Aadony

Senior Secondary School

Valasaravakkam, Chennai - 600 087.
CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL CLASS XI &XII
QUALITATIVE ANANLYSIS (ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT)
GENERAL PROCEDURE
A. PRELIMINARY DRY REACTIONS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Blue Presence of Cu?+

Pale Green Presence of Fe?*
COLOUR and APPEARENCE Reddish Brown Presence of Fe'+
Noted the colour of the salt Pink Presence of Mn+
Purple Presence of Co+
Green Presence of Ni+
Colourless/White Absence of all coloured
radicals
APPEARENCE Absence of Carbonate and
Crystaline
sulphides

Amorphous Absence of lead.

Presence of heavy metal

carbonate.

SOLUBILITY IN WATER
Alittle of the given salt Ts dissolved in Soluble Absence of Carbonate
water in a test tube

SOLUBILITY IN DILUTE HCL Soluble Absence of lead

Alittle of the given salt is issolved in
dilute HCI in atest tube.

White salt turns yellow Presence of Zn'+

Blue salt turns white Presence of Cuso4

Colourless gas turning Presence of Co?

ACTION OF HEAT
A
pinch o sasheated in a dry test limewater milky
tube. Presence of No,?
Reddish brown vapour are
formed
Decriptation with reddish Presence of Pb(NO)2
 brown vapours
White sublimate is formed on Presencc of NH,CI
the inner sides of the test tube

4 FLAME TEST Bluish grecn flame Presence of Cu?*

A pinch of salt taken in a watch glass, a
drop of concentrated HCI is added and Apple green flame Presence of Ba?+
made intoa paste. The paste is
introduced into the non-luminous flame Brick Red flame Presence of Ca?+

Dullwhite flame Presence of Pb2+

Crimson red flame Presence of Sr2t

Nocharacteristic coloured Absence of Cu?*, Sr,PL?*

flame is obtained Ca?t, Ba?+
Blue colour Ash Presence of A13+
5 ASH TEST
To a little bit of the salt solution in the Green colour Ash Presence of Zn+
test tube added concentrated HNO,and
cobalt nitrate. A Filter paper is dipped in Pink colour Ash Presence of Mg*
the solution and ignited.
No characteristic coloured Absence of A*, Zn*, Mg+
ash is obtained

B. WETREACTIONS Tdentiotion
a) A colourless gas Presence of Carbonate is
6 ACTION OF DIL HCL with effervescence confirmed.
To a pinch of the salt taken in a test tube turning lime water
dilute hydrochloric acid is added milky is evolved

b) Colourless gas with

Smellof rotten egg Presence of g2

c) Reddish brown
vapours Presence of NO;

d) No characteristic Absence of Carbonate,

gas is evolved Sulphide and Nitrate
a) A colourless May be chloride
ACTION OF CONC. SULPHURIC pungent smelling
7.
gas giving dense
ACID white fumes with
Toa little of the substance taken in a test ammonia is evolved.
tube a few drops of conc. Sulphuric acid
is added and warmed.
b) Brown vapours May be nitrate

c) Colourless vapour May be acetate

with smellof
vinegar turns blue
litmus red
d) Acolourless gas 'May be Oxalate
turning lime water
milky is evolved

e) No characteristic Absence of chloride, acetate,

 Oxalate and nitrate
rcaction. Prescnce of nitrate
a) Copious evolution
ACTION OF CONC.H;SO AND of brown vapours.
COPPER TURNINGS Absence of Nitrate
To a small amount of the given salt b) No brown vapours
conc.H,SO, and copper turnings are
added and heated
Presence of chloride
a) Agrecenish yellow
ACTION OF CONC. H;SO4 AND gas is evolved.
9
MNO2
b) Reddish brown
Presence of Bromide
To alittle of the given salt conc. H,SO, vapours.
and MNO, are added and warmed Absence of chloride and
c) No Characteristic
change bromide
Presence of PO43
Canary yellow precipitate is
10. AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE TEST formed
To a little of the salt added con HNO, Absence of PO,3
and then add ammonium molybdate No precipitate is formed

EXTRACT
C. REACTIONS USING SODIUM CARBONATE
sodium
one part of the given salt and three parts of solid
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract: A mixture of carbonate extract.
filtrate is called sodium
carbonate is boiled with disti!led water and filtered. The
analysis.
confirmatory test use sodim carbonate extract for
Incase of coloured and carbonate salts for analysis.
use salt or salt soiution for
In case of colourless salts for confirmatory test

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ACID RADICALS

a) A White precipitate Sulphate is confirne.

11 BAR UM CHLORIDE TEST insoluble in Conc.HCI is
A eof the salt is acidified with
G.HCI and BaClh solution is added obtained.

b)No characteristic change Absence of Sulphate

a)A white precipitate is Sulphate is confirmed

12. LEAD ACETATE TEST
A little of the salt solution is acidified
formed
b) No characteristic change Absence of sulphate
with dil HNO; and lead acetate solution
is added
Acurdy white precipitate is Chloride is confirmed
soluble in NH,OH is
13. SILVER NITRATETEST
A little of the salt solution is acidified
obtained
Bromide is confirmed
with dil. HNO, and AgNO, solution is Pale yellow precipitate
partially soluble in NH,OH is
added. obtained
Yellow precipitate insoluble Iodide is confirmed
in NH,OH is obtained
Absence of chloride, bromide
No precipitate is formed and iodide

a) Reddish brown Presence of chloride.

14. vapours giving
CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST
To a small amount of the given salt yellow precipitate
conc. H,SO4and KCr,0, are added and
with a glass rod
 warmcd
dippcd in lead
acctate solution.
b) Violct vapours Presence of lodide
c) No characteristic Absence of Chloride and
change. lodide

BROWN RING TEST Brown ring is formcd Nitrate is confirmed

15 To a little of the salt add dil sulphuric
acid is added till the cffervescence
ceases, to this freshly preparcd ferrous
sulphate solution is added, then conc.
Sulphuric acid is added through along
sides of the test tube.
No browm ring is formed Absence of nitrate

MAGNESIUM SULPHATE TEST White precipitate is obtaincd Presence of CO,

16 To a little of the salt solution add
magnesium sulphate solution
No precipitate is obtained Absence of CO,?
17. a) Lead acetate Test: A little of the salt Black precipitate Presence Sulphide confirned
solution add acetic acid and lead acetate
solution is added
b) Sodium nitropruside test: Purple or violet colouration Presence Sulphide confirmed
A litle of the salt solution add Sodium
nitropruside
18. a) Barium chloride Test: White precipitate dissolves in Presence Sulphite confirmed
Salt solution + BaCl, solution dil HCI by evolution of SO,
gas
b) Salt solution + acidified KMnO4 Pink colour disappears Presence Sulphite confirned
19. a) Salt solution + Acetic acid + FeSO4 Dark brown or black Presence of nitrite confirmed
sol colouration

b) Salt solution + 2-3 drops of H,SO, + Blue colouration Presence of nitrite confirmed
2-3 drops starch sol
20. a) Oxalic test: salt +oxalic acid +2-3 Vinegar smell Prescnce of acetate confirmed
drops of water rub
b) Ester test: Salt +conc.H,SO, + Ethyl Fruit smell Presence of acctate confirmed
alcohol heat.
21. a) Salt sol + acetic acid + CaCl, sol White precipitate Presence of oxalate confimed

b) Salt sol + acidified KMnO4 Pink colour disappears Presence of oxalate confirmed

D. IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

Preparation of original solution:

(1) For Nitrate chloride and Sulphate:
The given salt is dissolved in distilled water. The solution obtained is known as original solution.

(2) For Carbonate:

The original solution is prepared by dissolving asubstance in dilute hydrochloric acid or nitric acid.

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

GROUP SEPERATION
 Prcsencc of Zcrogroup
dense
ZERO GROUP (AMMONIUM) A colourlcss gasgiving (ammonium)
sodium whitc fumes with a rol
To a smallamount of thesalt dipped in con.HCI us
hydroxidc solution is addcd and hcatc cvolvcd.
Absencc of Zero group
No characteristic changc

formed. Presence of Igroup (Lead)

2 I GROUP (LEAD) Awhitc prccipitate is
To a littlc of the original solution
dil HCl is
No whitc prccipitatc is Absence of Igroup (Lead)
addcd
formed

formed Presence of Il group(copper)

A black precipitate is
3. IIGROUP (COPPER, CADMIUM)
dil HCI and
To a litle of the original solution Presence of II group
yellow Ammonium Sulphide arc added Aycllow precipitate is (cadmium)
formed
Absence of IlgrouP
No precipitate is formed
Presence of Ill group
IIGROUP (ALUMINIUM,IRON) Agelatinous white
4 precipitate is formed. (aluminium)
ammonium
To a little of the original solution
chloride and ammonium hydroxide are added. Presence of II group( Fe)
Grassy green precipitate is
formed
Presence of Il group(Fe")
Reddish brown precipitate is
formed
Absence of Ili group
No white precipitate is
formed.
Presence of IV group (zinc)
IV GROUP
A white precipitate is formed
5 (ZINCNICKEL,COBALT,MANGANESE)
ammonium
To a little of the original solution Black colour precipitate Presence of IV group (Nickel
chloride, ammonium hydroxide and yellow
added.
or Cobalt)
ammonium sulphide solution are
Flesh colour precipitate Presence of IV group
(Manganese)

No characteristic precipitate
is formed Absence of IV group.
Presence of V group (Calcium
Awhite precipitate is formed
6. VGROUP (CALCIUM, BARIUM, and Barium)
STRONTIUM)
ammonium
Toa little of the original solution
chloride, ammonium hydroxide and Absence of V group
No white precipitate is
ammonjum carbonate are added.
formed

A white precipitate is formed. Presence of VI group

VIGROUP (MAGNESIUM) (Magnesium)
ammonium
7 Toa little of the original solution disodium No white precipitate is
chloride, ammonium hydroxide ad Absence of I group
formed.
hydrogen phosphate solution are added.
 GROUP ANALYSIS AND
EXPERIMENT CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS
ZERO GROUP (Ammonium)
Toa littlc of the
OBSERVATION
A
INFERENCE
sodium hydroxide original
and hcated solutionsolution
is addcd
colourless gas giving dense
white
in con.fumes with a rod dippcd
Presence of ammonium
2 HCI is evolved.
NESSLERS TEST
To alittle of the
Nesslers rcagcnt original
is added. solution
Reddish brown prccipitate is Presence of ammonium is
obtaincd confirmed.
I
GROUP
1. ToANALYSIS
a littlc of the(LEAD) Yellow precipitate is obtained
original solution
2 potassium chromate solution is added
May be lead
To a little of the
3 potassium iodideoriginal solution
The above yellow solution is added
Yellow precipitate is obtained
precipitate
dissolved in hot water and is Presence of lead
under thc tap. coolcd Golden yellow spangles are
obtained Lead is confirmed
IIGROUP
1. To aANALYSIS
little of the (COPPER) Pale blue precipitate is
original
solutionis obtained Presen ce of copper
ammonium hydroxide solution
added drop by drop
2 Blue
of excessprccipitate
To the pale blue dissolves in
precipitate excess
ammonium hydroxide is added to form a decep blue Confirms the presence of
3 To a litle of solution copper
the original soluion
potassium ferrocyanide solution is A
added chocolate brown
is obtained precipitate Copper is confirmed

IIGROUP ANALYSIS (ALUMINIUM) A white precipitate soluble in

1. Sodium Presence of Aluminjum
To a little of thehydroxide
test excess of sodium hydroxide is
original
solution
hydroxide is added drop by drop tosodium
excess.
obtained.

2. Blue ash test

Toa little of the original solution (fairly
concentrated solution) few drops of dilute Blue ash is obtained
nitric acid and cobalt nitrate solutions are Presence of Aluminium is
added. A filter paper is soaked in this solution confirmed.
and is burnt a in a blue flame.

3 To the original solution, ammonium

hydroxide and aluminon reagent are
added Bright Red lake is obtained Aluminium is confirmed
4 To a little of the original solution
potassium ferrocyanide solution is Prussian blue colour Presence Fe' is con firmed
added

IVGROUP ANALYSIS (ZINC A white precipitate soluble in Presence of zinc

NICKELCOBALT, MANGANESE) excess of sodium hydroxide is
obtained.
Confirmation test Zn'*:
1. To a little of the original solution
 Prescnce of zinc
sodium hydroxidc is added drop by Adirtywhite precipitatc is
drop to cxcess obtained.
2 To a little of the original solution
Potassium ferrocyanide solution is
added.
3. GREEN ASH TEST
Toa little of the original solution a
few drops of dilute nitric acid and
cobalt nitrate solutions are added and Green ash is obtaincd. Confirms the presence of
afilter papcr is soaked in this Zinc.
solution and is burnt in a blue flame.

Confirmation test Ni:

4 Originalsalt solution +Dimcthyl Bright red precipitate Con firms the prescnce of
glyoxime nickel.

Confirmation test Co*:

5. Original salt solution+ potassium Con firms the presence of
nitrite and acidify by acetic acid Yellow precipitate
cobalt.
Confirmation test Mn':
6. Dissolve flesh colour precipitate in
dil HCIboil add NaOH and Brz water Confirms the presence of
White precipitate turns grey manganese.

VGROUP ANALYSIS (CALCIUM, Presence of barium

BARIUM, STRONTIUM) A white prccipitate is obtained
1. To a little oftheoriginal solution Presencc of calcium
dilute sulphuric acid is addei. No white precipitate is obtaaed

2 To a little of the original solution

aceticacid and potassium chromate Yellow precipitate is obtained Presence of barium
solution are added.
Presence of calcium
No yellow precipitate is
obtained
3 If barium is absent to a little of the
Presence of calcium is
original solution ammonium
hydroxide and ammonium oxalate A white precipitate is obtained confirmed
solutions are added

Salt solution+ Ammonium sulphate A white precipitate is obtained Presence of strontium is

4
confirmed

5. Flame test: A pinch of salt taken in a

watch glass, a drop of concentrated
Crimson red flame Presence of strontium is
HCl is added and made into a paste.
The paste is introduced into the non confirmed
luminous flame

A white precipitate insoluble in Presence of Magnesium

VIGROUP ANANLYSIS (MAGNESIUM)
1. Toa little of the original solution excess of sodium hydroxide is
sodium hydroxide is added drop by obtained

drop. Presence of Magnesium

2 To alittle of lodine solution sodium Colour of lodine is reappeared.
hydroxide is added until it is
decolorized. Then original solution is
added
Blue precipitate is obtained. Presence of Magnesiun is
3. To a litle of the original solution a confirmed
few drops of Magneson reagent is
 addcd

RESULT:

Thc acid radical of given salt is

The basic radical of given salt is

The givcn simple salt is

MODEL ANALYSIS - AMMONIUM SULPHATE

A. PRELIMINARY DRY REACTIONS

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 COLOUR Whitc Absence of copper salts

The colour of given salt is notcd

2. APPEARANCE Crystalline Absence of carbonate

The appearance of the given salt is and sulphide
noted

SOLUBILITY IN DILUTE HCL Soluble Absence of lead

3 A little of the given salt is dissolved
in dilute HCI in a test tube

SOLUBILITY IN WATER
Absence of carbonate
A little of the given salt is dissolved Soluble
in distilled water in a test tube and sulphide

A white sublimate is formed May be ammonjum

4. ACTION OF HEAT
A
little of the given salt is strongly
heated in a dry test tube.

B. WET REACTIONS

Absence of carbonate
ACTION OF DIL. HCL No characteristic gas is evolved
6.
test
To a pindh of the salt taken in a
tube dilute hydrochloric acid is
added
Absence of chloride and
Nocharacteristic reaction
ACTION OF CONC. nitrate
SULPHURIC ACID
7. taken in
To a little of the substance
atest tube a few drops of
conc.sulphuric acid is added and
warmed Absence of nitrate
AND No brown vapours
ACTION OF CONC.HZSO4
COPPER TURNINGS
given salt
To asmallamount of the
conc. H2SO, and copper turnings
are added and heated
9 ACTION OF CONC. H}SO AND No charactristic changc Absence of chloride
MnOz
To a littlc of the given salt, conc.
H,SO, and MnO, arc added and
warmed

10 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST No characteristic changc Absence of chloride

To a smallamount of the given salt
conc. H;SO, and KCr,0, are added
and warmcd

C. REACTIONS USING SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT

PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT
A mixture of one part of the given salt and threc parts of solid sodium carbonate is boiled with distilled water and
filtered. The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.

11 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST Awhite precipitate insoluble in Sulphate is confirmed

Alittle of the extract is acidified conc. HCl is obtained
with dil. HCl and BaCl2 solution is
added

12. LEAD ACETATE TEST A white precipitate is formed Sulphate is confirmed

A little of the extract is acidified
with dil.HNO3 and acetate solution
is added

13. SILVER NITRATE TEST No precipitate Absence of chloride

A little of the extract is acidified
with dil. HNO3 and AgNo3 solution
is added

BROWN RING TEST No brown ring Absence of nitrate

14 To a little of the extract dil
sulphuric acid is added till the
effervescence ceases. To this freshly
prepared ferrous sulphate solution is
added, then conc, sulphuric acid is
added through the sides of the test
tube

DENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION

The given salt is dissolved in distilled water. The solution obtained is known as original solution.

GROUP SEPERATION

1 I GROUP (LEAD) No precipitate Absence of Igroup

To a little of the original solution dil
HCL is added
 Abscnce of lIgroup
2 IIGROUP (COPPER) No prccipitate
To a little of the original solution dil
HCL and ycllow Ammonium
Sulphidc arc addcd
Absence of IIIgroup
3. IIIGROUP (ALUMINUM) Noprecipitate
To a littlc of the original solution
ammonium chloridc and ammonium
hydroxide arc added
Abscnce of IV group
4 IV GROUP (ZINC) No prccipilate
To a little of the original solution
ammonium chloridec and ammonium
hydroxide and ycllow ammonium
sulphide are addcd
Absencc of V group
V
GROUP(CALCIUM, No precipitate
BARIUM)
To a little of the original solution
ammonium chloride, ammonium
hydroxide and ammonium
carbonate are added
Absence of VI group
6 VI GROUP(MAGNESIUM) No precipitate
Toa little of the original solution
ammonium chloride, ammonium
hydroxide and di sodium hydrogen
phosphate are added
Presence of Zero
ZEROGROUP (AMMONIUM) Acolouriess gas giving dense white group(ammonium)
To a little of the original solution fumes with a rod dipped in con
HCL is evolved
sodium hydroxide solution is added
and heated

GROUP ANALYSIS
NFERENCE
OBSERVATION
EXPERIMENT
white Presence of ammonium
ZERO GROUP Acolourless gas giving dense
fumes with a glass rod dipped in
ANALYSIS(AMMONIUM) con. HCL is evolved
1.To a little of the original solution sodium
hydroxide solution is added and heated Presence of ammonium
Brown precipitate is obtained is confirmed
2.Nessler's test
Nesseler's
To a little of the original solution
reagent is added
FOR ACID RADICAL (SULPHATE)
D. CONFIRMATORY TEST
OBSERVATION INFERENCE
EXPERIMENT
Awhite precipitate insoluble in Sulphate is confirmed
BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST
conc. HCl is obtained
acidified with dil
A little of the extract is
is added
HCL and barium chloride solution
BASIC RADICAL (AMMONIUM)
E. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR
INFERENCE
OBSERVATION
EXPERIMENT
NESSLER'S TEST Brown precipitate is oblaincd Prescnce of ammonium
To alitle of thc originalsolution Nessler's isconfirmed
rcagcnt is added

RESULT

ACID RADICAL SULPHATE

BASIC RADICAL: AMMONIUM

THE GIVEN SALT: AMMONIUM SULPHATE.

IMPORTANT EQUATIONS

01. Co HCI(aq) --’C0alg)+ H,0 (0)

Carbonate ions carbon
From salt dioxide water

CO% +
Ca(OH)>laq) --’ CaCO3(g) + H0 ()
Carbon (lime water) (Milky Calcium Water
dioxide Calcium hydroxide Carbonate)

CaCOslg) + COzlg) + H,O)-.)Ca(HCO )2(ag)

Milkey Calcium Colourless Calcium Hydrogen Carbonate
Carbonate

02. HCI H:Slg)

Hydrogen sulphide
03 Cu(s) 4HNO:(aq) -’ Cu(NO3)2(aq)+ 2NOg) +2H20 (|)

Copper Copper nitrate Nitrogen dioxide

Pale Brown (Blue)

04 SO:(eq) + BaClhlaq) BaSO(s) + 2Cl(ag)

Sulphate ion Barium chloride White PPT Chloride ions
Barium Sulphate (Insoluble in HCI)
05 S(aq) + Pb(CHsCO0)2 (aq) ’ PbS(s) +2CH3CO0(aq)

Sulphide ion Lead acetate Black ppt Acetate ions

Lead Sulphide
 T pryare aiben 2alaceton4.

) Bn2dahy de - 4ml
Ac etone 2ml

s NaoH ghu
4) Al eshil
Cehanal)
CH =Ct eHc

bunsaldkyde
Poocadue
Ethant (2m)
Add AClone
(o ml Nao H it. Sake weu
dibem alacetone