holothuroidea

 The body wall is usually leathery with tiny

ossicles embedded in it, but can be very thin.
 Class Holothuroidea

 Oral tentacles are

modified tube feet
located around the
mouth.
 Food particles are
gathered by the oral
tentacles.
 Tentacles are put
into the pharynx
one by one so food
can be sucked off.
Class Holothuroidea

 Sea cucumbers
move using ventral
tube feet and
waves of
contraction along
the muscular body
wall.
 Class Holothuroidea

 Sea cucumbers have a

very unusual defense
mechanism:
 They are able to cast out
part of their viscera.
 The lost parts
regenerate.
 Some have organs of
Cuvier that can be
expelled in the direction
of an enemy.
 These tubules
become long and
sticky, sometimes
containing toxins.
 Class Crinoidea

 Crinoids include sea

lilies and feather
stars.
 At metamorphosis,
juveniles become
sessile and stalked.
 Adults are free-
moving in some
species.
 Long, many
branched arms.
 Class Crinoidea

 Crinoids use their

tube feet and
mucus nets to
feed on small
organisms that are
passed to their
ciliated ambulacral
grooves.
Phylogeny

 Echinoderms are probably derived from

bilateral ancestors.
 Pentaradial symmetry may have been
an adaptation to a sessile existence.
 Some forms then become mobile.
 Some mobile forms are secondarily
bilateral.
 Phylum Hemichordata

 Hemichordates (acorn
worms) are marine
animals that have gill
slits and a rudimentary
notochord – however,
the notochord is not
homologous with the
notochord in
vertebrates.
 Phylum Hemichordata

 Vermiform bottom
dwellers, usually in
shallow water.
 Some are colonial
living in secreted
tubes.
Phylum Hemichordata

 Hemichordates are deuterostomes

with radial indeterminate cleavage
and enterocoelous coelom
development.
 Larvae are similar to those of
echinoderms.
Phylum Hemichordata

 A tubular dorsal nerve

cord in the collar zone of
acorn worms seems to
be homologous to that in
chordates.
 Gill slits in the pharynx
serve for filter feeding
and secondarily for
breathing – another
characteristic found in
chordates.
Phylogeny

 Hemichordates share characteristics

with echinoderms:
 Early embryogenesis
 Similar larvae
 And Chordates:
 Gill slits
 Dorsal hollow nerve cord