HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)

Part III Metals

Chemistry: Chapter 10 Occurrence and extraction of metals

Combined Science (Chemistry Part): Chapter 10 Occurrence and extraction of metals

Structured questions

Sections 10.110.3
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Consider the following five metals:

copper, aluminium, titanium, silver, iron

(a) State and explain which of the above metals is most suitable for making
(i) bridges. (2 marks)

(ii) supersonic aircraft bodies. (2 marks)

(iii) jewellery. (2 marks)

(b) (i) Which of the above metals could be extracted from its oxide by direct
heating? (1 mark)

(ii) Write a word equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

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(a) (i) Iron is most suitable for making bridges 1
as it is hard / strong / malleable / ductile / cheap. 1
(ii) Titanium is most suitable for making supersonic aircraft bodies 1
as it has a low density but strong / is very corrosion resistant /
malleable / has an extremely high melting point. 1
(iii) Silver is the most suitable for making jewellery 1

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as it has attractive silvery colour / is malleable / ductile / corrosion

resistant. 1
(b) (i) Silver 1
(ii) 1
heat
silver oxide silver + oxygen

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Aluminium can be extracted from its ore by electrolysis.

(a) Name the substance that is commonly used to make the electrodes. (1 mark)

(b) Explain briefly why cryolite is added to the molten aluminium oxide during
electrolysis. (1 mark)

(c) Write a word equation for the electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide. (1 mark)

(d) Name the substance that would form at the negative electrode. (1 mark)

(e) (i) Name the gas that would form at the positive electrode. (1 mark)

(ii) How do we test for the gas mentioned in (e)(i)? (2 marks)

(f) Suggest TWO daily uses of aluminium. (2 marks)

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(a) Graphite 1
(b) Cryolite is added to lower the melting point of aluminium oxide. 1
(c) Aluminium oxide  aluminium + oxygen 1

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(d) Aluminium 1
(e) (i) Oxygen 1
(ii) Test the gas with a glowing splint. 1
It relights a glowing splint. 1
(f) Any TWO:
Making soft drink cans 1
Making kitchen foils 1
Making overhead power cables (1)
Making aircraft bodies (1)
Making window frames (1)
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A student tried to extract iron from its ore, which contains mainly iron(III) oxide, by
heating the oxide strongly in the school laboratory. However, he failed.

(a) Name an ore of iron which mainly contains iron(III) oxide. (1 mark)

(b) (i) Suggest a method to extract iron from the ore mentioned in (a). (1 mark)

(ii) Write an equation for the reaction involved in (b)(i). (1 mark)

(c) (i) Name the type of structure of iron and iron(III) oxide respectively. (2 marks)

(ii) Explain why both iron and iron(III) oxide conduct electricity in molten
state. (2 marks)

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(a) Haematite 1
(b) (i) Heat the haematite with carbon 1

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(ii) /
iron(III) oxide + carbon monoxide heat iron + carbon dioxide

1
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) heat 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

(c) (i) Iron: giant metallic structure 1

Iron(III) oxide: giant ionic structure 1
(ii) Iron conducts electricity in molten state due to the presence of
delocalized electrons. 1
Iron(III) oxide conducts electricity in molten state due to the
presence of mobile ions. 1
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Copper can be extracted by reduction of copper(II) oxide using charcoal.

(a) Given a crucible with lid, draw a labelled diagram for the set-up used to obtain
copper from copper(II) oxide. (2 marks)

(b) State the observable change in the experiment. (1 mark)

(c) Write an equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

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(d) Explain why the crucible should be kept closed with the lid before the apparatus
is cooled. (1 mark)

(e) Carbon monoxide can also be used to extract copper. Explain why carbon
monoxide is seldom used to reduce copper(II) oxide in the school laboratory.
(1 mark)

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(a)
crucible
a mixture of
copper(II) oxide pipeclay triangle
and charcoal heat
tripod

Correct drawing 1
Correct labels 1
(b) The powder changes from black to reddish-brown. 1
(c) /
copper(II) oxide + carbon heat copper + carbon dioxide

1
2CuO(s) + C(s) heat 2Cu(s) + CO2(g)

(d) Oxygen in air would react with hot copper to form copper(II) oxide again. 1
(e) Carbon monoxide is highly toxic. 1
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Galena is an ore containing a compound of lead.

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(a) Name the main ionic compound in galena. (1 mark)

(b) The extraction of lead from galena involves TWO steps. Write the equations for
these TWO steps. (2 marks)

(c) Generally, carbon is used to extract lead from galena. Suggest a substance that
can be used to replace carbon. (1 mark)

(d) Lead is NOT used in making cooking utensils. Explain why. (1 mark)

(e) State ONE common use of lead. (1 mark)

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(a) Lead(II) sulphide 1
(b) /
heat
lead(II) sulphide + oxygen lead(II) oxide + sulphur dioxide

1
heat
2PbS(s) + 3O2(g) 2PbO(s) + 2SO2(g)

/
heat
lead(II) oxide + carbon lead + carbon dioxide

1
heat
2PbO(s) + C(s) 2Pb(s) + CO2(g)

(c) Carbon monoxide / hydrogen 1

(d) Lead is toxic. 1
(e) Making solder / lead-acid accumulator 1
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Limestone is the source from which calcium is obtained. Calcium can be extracted by
electrolysis of molten calcium chloride.
(a) Calcium chloride can be prepared from the reaction between limestone and dilute
hydrochloric acid.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction between limestone and dilute
hydrochloric acid. (1 mark)

*(ii) Outline the procedure for preparing calcium chloride crystal from the
resultant solution. (5 marks)

(b) Explain why calcium chloride needs to be in molten state during the extraction
process. (1 mark)

(c) Besides calcium chloride, suggest another compound from which calcium can be
extracted. (1 mark)

(d) Lead can also be extracted by electrolysis of its molten ore. Explain why it is
NOT a common practice to extract lead by electrolysis of its molten ore.
(1 mark)

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(a) (i) calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid  calcium chloride + carbon
dioxide + water /
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) 1
(ii) - Heat the resultant solution until it becomes saturated. 1
- Cool down the hot saturated solution to room temperature for
the crystal to form. 1

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- Filter the crystals out, wash the crystals with a little distilled
water. 1
- Dry the crystals using filter paper or oven. 1
- Communication mark 1
(b) Molten calcium chloride provides mobile ions for electrical conduction. 1
(c) Calcium oxide / calcium sulphide (or other calcium compounds) 1
(d) Electrolysis is an expensive method to extract metals. 1
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Section 10.4
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Consider the following three metal oxides:
silver oxide, aluminium oxide, iron(III) oxide

(a) Explain why the above three metal oxides do not conduct electricity under room
conditions. (1 mark)

(b) (i) Each of the above three oxides was heated in a test tube and a glowing
splint was put into the test tube. In which case(s) would the glowing splint
relight? (1 mark)

(ii) Write an equation for the decomposition of the metal oxide mentioned in (b)
(i). (1 mark)

(c) (i) The oxides that were not mentioned in (b)(i) were heated with charcoal
respectively. Would the oxides be reduced? (1 mark)

(ii) Carbon dioxide is also produced in (c)(i). Suggest a chemical test for carbon
dioxide. (2 marks)

(d) Deduce the order of discovery of the three metals, the earliest first. Explain
briefly. (2 marks)

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(a) The ions in the oxides are not mobile under room conditions. 1
(b) (i) Silver oxide 1
(ii) /
silver oxide heat silver + oxygen

1
heat
2Ag2O(s) 4Ag(s) + O2(g)

(c) (i) Only iron(III) oxide would be reduced. 1

(ii) Test the gas with limewater. 1
It turns limewater milky. 1
(d) Silver, iron, aluminium 1
The more easily a metal can be extracted, the earlier it was discovered. 1
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Section 10.5
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Aluminium, iron and gold are three common metals used in daily life. The table
below shows some information about the three metals.

Aluminium Iron Gold

Percentage abundance 8.1 5.0 0.00 000 04
in the Earth’s crust (%)
World production per 15 000 716 000 1.4
year (thousand tonnes)
Approximate price per 10 500 900 82 000 000
tonne (HK$)

(a) Explain why the price of aluminium is higher than that of iron, although
aluminium is more abundant than iron. (2 marks)

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(b) Account for the high price of gold. (2 marks)

(c) Briefly explain why aluminium, instead of iron, is usually used in making
window frames. (1 mark)

(d) A man would like to use iron to make window frames as iron is much cheaper.
Suggest a method to prevent the frames from rusting. (1 mark)

(e) Recycling helps save metal reserve in the Earth’s crust. Explain why people
sometimes would like to extract metals rather than recycling. (1 mark)

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(a) Aluminium is extracted from its ore by electrolysis of its molten ore,
while iron is extracted from its ore by using a blast furnace. 1
The cost of carrying out electrolysis is much higher than that of carrying
out carbon reduction. 1
(b) The world production of gold per year is low 1
but the demand of gold is high (for making jewellery). 1
(c) Aluminium is more corrosion resistant than iron. 1
(d) Painting 1
(e) The cost of recycling is sometimes higher than the extraction cost. 1
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Consider the two metals: copper and iron.

(a) State the type of structure in the above metals. (1 mark)

(b) Explain why copper was discovered earlier than iron. (2 marks)

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(c) Copper, but not iron, is commonly used to make electric wires. Suggest TWO
properties of copper which make it more suitable for making electric wires.
(2 marks)

(d) Copper is also commonly used to make water pipes. However, there are more
concerns about conserving metals. Suggest ONE material that could replace
copper for making water pipes. (1 mark)

(e) Suggest TWO reasons why it is important to recycle metals. (2 marks)

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(a) Giant metallic structure 1
(b) Copper was discovered earlier as it is less reactive than iron. 1
Copper could be more easily extracted from its ore. 1
(c) Copper is more corrosion resistant 1
and it is a better conductor of electricity. 1
(d) Plastic / PVC 1
(e) Any TWO:
It saves metal resources. 1
It saves energy and other resources such as electricity, water and fuels. 1
It reduces metal waste and thus land used for waste disposal. (1)
It helps reduce pollution arising from the mining and extraction of metals. (1)
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