Reference Manual 100

Cardiology Reference IVSd/LVPWd (Interventricular Septum to Posterior Wall Thickness Ratio

Diastole)

Cardiology 2D
IVSs/LVPWs (Interventricular Septum to Posterior Wall Thickness Ratio
BSA (Body Surface Area) Systole)
BSA can be calculated by entering patient’s weight and height in New Patient Input Screen.

where, H : centimeters, W : kilograms

Reference: Grossman,W.”Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography.” Blood Flow Measurement : Hemo-
LV Vol. d (LV Volume Diastolic)
dynamic Principles, 1980. Chapter8, page 90.

Teichholz :
LV. Ventricle (2D)
Reference: Teichholz, L.E., Kreulen, T., Herman, M.V., et. al. “Problems in echocardiographic volume
determinations: echocardiographic-angiographic correlations in the presence or absence of asynergy.”
LVd: Left Ventricle Diastole
American Journal of Cardiology, 1976, 37:7.
LVs: Left Ventricle Systole
LVIDd: Left Ventricle Internal Dimension Diastole
Cubed :
LVIDs: Left Ventricle Internal Dimension Systole
Reference: Pombo, J.F., et. al. “Left Ventricular Volumes and Ejection Fractioin by Echocardiography.”
LVPWd: Left Ventricle Posterior Wall Dimension Diastole
Circulation, Vol. XLIII, 482, April, 1971
LVPWs: Left Ventricle Posterior Wall Dimension Systole
IVSd: Interventricular Septal Thickness Diastole
Gibson :
IVSs: Interventricular Septal Thickness Systole
Reference: “Basic Echocardiography” Iowa Heart Center, Mark J. Harry R.D.C.S., R.V.T. Jan, 1997 p. 30
EDV : End Diastolic Volume
ESV : End Systolic Volume
LV Vol. s (LV Volume Systolic)

LVPW% (LVPW% Thickening) Teichholz :

Reference: Teichholz, L.E., Kreulen, T., Herman, M.V., et. al. “Problems in echocardiographic volume
determinations: echocardiographic-angiographic correlations in the presence or absence of asynergy.”
American Journal of Cardiology, 1976, 37:7.
 Reference Manual 101

Cubed : Fraction Shortening (FS)

Reference: Pombo, J.F., et. al. “Left Ventricular Volumes and Ejection Fractioin by Echocardiography.”
Circulation, Vol. XLIII, 482, April, 1971.

Gibson :
Reference: “Basic Echocardiography” Iowa Heart Center, Mark J. Harry R.D.C.S., LV Mass
R.V.T. Jan, 1997 p. 30

Stroke Volume (SV) LV Mass Index

Stroke Volume Index (SI)

LV Vol. (MOD, Method Of Disk)
MOD is used for calculation left ventricular volume from measurements taken in two scan planes. The
calculation of volume for both methods (2-chamber or the 4-chamber view) results from summation
Cardiac Output (CO) of areas from diameters of 20 cylinders or discs of equal height, apportioned over the left ventricular
length

Cardiac Index (CI)

Ejection Fraction (EF)

Reference: Oh, J.K., Seward, J.B., Tajik, A.J. “The Echo Manual” Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994; 43
 Reference Manual 102

LV Vol. (A/L) %FAC (Fraction Area Change)

LV Mass

where,
A1 : LVAd sax Epi (cm2) A2 : LVAd sax Endo (cm2)
L1 : LVLd apical + Myo Thick (cm) L2 : LVLd apical (cm)
LV Volume: Single Plane Area Length
Myocardial Thickness (MyoThick)

LV Vol. (Bullet)

LVAd: Left Ventricle Short-axis Area Diastolic LV Mass Index

LVLd: Left Ventricle Apical Length Diastolic
LVAs: Left Ventricle Short-axis Area Systolic
LVLd: Left Ventricle Apical Length Systolic

Vol. d (Diastolic Volume)

Vol. s (Systolic Volume)

%FS (Fraction Short)

 Reference Manual 103

LA Vol. (Left Atrium Volume) RVOT Area

LA Area

Mitral Valve (MV) Area

LA Volume

LA Volume Index Tricuspid Valve (TV) Area

RA Vol. (Right Atrium Volume)

RA Volume (MOD)
Refer to ‘LV Vol.’ for detail.

IVC(Inferior Vena Cava) % Change

SVC(Superior Vena Cava) % Change

LVOT Area
 Reference Manual 104

Cardiology M mode LVDd : Left Ventricle Dimension Diastole

LVDs : Left Ventricle Dimension Systole
LVPWd : Left Ventricle Posterior Wall Dimension Diastole
Left Ventricle LVPWs: Left Ventricle Posterior Wall Dimension Systole
IVSd : Interventricular Septal Thickness Diastole
IVSs: Interventricular Septal Thickness Systole
EDV: End Diastolic Volume
ESV: End Systolic Volume

LV Vol. d (LV Volume Diastolic)

Teichholz

Reference: Teichholz, L.E., Kreulen, T., Herman, M.V., et. al. “Problems in echocardiographic volume
determinations: echocardiographic-angiographic correlations in the presence or absence of asynergy.”
American Journal of Cardiology, 1976, 37:7.

Reference: Harvey Feigenbaum, “ Echocardiography”, 1995 fifth edition Cubed

Reference: Pombo, J.F., et. al. “Left Ventricular Volumes and Ejection Fractioin by Echocardiography.”
Circulation, Vol. XLIII, 482, April, 1971.

Gibson
Reference: “Basic Echocardiography” Iowa Heart Center, Mark J. Harry R.D.C.S., R.V.T. Jan, 1997 p. 30

LV Vol. s (LV Volume Systolic)

Teichholz

Reference: Teichholz, L.E., Kreulen, T., Herman, M.V., et. al. “Problems in echocardiographic volume
determinations: echocardiographic-angiographic correlations in the presence or absence of asynergy.”
American Journal of Cardiology, 1976, 37:7.
Reference: Harvey Feigenbaum, “ Echocardiography”, 1995 fifth edition
 Reference Manual 105

Cubed Fraction Shortening (FS)

Reference: Pombo, J.F., et. al. “Left Ventricular Volumes and Ejection Fractioin by Echocardiography.”
Circulation, Vol. XLIII, 482, April, 1971.

Gibson
LV Mass
Reference: “Basic Echocardiography” Iowa Heart Center, Mark J. Harry R.D.C.S., R.V.T. Jan, 1997 p. 30

Reference: Oh, J.K., Seward, J.B. The Echo Manual. Boston: Little, Brown and company, 1994, p.43.
Stroke Volume (SV)

LV Mass Index

Stroke Volume Index(SI)

Right Ventricle
RV PEP/ET (RV Pre-Ejection Period / Ejection Time)
Cardiac Output (CO)

MV (Mitral Valve)
Cardiac Index (CI)
Definition for the Mitral Valve
D : end of systolic, immediately before the opening of the Mitral Valve
E : the arterial leaflet of the Mitral valve open, it peaks at E
F : lowest point of the initial diastolic closing
Ejection Fraction (EF)
A : In atrial systole, blood is propelled through the Mitral orifice and the Mitral
leaflets reopen the peak of this phase of Mitral valve motion is indicated
as A
Reference: Oh, J.K., Seward, J.B., Tajik, A.J. “The Echo Manual” Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994; C : complete closure occurs after the onset of ventricular systole

43
 Reference Manual 106

A-C interval (unit : msec) Ao/LA

The distance between the A point and the C point
Aortic Root Diameter (unit:cm) : Ao Root
Mitral Valve D-E Excursion (unit : cm) The distance between the leading echo of the anterior aortic wall and the leading echo of the posterior
Distance between the onset of the opening of the Mitral valve at D and the maximum opening of the aortic wall at R wave of the electrocardiogram
anterior Mitral valve leaflet at E
Aortic Valve Cusp Separation (unit:cm) : Ao Cusp Sep
Mitral Valve D-E Slope (unit : cm/sec) The distance between the trailing echo of the anterior aortic valve leaflet and the leading echo of the
Automatically calculated from the D-E excursion the rate of change that exists between two point(D, E) posterior aortic valve leaflet in early diastole

Mitral Valve E-F Slope (unit : cm/sec) Left Atrial Diameter (unit:cm) : LA Diam
The rate of change that exists between two point(E, F) The distance between the trailing edge of the posterior aortic wall echo and the leading edge of the
posterior left atrial wall echo at the level of aortic wall at the R wave of the delectrocardiogram.
EPSS ( Mitral Valve E Point Septal Separation ) ( unit : cm)
Distance between the Mitral Valve E point and posterior edge of the interventricular septum at the LA/Ao
same point in time

LV PEP/ET (LV Pre-Ejection Period / Ejection Time)

<Figure - Mitral Valve M mode Waveform>

 Reference Manual 107

PISA-Alias Velocity
Cardiology C mode Reference: Schmailzl. K., Omerod, O., Editors. Ultrasound in Cardiology. Blackwell Science, 1994, p.125.
PISA-Alias Velocity is the peak velocity of the regurgitant jet on the Doppler display (Figure – Regurgi-
AV Regurg (AR), MV Regurg (MR), TV Regurg (TR) tant Flow-PISA Alias Velocity)

PISA(Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area)-Radius

Reference: Oh, J.K., Seward, J.B., Tajik, A.J. The Echo Manual. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994,
p.106.
Schmailzl, K., Omerod, O., Editors. Ultrasound in Cardiology. Blackwell Science, 1994, p.125.
PISA-Radios is the radial distance of the isovelocity shell from the orifice (Figure - Regurgitant Flow-PISA
Radius)

PISA-Radius = Radial distance of the isovelocity shell from the orifice in

cm

<Figure – Regurgitant Flow-PISA Alias Velocity>

Regurgitant Volume Flow Rate (Rate)

Reference: Oh, J.K., Seward, J.B., Tajik, A.J. The Echo Manual. Boston:Little, Brown and Company, 1994,
p. 106
Rate is calculated in milliliters/sec.

Where: PISA-Area = Proximal isovelocity surface area in cm2.

PISA-Alias Vel. = Color flow velocity at radius r in cm/sec measured at the mitral orifice on the Color
display

Effective Regurgitant Orifice(ERO)

Reference: Oh, J.K., Seward, J.B., Tajik, A.J. The Echo Manual. Boston:Little, Brown and Company, 1994,
<Figure - Regurgitant Flow-PISA Radius>
pp. 108-109
Vmax is the peak velocity of the mitral regurgitant jet measured on the Doppler display.
 Reference Manual 108

Regurgitant Volume (Vol.) Cardiology Doppler

Reference: Oh, J.K., Seward, J.B., Tajik, A.J. The Echo Manual. Boston:Little, Brown and Company, 1994,
pp. 108-109
LVOT, RVOT, Aortic Valve, Mitral Valve, Tricuspid Valve, Pulmonic
Where: Valve
PISA-Vol. = Regurgitant volume in milliliters
HR(Heart Rate)
PISA-ERO = Effective Regurgitant area in cm2.
VTI = Velocity integral of the Regurgitant flow measured on the Doppler display

Regurgitant Fraction
End-Diastolic Pressure Gradient

where, V : the maximum instantaneous velocity(m/sec)

Max Pressure Gradient

where, Vmax :Max Velocity (m/sec)

PHT (Pressure Half Time)

Reference: Oh, J.K., Seward, J.B., Tajik, A.J. The Echo Manual. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994,
p.59-60
Pressure half-time (PHT) is the time it takes for the peak pressure gradient to fall to half to half of its peak
value. DT is deceleration time in centimeters per second form the peak velocity to the baseline.

Acceleration (Acc)

Where, Vmax: Max Velocity, AccT: Acceleration Time

 Reference Manual 109

Tei Index

Where, IVRT: Isovolumic Relaxation Time, IVCT: Isovolumic Contraction Time, EjectT: Ejection Time

TST (Total Systolic Time)

MPI (Myocardial Performance Index (Tei Index))

Deceleration (Dec)
MVA(Mitral Valve Area) by PHT

Where, Vmax: Max Velocity, DecT: Deceleration Time

AccT/ET

CSA(Cross Sectional Area)

where, Diam: diameter

Where ; PHT is Pressure Half Time (milliseconds)
Reference: John H. Phillipse, “ Practical Quantitative Doppler Echocardiography”, p47, chapter6, CRC
SV (Stroke Volume)
press, 1991

where, Area: LVOT area, RVOT area, or TV area dp/dt

CO (Cardiac Output)
 Reference Manual 110

CONT(Continuity Equation) Plum Vein-MV A Duration

When there is a constant flow in a flow channel with a Stenosis, the flow volume at the Stenosis portion Plum Vein-MV A Dur.= Plume Vein Dur.- MV A Dur.
equals that at nonstenotic portions. This equation is valid not only in a constant flow, but also in a
pulsality flow channel.
QP : QS = Pulmonic CO / Sysemic CO
Where, SV1: stroke volume in the nonstenotic area, SV2: stroke volume in the stenotic
area SVp : SVs

Area by VTI

Area by Vmax Qp : Qs

Pulmonic Veins, Hepatic Veins

Reference: Oh, J.K., Seward, J.B., Tajik, A.J. The Echo Manual. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994,
p.48 Velocity Circumferential Fiber Shortening (Circ / Sec)

Diastolic Velocity(Dias Vel.)

Velocity measured at diastole.
Propagation Velocity (Vp)
Systolic Velocity (Sys Vel.)
Velocity measured at systole.

Artrial Reversal Velocity(A. Rev. Vel)

Atrial reversal velocity is the peak velocity of the atrial reversal component.

Pulmonary Vein A-Wave Duration (A. Rev Dur)

Pulmonary atrial flow reversal duration is the time between the diastolic component of pulmonary
venous flow and the closure of the mitral valve.

Sys/Dia (Systole/Diastole)
Ratio of the velocity measured at systole and the velocity measured at diastole.
 Reference Manual 111

Vascular Reference D/S (ratio of Diastolic to Systolic Velocity)

Carotid, UE Artery, LE Artery, LE Vein

Pressure Gradient
Resistivity Index where, PGmax :Max Pressure gradient
V : the maximum instantaneous velocity(m/sec)

Reference: Burns, Peter N., “ The Physical principles of Doppler Spectral Analysis,” Journal of Clinical
%STA
Ultrasound, Nov./Dec. 1987, Vol.15, No.9,p.586

Pulsatility Index Reference: Jacob, Normaan M et, al., “ Duplex Carotid Sonography : Crieteria for Stenosis, Accuracy, and
Pitfalls,” Radiology 154: 385~391, 1985.

Reference: Burns, Peter N., “ The Physical principles of Doppler Spectral Analysis,” Journal of Clinical %STD
Ultrasound, Nov./Dec. 1987, Vol.15, No.9,p.585

S/D (ratio of Systolic to Diastolic Velocity) Reference: Taylor K. J. W., Burns P. N., Breslau P., “Clinical Applications of Doppler Ultrasound”, Raven
Press, N.Y., pages 130-136.

Reference: Ameriso S, et al., “Pulseless Transcranial Doppler Finding in Takayasu’s Arteritis,” J Clin Ultra- Volume Flow (Area)
sound, September 1990; 18:592-6

Volume Flow (Dist.)

 Reference Manual 112

Urology Reference Pressure Gradient

where, PGmax :Max Pressure gradient

Resistivity Index V: the maximum instantaneous velocity (m/sec)

Volume Flow (Area)

Reference: Burns, Peter N., “The Physical principles of Doppler Spectral Analysis,” Journal of Clinical
Ultrasound, Nov./Dec. 1987, Vol.15, No.9, p.586

Volume Flow (Dist.)

Pulsatility Index

Reference: Burns, Peter N., “The Physical principles of Doppler Spectral Analysis,” Journal of Clinical
Ultrasound, Nov./Dec. 1987, Vol.15, No.9, p.585 Prostate Vloume (3 Distances)

S/D (ratio of Systolic to Diastolic Velocity)

Prostate Vloume (3 Distances x Factor)

Reference: Ameriso S, et al., “Pulseless Transcranial Doppler Finding in Takayasu’s Arteritis,” J Clin Ultra-
sound, September 1990; 18:592-6

Prostate Vloume (Ellipsoid)

D/S (ratio of Diastolic to Systolic Velocity)
 Reference Manual 113

Prostate Vloume (Sum of 20 Disks) Fetal Echo Reference

Stroke Volume (SV)
Prostate Spec. Antigen
where, EDV : End Diastolic Volume, ESV : End Systolic Volume

Residual Volume Cardiac Output (CO)

%STA Ejection Fraction (EF)

Reference: Jacob, Normaan M et, al., “ Duplex Carotid Sonography : Criteria for Stenosis, Accuracy, and
where, EDV : End Diastolic Volume, ESV : End Systolic Volume
Pitfalls,” Radiology 154: 385~391, 1985.
Reference: Oh, J.K., Seward, J.B., Tajik, A.J. “The Echo Manual” Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994;
43
%STD
LV Vol. d (LV Volume Diastolic)
Reference: Taylor K. J. W., Burns P. N., Breslau P., “Clinical Applications of Doppler Teichholz

Reference: Teichholz, L.E., Kreulen, T., Herman, M.V., et. al. “Problems in echocardiographic volume
determinations: echocardiographic-angiographic correlations in the presence or absence of asynergy.”
American Journal of Cardiology, 1976, 37:7.

Cubed
Reference: Pombo, J.F., et. al. “Left Ventricular Volumes and Ejection Fractioin by Echocardiography.”
Circulation, Vol. XLIII, 482, April, 1971.
 Reference Manual 114

Gibson Resistivity Index

Reference: “Basic Echocardiography” Iowa Heart Center, Mark J. Harry R.D.C.S., R.V.T. Jan, 1997 p. 30

LV Vol. s (LV Volume Systolic) Reference: Burns, Peter N., “ The Physical principles of Doppler Spectral Analysis,” Journal of Clinical
Ultrasound, Nov./Dec. 1987, Vol.15, No.9,p.586
Teichholz

Reference: Teichholz, L.E., Kreulen, T., Herman, M.V., et. al. “Problems in echocardiographic volume
Pulsatility Index
determinations: echocardiographic-angiographic correlations in the presence or absence of asynergy.”
American Journal of Cardiology, 1976, 37:7.

Cubed Reference: Burns, Peter N., “ The Physical principles of Doppler Spectral Analysis,” Journal of Clinical
Reference: Pombo, J.F., et. al. “Left Ventricular Volumes and Ejection Fractioin by Echocardiography.” Ultrasound, Nov./Dec. 1987, Vol.15, No.9,p.585
Circulation, Vol. XLIII, 482, April, 1971.

S/D (ratio of Systolic to Diastolic Velocity)

Gibson
Reference: “Basic Echocardiography” Iowa Heart Center, Mark J. Harry R.D.C.S., R.V.T. Jan, 1997 p. 30

Reference: Ameriso S, et al., “Pulseless Transcranial Doppler Finding in Takayasu’s Arteritis,” J Clin Ultra-
LV Mass sound, September 1990; 18:592-6

Reference: Oh, J.K., Seward, J.B. The Echo Manual. Boston: Little, Brown and company, 1994, p.43.
D/S (ratio of Diastolic to Systolic Velocity)

Fractional Shortening of Left Ventricle Internal diameter

A percent change in LV cavity dimension with systolic contraction

Preload Index
Harvey Feigenbaum, “ Echocardiography”, 1995 fifth edition / Artrial Reversal Flow / Systolic Flow /
Reference: Toru Kanzaki, Yoshihide Chiba, Evaluation of the Preload Condition of the Fetus by Inferior
Vena Caval Blood Flow Pattern Fetal Diagn Ther 1990; 5; 168-174