American Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2017, Vol. 5, No.

3, 94-101
Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajeee/5/3/4
©Science and Education Publishing
DOI:10.12691/ajeee-5-3-4

Design and Analysis of Losses in Power Transformer

E.A. Anazia, E. S Ugochukwu*, J. C. Onuegbu, Onyedikachi S.N

Department of Electrical Engineering, Namdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper examined and presented a simplified approach to power transformer design. Analyzed
possible losses associated with power transformers through computational techniques and crucial design diagram.
Keywords: core design, window area, window space factor, cruciform design, winding arrangement, transformer
loss analysis
Cite This Article: E.A. Anazia, E. S Ugochukwu, J. C. Onuegbu, and Onyedikachi S.N, “Design and
Analysis of Losses in Power Transformer.” American Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, vol. 5, no.
3 (2017): 94-101. doi: 10.12691/ajeee-5-3-4.

NB. W = Width of the transformer

H = Height of the transformer.
1. Introduction Ww = Ws = Window space width
Wc = Window space when insulation thickness is
Transformer is a static electrical device that transfers removed.
energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits D = Thickness of the core
[1]. A varying current in the primary windings creates a L = Height of the window
varying magnetic flux through the secondary winding by Lc = Window height when insulator is subtracted.
which power is delivered to the load. Power transformer is
slightly different from potential and current transformers
in the sense that it transforms both current and voltage at 3. Winding Arrangement
the same time though they all work using the same
principle of electromagnetic induction. The low voltage winding is placed next to the core and
high voltage winding over the low voltage winding, on the
central limb, in order to reduce the quantity of insulation
2. Construction Details of Transformer used, avoid possibility of breakdown of space between the
core and high voltage coil [3,4], and to control the leakage
Single phase shell type transformer is represented in the reactance. However, in the case of low voltage rated
sketch below. Core type transformer exists, in which the transformers, low and high voltage coil can be arranged in
primary and the secondary windings are located on the any manner, as in this design, but to obtain optimum
different limb. As the iron area of the leg Ai and the performance, we arranged the coils as shown below.
window area Aw = (Height of window L*Ww window
width) increases, the size of the transformer also increases.
In general the size of the transformer increases as the
output of the transformer increases [2],

Figure 2. Winding arrangement

4. Core Design
Net iron Area of the leg or limb or Core

Figure 1. Single phase shell type transformer A i = Ф / Bm (1)

 American Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 95

The effect of mechanical forces on the wound coil Since a = d*Cosɵ, and b = d*Sinɵ -from the figure
under short circuit or high overload condition tends to above.
deform the geometry of the transformer or its structure. Substituting in equation (7)
These forces destroys the coil and insulations, in
rectangular or square wound coil and core, whereas the = =
A g 2*a *b − b 2 2*d 2 *CosθSinθ − d 2 *Sin 2 θ. (8)
effect is negligible in the case of circular wound coil and
core or cruciform core design [5,6]. The circular core calls
for more number of different sizes of laminations and
poses a problem during core anchoring. Hence cruciform
core design is preferred in practical design of transformers.
Cruciform core design, reduces the net area of the core,
gives high space factor, reduces the mean length of turns,
and consequent I2R loss, as demonstrated in the two core
design comparison below.
Figure 4. Cruciform cores with circular coil
5. Leg or Limb Section Details By trigonometric identities,

1. Square core (With a circular coil) CosθSin

= θ Sin2θ (9)

a = width of the stamping or leg Therefore,

(2)
= d*Sin45
= o
or d*Cos45o 0.71*d =A g 2*d 2 *Sin2θ − d 2 *Sin 2 θ. (10)
where d is the diameter of the circumscribing circle. For Ag = to be maximum, Ag must be differentiated with
respect to ɵ, Ag = d2*(Sin2ɵ - Sin2 ɵ)
K i ( 0.71*d ) (3)
2
=
Iron area Ai k=
i *a
2
Hence;
2
= 0.9*0.5*d for 10% insulation or Ki = 0.9 (Iron or =
dA g / dθ d 2 (2Cos2θ − SinθCosθ)
staking factor) (11)
i.e 2Cos2θ − Sin2θ =0
= 2Cos2ɵ = Sin2ɵ.
2 = Sin2ɵ/Cos2ɵ = Tan2ɵ, Therefore,

Tan2= θ Tan −1 2
θ 2, 2= (12)
ɵ = Tan-12/2 = 63.43/2 = 31.71o.
Thus, Ag is maximum when ɵ = 31.71o. With ɵ = 31.71o,

= =
a d*Cos31.71o
0.85*d,
(13)
Figure 3. Square cores with circular coil = =
b d*Sin31.71o
0.53*d.
Therefore Iron area; =
A g 2*a *b − b 2
(14)
A i = 0.45 * d 2 . (4) = 2*0.85*d*0.53*d − (=
0.53d ) 0.62d 2 .
2

Area of circumscribing circle

=
A i k= =
i A g 0.9 * 0.62d
2
0.56d 2 . (15)
A cc π=
= =
2
*d / 4 3.14*d 2
/ 4 0.785 * d . 2
(5)
And Ai / A c = 0.56d 2 / 0.785d 2
(16)
Therefore = 0.71
= 71% − better window utilization.
Ai / A c = 0.45*d 2 / 0.785d 2
(6)
= 0.573 ( window space factor K w ) 6. Mean Length of Turns
NB: It is clear that Ai is only 57.3% of Ac. Rest of the area
For a given Area Ai say 10cm2,
42.7% of Ac is not being utilized usefully. In other to
(a) Square core (with a circular coil)
utilize the area usefully, more number of stepping of the
Ai = 0.45*d2 - as obtained in the previous analysis of
core is necessary as shown below.
equation (3).
2. Cruciform or 2 stepped core and circular coil.
a = width of the largest stamping = π *d − mean length of turns
Circumference (17)
b = width of the smallest stamping
Gross area of the core = =
10 0.45*d 2
,10 / 0.45 d 2 .
=
A g 2*a *b − b 2 (7) Therefore: d = √22.22 = 4.71
 96 American Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Hence, Cross sectional Area of primary winding conductor

=
mean length of turns = 14.80cm. (18)
π *d 3.14*4.71 a1 = I1 / J (mm 2 ) (26)
(b) Cruciform-2 stepped core with circular coil. Secondary current (or current/phase)
= π *d − mean length of turns
Circumference =I 2 KVA *103 / V2 − Single phase transformer. (27)
= =
10 0.56*d 2
,10 / 0.56 d 2 . Cross sectional area of secondary winding conductor
Therefore: d = √17.857 = 4.226 (
a 2 = I 2 / J mm 2 . ) (28)
Hence mean length of turns π *d
(19)
= 3.14*4.226
= 13.28cm.
9. Output Equations
Therefore, the addition of one step to the square core
enhanced the utilization of more space of the
The output equation for a Single phase shell type
circumscribing circle and reduced the mean length of turns transformer is stated as follows:
by a difference of 1.52cm for the same number of turns.
This result in more copper savings; i.e better economy of = V=
VA 1I1 4.44Фm fN1I1
1I1 E= (29)
design.
Where Фm = Maximum flux, f = frequency of operation
N1 = Number of coil turns in the primary coil.
7. Yoke Section Details. I1 = Electrical current in primary coil, which sets up the
magnetizing flux.
The purpose of the yoke is to connect the legs providing 4.44 – constant obtained from form factor.
a least reluctance path. In other to limit iron loss in the
yoke, operating flux density is reduced by increasing yoke
area. Generally, yoke area is made 20% more than the leg 10. Change of Flux in the Core
areas. i.e.
Since the flux is assumed to be sinusoidal, the
0.2*Ai = A y (20) maximum flux Фm is achieved at quarter the period of
oscillation.
Where Ay – yoke area
Ai – core or leg area.

8. Window Area and Core Proportion

Area of the window A w
(21)
( )(
= KVA / 2.22*f *Ai *Bm *J*K w *10−3 meter 2 . )
If Hw = height of the window, Ww = width of the
window, then Aw = Hw *Ww . In other to limit the leakage
reactance of the transformer, Hw is made more than Ww. In
practice, Hw/Ww lies between 2.5 and 3.5. Figure 5. Wave form of a sinusoidal flux

Hence, average rate of change of flux

9. Winding Details (T / 4) Фm=
∆Ф Фm / =
= *4 / T 4Фm / T Wb / s or volt. (30)

Since the applied voltage V1 is approximately equal to But T = 1/f; this implies
the voltage induced / (1/ f ) 4=
4Фm = Фm *f 4fФm Volts . (31)
= =
E1 4.44* Фm *f * N1. E t N1. (22)
Form factor = r.m.s value/average value = 1.11,
Number of primary turns ( or turns / phase ) N1
Therefore
(23) =
r.m.s value of =
e.m.f / turn 1.11*4*f *Фm 4.44fФm (32)
= V1 / Et − Single phase transformer.
Comparing with equation (29),
Number of Secondary Turns ( or turns / phase ) N 2 Power delivered VA = V1I1 = E1I1 = 4.44fФm N1 I1 or
(24)
= V1 / Et − Single phase transformer. Power delivered per turn,
=
VA / N V= 1I1 / N1 4.44fФm I1.
1I1 / N1 E= (33)
Primary Current ( or current / phase ) I1
(25) But Фm = Bm*Ai , where Bm – maximum flux density, Ai
= KVA *103 / V1 − Single phase transformer.
= iron area or core area.
 American Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 97

In a shell type transfer, there are two windows, which

are symmetrical to each other. Hence it is sufficient to
design one side. Since the low and high voltage windings
are placed on the central limb, each window
accommodates T1 and T2 turns of both primary and
secondary windings.
Area of copper in the window
A cu =a1N1 + a 2 N 2 =( I1N1 / J ) + ( I 2 N 2 / J )
(34)
= 2I=
1 N1 / J A w K w

→ I1N1 = I2 N 2 = A w K w J / 2. (35)
Substituting in equation (29) above gives, Figure 6. Vector diagram of transformer under no-load condition

No load input to the transformer = V1I0CosФ0 = V1Ic =

KVA = 4.44*Фm *f * N1I1 *10−3. Also Фm
No load losses as the output is zero and input = output +
= A=
i Bm KVA ( 4.44Ai Bm fA w K w J ) / 2 (36) losses.
Since, the copper loss under no load condition is almost
= 2.22*Ai *Bm *f *A w *K w *J*10−3. negligible, the no load losses can entirely be taken as due
VA = 2.22*Ai *Bm *f *A w *K w *J to core loss only. Thus the core loss component of the no
(37) load current Ic = Core loss/V1 for single phase transformer
– the output equation of a transformer. as in this case.

11. Window Space factor 14. Transformer Approximation

at no-load
Window space factor is defined as the ratio of copper
area in the window to the area of the window. 1. In case of a transformer of normal design, the no
That is Kw = Area of copper in the window Acu / Area load current will generally be less than about 2% of
of the window Aw. the full load current.
For a given window area, as the voltage rating of the 2. No load power factor Cos Ф0 = Ic/I0 and will be
transformer increases, quantity and quality of insulation in around 0.2.
the window increases [7, 8], area of copper reduces. Thus 3. Transformer copper loss.
the window space factor reduces as the voltage increases. (a) The primary copper loss, at no load is
A value for Kw can be calculated by the following negligible as I0 is very less.
empirical formula (b) The secondary copper loss is zero at no load, as
K w 10 / (30 + KVhv )
= (38) no current flows in the secondary winding.
4. Core or Iron loss. Total core loss = loss in leg and
Where KVhv or Vhv is the voltage of the high voltage yokes. The core loss can be estimated at design
winding expressed in KV or V. stage by referring to graph of core loss/kg versus
flux density.
Core loss in leg = loss/kg in leg*weight of leg in kg =
12. Transformer Loss Analysis loss/kg in leg. = loss/kg in leg*volume of the leg
(AiHw)*density of steel or iron used.
Transformer losses fall into three categories: Core loss in yoke = loss/kg in yoke*volume of yoke
1. No-load loss, or iron loss (Ay*mean length of the yoke*density of iron used.)
2. Load-loss, copper loss, or short-circuit loss NB: The density of iron or steel used for the transformer
3. Stray-loss (that is largely load related). core design lies between 7.55-7.8 grams/cm2
For some larger transformers there are also losses due
to fans and pumps providing forced cooling. This will be
discussed in a later example [9]. 15. Transformer on Load
The current I2 setup in the transformer when loaded is
13. No Load Current of a Transformer in phase with V2 if the load is resistive, lags behind V2 if
the load is inductive, and leads it if the load is capacitive.
The no-load current I0 is the vectorial sum of the The presence of I2 in the secondary sets up
magnetizing current Im and core loss or working demagnetizing ampere-turn Ф2, which reduces
component current Ic. Function of Im is to produce flux Фm magnetizing ampere-turn Ф and V1 becomes higher than
in the magnetic circuit and the function of Ic is to satisfy E1. The excesses of V1 causes more current I’2 known as
the no load losses of the transformer. Thus: I0 = √(Ic2 + Im2), “load component of primary current” to flow, thereby
Ampere. setting up its own mmf Ф’2. The interaction of this
98 American Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

additional mmf cancels the effect of the demagnetizing consist of a large number of individually enamelled
mmf Ф2, previously set-up by I2 in the transformer. insulated strands to increase the resistance of the eddy-
Hence, whatever the load condition, the net flux passing current paths have been available and have largely
through the core is approximately the same as at no-load. eliminated this problem (Figure 8). Its use, coupled with
A vital deduction is that due to the constancy of core flux flux shunts to control the distribution of leakage flux [11],
at all load; the “core loss” is also practically the same means that eddy-current losses can now normally be
under all load conditions. contained within 10% to 15% of the I²R loss. Therefore,
the reduction of load loss depends simply on the amount
As Ф2 = Ф’2 Therefore, of materials copper and iron that is considered economical
=N 2 I2 N1I’2= =
, Hence I’2 N to put into the transformer.
2 / N1 *I 2 kI 2 .

Equivalent Resistance/Reluctance /Inductance of a

Transformer

Figure 8. Eddy-currents in a solid conductor and in continuously

transposed conductors.

Mechanical Metalwork Eddy Current Loss

These losses are those that occur in leads and tanks and
other structural metalwork. Until the recent development
of computer calculation techniques using finite element
analysis, the magnitude of stray losses was usually
Figure 7. Equivalent resistance of a transformer
determined empirically. The tolerances on guarantees took
’
The R 2 – the equivalent secondary resistance as care of instances where designs did not quite conform to
referred to primary. Copper loss in secondary is I22R2, previous experience. Modern computer programmes have
which is supplied by primary which takes a current of I1. removed the uncertainty from this aspect of design and
Hence if R’2 is the equivalent resistance in primary have facilitated improvements in the designs themselves
which would have caused the same loss as R2 in secondary, [12]. They enable designers to calculate and compare
then losses for differing arrangements as well as enabling
suitable flux shields to be placed in critical areas. Stray
=
I21R '2 I=
2 '
2 R 2 or R 2 ( I2 / I1 )2 R 2. (39) loss, which is load dependent, has thus been reduced from
perhaps 10% of the load losses to approximately half this
Neglecting no-load current I0, then I2/I1 = 1/k, Where value.
R’2 = R2/K2. Referring R1 = to secondary, that is
equivalent primary resistance referred to secondary, we
have; 17. Sample Design
=
I 2 R '1
2
=
I21R1.Therefore R '1 ( I=
1 / I 2 ) R1
2
k R1. (40)
2
Specifications:
1. Output KVA S = 2.22*f*Bm*Ai*J*Aw*Kw = 450W.
2. Voltage ratio V1/V2 220/18V
16. Stray Loss 3. Frequency f. Hz 50Hz
4. Number of phase Single phase
Winding Eddy Current Loss 5. Rating Continuous
Eddy-current loss is a significant additional component 6. Cooling Natural
of winding loss. Winding eddy-currents are produced as a 7. Type Shell type
result of the alternating leakage flux cutting the windings. Design Calculations
This flow within the conductor’s perpendicular to the load
Applying voltage transformation ratio E 2 / E1
(41)
current path. The eddy-current losses are a fixed
proportion of the load-losses for a particular winding. = N2 =
/ N1 k we have,18 /=
220 0=
.082 k.
They do however vary as the square of the frequency, so
that the presence of any harmonics in the load current Employing a two step cruciform core because of its gain,
leads to significant additional eddy-current loss [10]. Ai = k i A g (42)
For decades, eddy-current losses have presented an
obstacle to reduction of I²R losses within transformer Where ki = staking or iron factor
windings. This is because increasing the conductor cross- Ag = gross area of the core.
section with the objective of reducing winding resistance Assuming stacking factor of 0.9
had the effect of worsening the eddy-current component, Ai = 0.9*0.62d2, where d = diameter of the
and little overall benefit was obtained. Since the circumscribing circle or coil inner diameter or core
mid-1960s, continuously transposed conductors which diameter.
 American Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 99

Assuming d = 5cm – by measurement. Now, window area = 2WwL,

Then Therefore, Area of yoke and core = entire area (minus)
window area.
= =
Ai 0.56d 2
= 14cm
0.56*25 = 2
0.14m 2 . (43) That is;
2WwL+4Wwd+4dL+8d2 - 2WwL –simplifying, we have
Applying emf equation
E1 = 4.44fN1Bm Ai, Ni 8d 2 + 4Ww d + 4dL= 4d ( 2d + Ww + L ) (53)
(44)
= 220 / ( 4.44*50*0.42*0.14
=) 220 =
/13.05 16.86. NB: H/Ww = 2.5, therefore H = 2.5Ww = L, d = 5cm =
0.05m – as obtained from measurement as mentioned
18 turns – next even integer. previously.
Using voltage transformation ratio Substituting these values in the expression above we have,
E=
2 / E1 N=2 / N1 k, 4*0.05( 2*0.05 + Ww + 2.5Ww ) =
0.168
=
N 2 kN= = 1.476 or 1.48
1 0.082*18 (45)
0.2( 0.1 + Ww + 2.5Ww ) =
0.168
= 2turns. − Next even integer.
0.02 + 0.7Ww =
0.168
Voltage per turn.- should be the same for both windings =
0.7Ww 0.168 − 0.02
in an ideal design.
Therefore; 0.7Ww = 0.148.

=
Emf1 / N1 220= = 13V.
/16.86 13.048V (46) = =
Ww 0.148 / 0.7 0.21m. (54)

Emf2/N2 = 18/1.48 = 12.162 = 12V » 1v difference H= L= 2.5Ww= 2.5*0.21= 0.525m (55)

accounts for stray loss (design loss)
Maximum flux Фm = =
A w H*W =
w W = 0.11m 2 . (56)
w *L 0.21*0.525

Ai = 0.14m 2 . Therefore,

Maximum flux through the core total window area = 2A w

(57)
Фm B=
= = 0.059 Weber.
m *Ai 0.42*0.14 (47) =
or 2Ww *L ( 2*0.11
= ) m2 0.22m 2 .

=Ay =i
0.2*A 0.2* 0.14 =
Entire area Area of window + Area of yoke and core
(58)
= 0.028m 2 − Yoke area is increased by 0.2 to limit (48) =( 0.22 + 0.168) =0.388 =0.39m 2 .
operating flux density at the yoke. Taking area covered by the insulator into consideration,
and assuming the coil did not torch the two outer limbs,
and then we have,
Insulation thickness = 2mm
Lc =
L − 4mm =
0.525m − 0.004m =
0.521m (59)

Wc =
Ww − 2mm, Wc = 0.208m (60)
0.21m − 0.002m =

= =
Area c W = 0.108m 2 .
c *Lc 0.51*0.208 (61)
Total window area when insulation thickness is
subtracted

Total = =
Area c 2Area c 2W= = 0.216m 2 (62)
c *Lc 2*0.108

=
Entire area Area of window + area of yoke and core
Figure 9. Single phase shell type transformer [12] (63)
=( 0.216 + 0.168) =0.384 =0.38m 2 .
From the diagram above, overall length or width can be
obtained as follows: Area of copper in the window or coil used Acu is
obtained as follows;
W =d + Ww + 2d + Ww + d =2Ww + 4d − over all width (49)
A cu − total =a1 N1 + a 2 N 2 =( I1 N1 / J ) + ( I 2 N 2 / J ). (64)
H = L+2Ly where Ly = yoke height. Assuming Ly = d from
the diagram, then; From calculation we already know the following,
H =L + 2d − over all height (50) N1 = 18 turns, N2 = 2 turns, J = 1064 Ampere m-2, I1 =
2.56A, I2 = 31.25A
H*W= ( 2Ww + 4d )( L + 2d ) − entire area (51) Primary coil area;

= 2Ww L + 4Ww d + 4dL + 8d 2 . (52)

=
A cu1 I1=
N1 / J ( 2.56*18) /1064 (65)
= 46.08
= /1064 0.0433m 2
Area of yoke and core = 0.168m2
 100 American Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Secondary coil area; Prated = I2 V2 CosФ,

(74)
=
A cu2 I2=
N2 / J (31.25*2) /1064 (66) = / V1CosФ 450
I2 P= = /18*0.8 31.25A
= 62.5
= /1064 0.058m 2 Therefore power rating of the transformer is obtained
as follows
Total coil area
= 2 I 2 CosФ 18*31.25*0.8
Pout − rated V=
A cu − total =a1 N1 + a 2 N 2 =( I1 N1 / J ) + ( I 2 N 2 / J ). (75)
= 450W. − output power rating
0.0433m 2 + 0.058m 2 =
0.102m 2 . (67) = 1I1CosФ 220*2.56*0.8
Pin − rated V=
(76)
Diameter of the coil used in the primary winding is = 450.56W. − input power rating.
obtained as follows
Acu1 = πd2/4; » 0.0433 = 3.142d2/4; » 0.1732 = 3.142d2; =
Power loss Pin − rated − Pout − rated
(77)
Therefore; = 450.56 − 450
= 0.56W.
√ ( 0.1732 / 3.142) =
d = √ 0.0551 Rated Power
(68) Applying equation …..
= 0=
.2348m 235mm or 23.5cm
S = 2.22FBm A i JA w K w , (78)
i.e 0.2m – approximately.
Diameter of the coil used in the secondary winding is we have F = 50Hz, Bm = 0.42 tesla, Ai = 0.14m , Фm = 2

obtained as follows 0.059 Weber

Acu2 = πd2/4; » 0.058 = 3.142d2/4; » 0.2348 = 3.142d2 Aw = 0.216m2 (insulation thickness subtracted)
Therefore; Kw = 0.3 – Window space factor
J = ?, S = Prated = 450W
√ ( 0.2348 / 3.142) =
d = √ 0.0747
(69) J = Srated / 2.22FBm A i A w K w
= 0=
.2734m 273mm or 27.3cm.
= 450 / ( 2.22*50*0.42*0.14*0.216*0.3)
i.e 0.3m – approximately.
Total window area by calculation result obtained = J 450 / 0.42293664= 1063.99 = 1064 Ampere m −2 . (79)
previously taking insulation thickness into consideration;
Therefore Prated = Srated = 2.22FBmAi JAwKw
= =
A w − total 0.216m 2
, A cu − total 0.102m 2 Prated = Srated = 2.22*50*0.42*0.14*1064*0.216*0.3 =
450.00458
Actual window space in this design
P= S=rated 450Watt. (80)
/ 0.216 0.47 (70)
rated
= K w A cu − total= =
/ A w − total 0.102
= 0.5 − approximately. Efficiency = power output/power input *100
= P=
Power input in I1V1CosФ (81)
Mean length of coil used in this design is calculated as
follows; = 2.56*220*0.8
= 450.56W
= P=
Power output out I 2 V2 CosФ (82)
=Ai 0.14m 2 − obtained previously in equation (43)
= 31.25*18*0.8
= 450W
Circumference of the core is approximated to πd
=
Efficiency ( 450
= / 450.56) *100 99.88%. (83)
=
Area 0.56d − cruciform section core.
2

Therefore; Ai = πd; » 0.14 = 0.56d2; » d2 = 0.14/0.56; »

d = √0.25, = 0.5m –
18. Conclusion
Therefore; mean length of turns,
For; secondary side, This manuscript presented design principles of power
transformer (VA-transformer), laying bare the basic
π d*2 turns 3.142*0.5*2
= = 3.142m, design calculations required to design a functional
(71)
i.e 3m − approximately transformer. The unique nature of this paper is seen in its
simplicity and straight forwardness. It broke down
For; primary side, transformer design process to easily understandable form
π d*18 turns 3.142*0.5*18
= = 28.278m, and removed ambiguity usually introduced by complex
(72) computational techniques found in most design paper.
i.e 28m − approximately.
Readers with average knowledge as well as professionals
Current drawn from the mains by the primary would find this paper a handy guide.
winding is obtained from,
Prated = I1V1CosФ, References
(73)
= / V1CosФ 450=
I1 P= / 220*0.8 2.56A.
[1] Design of Transformers, Retrieved from
Current to be delivered to load at the secondary http://elearning.vtu.ac.in/16/ENotes/Elec%20Mac%20Des/Unit3-
terminal is obtained from, Era.pdf.
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