Table of Contents

Introduction
Land Classification 7
Economy 7
Labor and Employment 7
Family Income and Expenditure 9
Demography 9
Climate 11
Disaster Risk 11
Climate Change and Hydrological Hazards 11
WSS Sector Status
Access to Safe Water 15
Drinking Water 15
Access to Sanitation 17
Water Resources
Surface Water 19
Groundwater 21
Water Use 21
Water Availability, Water Stress and Water Scarcity 21
Demand
Population Projection 22
Water Supply Demand 22
Water Demand vs. Water Resources Potential 22
WSS Infrastructure
Water Service Providers 25
Water Districts 25
Other Water Utilities 25
Sanitation
Open Defecation 27
Wastewater and Domestic Biological Oxygen Demand 27
Water Quality 31
Waterborne Diseases 31
WSS Sector Gaps
Issues, Constraints and Challenges 32
Regional Vision 34
Strategic Framework 34
Access Targets for Water and Sanitation 36
Strategic Interventions 38
Physical Interventions 39
Nonphysical Interventions 39
Addressing the Gaps
Water Supply Investment Requirements 41
Physical Investments 41
Nonphysical Investments 41
Sanitation Investment Requirements 43
Physical Investments 43
Basic Sanitation Program 43
Septage Management Program 43
Sewerage Program 43
Nonphysical Investments 43
Proposed Projects and Programs 44
Identified Priority Projects (2019-2020) 49
Appendix
Appendix A: Provincial and HUC Profiles 50
 List of Tables Page
Table 1 Population per Province/HUC, 2015 9

Table 2 Urban and Rural Population per Province/HUC, 2015 9

Table 3 Seasonal Projections Under a Medium-Range Emission Scenario 11

Table 4 Frequency of Extreme Events in 2020 and 2050 Under a Medium-Range Emission Scenario 11

Table 5 National and Regional Access to Water Supply 15

Table 6 Access to Water Supply per Province/HUC 15

Table 7 National and Regional Access to Sanitation 17

Table 8 Access to Sanitation Facilities per Province/HUC 17

Table 9 Classification of Rivers 19

Table 10 Aquifer Classes Based on MGB Aquifer Types 21

Table 11 Water Availability per Province 21

Table 12 Water Service Providers per Province 25

Table 13 Hindering and Facilitating Factors 33

Table 14 Strategies in Achieving Increased Access to Potable Water 34

Table 15 Proposed Strategic Interventions for Water Supply 38

Table 16 Proposed Strategic Interventions for Sanitation 38

Table 17 Capital Investments Required to Achieve Water Supply Targets 39

Table 18 Institutional and Regulatory Reforms Required to Meet Water Supply and Sanitation Goals 39

Table 19 Indirect Costs Employed 41

Table 20 Total Investment Costs for Water Supply Sector 41

Table 21 Total Investment Costs for Sanitation Sector 43

List of Figures Page

Figure 1 GRDP Contributions per Sector, 2016 7
Figure 2 Labor Force Participation and Employment Rates per Province, 2016 7
Figure 3 Distribution of Family Expenditure, 2015 9
Figure 4 Main Sources of Water Supply, 2015 15
Figure 5 Provincial Access to Safe Water 15
Figure 6 Percentage of Households with Access to Sanitation Facilities 17
Figure 7 Existing Septage Treatment Plants 17
Figure 8 Water Resources Potential and Annual Rainfall 19
Figure 9 Water Use, 2017 21
Figure 10 Water Availability Map, 2015 21
Figure 11 Projected Population 22
Figure 12 Projected Water Demand 22
Figure 13 Biological Oxygen Demand, 2015 27
Figure 14 Categories of Wastewater 27
Figure 15 Wastewater Produced, 2015 27
Figure 16 Waterless Municipalities 31
Figure 17 Central Luzon WSS Strategic Framework 35
Figure 18 Targeted Households with Access to Safe Water 36
Figure 19 Targeted Households with Access to Sanitation 36
Figure 20 Distribution of Investment Requirement per Province/HUC 44
Acronyms
AHFF Agriculture, Hunting, Fishery and Forestry
AIP Annual Investment Plan
AM Assistance to Municipalities
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
BWSA Barangay Water and Sanitation Association
CapEx Capital Expenditure
CBO Community-Based Organization
CNC Certificate of Noncoverage
DA Department of Agriculture
DAO Department Administrative Order
DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources
DILG Department of the Interior and Local Government
DJF December, January and February
DOH Department of Health
DPWH Department of Public Works and Highways
DTI Department of Trade and Industry
EMB Environmental Management Bureau
FA Financial Assistance
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FHSIS Field Health Service Information System
FIES Family Income and Expenditure Survey
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GRDP Gross Regional Domestic Product
GVA Gross Value Added
HH Household
HUC Highly Urbanized City
IEC Information, Education and Communication
IP Indigenous People
IWRM Integrated Water Resource Management
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
JJA June, July and August
LCE Local Chief Executive
LDP Local Development Plan
LFPR Labor Force Participation Rate
LGU Local Government Unit
LHB Local Housing Board
LSB Local School Board
LSSP Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan
LWSSP Local Water Supply and Sanitation Plan
LWUA Local Water Utilities Administration
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
MAM March, April and May
MDG Millennium Development Goals
MGB Mines and Geosciences Bureau
MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
NAMRIA National Mapping and Resource Information Authority
NCR National Capital Region
NDRRMC National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
NEDA National Economic and Development Authority
NGO Nongovernment Organization
NRW Nonrevenue Water
NSSMP National Septage and Sewerage Master Plan
NWRB National Water Resources Board
O&M Operation and Maintenance
OBS Observed Baseline
 OCD Office of Civil Defense
OD Open Defecation
PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
PAWD Philippine Association of Water Districts
PDP Philippine Development Plan
PEM Philippine Environment Monitor
PNSDW Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water
PSA Philippine Statistics Authority
PSGC Philippine Standard Geographic Code
PWSSMP Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan
RBCO River Basin Control Office
RDC Regional Development Council
RDP Regional Development Plan
ROW Right-of-Way
RWSA Rural Waterworks and Sanitation Association
RWS Rural Water System
SALINTUBIG Sagana at Ligtas na Tubig
SDG Sustainable Development Goals
SMC Septage Management Committee
SMERA Small and Medium Enterprise Roving Academy
SMP Septage Management Program
SON September, October and November
STP Septage Treatment Plant
SSF Shared Service Facilities
SWTP Surface Water Treatment Plant
TC Tropical Cyclone
UN United Nations
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator
WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
WD Water District
WGS World Geodetic System
WHO World Health Organization
WQMA Water Quality Management Area
WRR Water Resources Region
WSP Water Service Provider
WSS Water Supply and Sanitation
WSSPMO Water Supply and Sanitation Program Management Office
ZOD Zero Open Defecation

Units
% percent
°C degree Celsius
CY Calendar Year
km² square kilometer
km kilometer
lpcd liters per capita per day
lps liters per second
m³ cubic meter
MCM million cubic meters
mm millimeter
mg/L milligrams per liter
PhP Philippine peso
6
 Region III - Central Luzon
Introduction Central Luzon
Region
The Central Luzon Region is The growth of micro, small, and medium enterprises
(MSMEs), aided by the Small and Medium Enterprise
strategically located between Roving Academy (SMERA) of the Department of Trade
and Industry (DTI) and Shared Service Facilities (SSF),
Northern Luzon and the National has likewise contributed to the rise in its domestic sales.1
Capital Region (NCR).
It is bordered by Pangasinan and Nueva Vizcaya on the
north, Metro Manila, Cavite and Rizal on the south,
Aurora and Dingalan Bay on the east, and Palauig Bay
and Subic Bay on the west.
Designated as Region III, it is composed of seven
provinces — Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija,
Pampanga, Tarlac and Zambales.
At the heart of Central Luzon are two first-class and
highly urbanized cities (HUCs) — Angeles City (the
commercial, industrial, aviation, tourism and financial
center of Pampanga), and Olongapo City in Zambales.
Central Luzon is endowed with abundant natural
Figure 1: GRDP Contributions per Sector, 20162
resources with vast plains and farmlands planted with
rice. It is the nation’s top rice producer, hence its famous
moniker — the “Rice Granary of the Philippines”. It is also Labor and Employment
the second largest producer of sugarcane. Its other major
crops include fruits, vegetables and cacao. The current total labor force participation rate (LFPR) is
estimated at 63% of the total regional population.
It is rich in timber and mineral deposits (metallic and Bulacan has the highest LFPR (66.0%) among the seven
nonmetallic). Its other natural wonders include towering
provinces, though there has been no significant
mountains (e.g., Mt. Samat and Mt. Arayat), extinct and difference therein with respect to the LFPR of other
active volcanoes (such as Mt. Pinatubo), and sea harbors
provinces.3
that stretch from the tip of the Bataan peninsula to the
north of Manila Bay. The employment rate is considerably high at 95%.
However, the underemployment rate has further gone
down to 16.1% in 2016 primarily because of seasonal job
opportunities and the mismatch of job requirements and
Land Classification skills or academic qualifications of job hunters. Tarlac
The region has a total land area of 22,296 square and Nueva Ecija have the highest employment rate at
kilometers (km2) and has the largest contiguous lowland 95%.
in the country.
Its agricultural land and forestland cover around 40% and
45%, respectively, of its total land area. Gold, silver,
chromite, limestone, marble, clay, sand and gravel
abound in Zambales and Bulacan.

Economy
The service sector makes up the lion’s share in Central
Luzon’s Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP),
followed by the industry sector, and the agriculture,
hunting, fishery, and forestry sector.1
Figure 2: Labor Force Participation and Employment Rates
The region’s domestic sales reached an estimated per Province, 2016
PhP773.28 billion in 2016, approximately PhP67 billion
more than its economic output in 2015 pegged at
PhP706.34 billion.
Its economy, which contributed 0.9% to the country’s
6.9% growth, was primarily driven by the food, beverage 1
National Economic and Development
and transport manufacturing sector. The agriculture, Authority, Region III, Regional Economic
hunting, forestry and fishing (AHFF) sector maintained its Situationer, 2015
2
Philippine Statistics Authority,
0.6% growth rate for two consecutive years.
CountryStat Philippines, 2016
3
Philippine Statistics Authority, Labor
Force Survey, 2017 and 2018

7
 Population Density
PSA, 2015 Census

8
 4
Figure 3: Distribution of Expenditure, 2015

Family Income and Expenditure Demography

Central Luzon has approximately 2,575,577 households The region’s population was estimated at 11,218,177 in
(HHs), with an estimated annual average income of 2015, accounting for 1.95% of the country’s total
Php299,000 and an annual average expenditure of population. Bulacan had the largest population among
Php239,000. the seven provinces, and Aurora had the smallest
population. The region’s population growth from 2000 to
The total average expenditure for the PhP40,000-59,999
2015 was recorded at 1.45%, which was lower than the
category is greater than the average income, while the
national average of 1.84%.
households in other categories have incomes greater
than their expenditures. With family size as an indicator, The population density of the region averaged 503
a family of five has the largest income-expenditure persons per km2 in 2015. Among local government units
difference, while a single-person household has the least (LGUs), Angeles City had the highest density at 6,830
income-expenditure difference. This shows that a family persons per km2 — larger than that of the entire region.
of five has more savings compared to other family sizes. The map on the left shows that Central Luzon’s
population is concentrated in the cities as well as along
With respect to the disbursement patterns of the families
the coastal areas.
and across income levels, the 2015 Family Income and
Expenditure Survey (FIES) indicates that food The region is predominantly (77%) rural. Household size
expenditure registered the highest among the major in the region averages at 4.1 persons.
expenditure groups at 42%. Housing expenses followed
at 10.8%; expenses for water, electricity, gas and other
fuels were estimated at 8.2%. Figure 3 graphs the
expenditure distribution and shows that most families
spend more for their basic needs.

5
Table 1: Population per Province/HUC, 2015 Table 2: Urban and Rural Population per Province/HUC, 2015

Population Region/Province/City Urban Population Rural Population

Region/ Land Area
Population 2 Density
Province/City (km ) 2 Central Luzon 51% 49%
(Persons/km )
Aurora 10% 90%
Central Luzon 11,218,177 22,014.63 503
Bataan 49% 51%
Aurora 214,336 3,147.32 68
Bataan 760,650 1,372.98 554 Bulacan 71% 29%

Bulacan 3,292,071 2,796.10 1,177 Nueva Ecija 26% 74%

Nueva Ecija 2,151,461 5,751.33 374 Pampanga (excluding

55% 45%
Angeles City)
Pampanga
(excluding 2,198,110 2,002.20 1,098 Tarlac 33% 67%
Angeles City) Zambales (excluding
33% 67%
Tarlac 1,366,027 3,053.60 447 Olongapo City)
Angeles City 93% 7%
Zambales
(excluding 590,848 3,645.83 162 Olongapo City 98% 2%
Olongapo City)
Angeles City 411,634 60.27 6,830
Olongapo City 233,040 185.00 1,260

4
Philippine Statistics Authority, Family
Income and Expenditure Survey, 2015
5
Philippine Statistics Authority, Philippine
Standard Geographic Code, 2015

9
 Climate
PAGASA, 2015 Data

10
Climate landslides; (b) longer and more intense droughts which
cause massive crop failures, water shortages and forest
According to the Modified Coronas Classification, Central fires; and (c) increased occurrence of TCs.
Luzon has three types of climate namely: Type I, Type II Global climate models, which were used to run two
and Type III. possible scenarios (A1B and A2), were downscaled to
Type I has two pronounced seasons: dry from November calculate projected Philippine rainfall. Studies show a
to April, and wet the rest of the year. Type II has no dry general increase in rainfall for 2020, 2050 and beyond.
season with a very pronounced maximum rain period The models, however, show higher variability in rainfall
from December to February, and Type III has no very with increased peak rainfall during the wet season and
pronounced maximum rain period with a dry season longer dry conditions during the dry season. (Rainfall
lasting only from one to three months, i.e., from March to variability means changes in water supply dynamics
May. spatially and year-to-year.)
Water supply is highly vulnerable to changes in river
flows and the rate of replenishment of groundwater
Disaster Risk resources. Lower river flows will result in water
shortages. More intense rainfall events may not
The region’s water supply and sanitation (WSS) systems necessarily mean more groundwater recharge compared
and facilities have not been fully upgraded because it is to rain that is more evenly spread throughout the year.
often battered by typhoons owing to its high vulnerability Lower than average rainfall or longer pronounced dry
to geological and climatological hazards. days may affect soil porosity and vegetation, which could
lead to reduced soil infiltration rates. This means less
About 15 out of the average of 20 typhoons that visit the
groundwater recharge. Given this scenario, more water
country each year travel across or make landfall in
stress will likely be experienced by 2020 and 2050.
Central Luzon.
The projected seasonal temperature increase, seasonal
The Philippine Fault Zone, one of two main earthquake
rainfall change and frequency of extreme events
generators, traverses Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
(temperatures higher than 35°C, days when rainfall is
The other is the Philippine Trench situated approximately
more than 300 mm, and rainy days that outnumber dry
100 kilometers from the mainland of the eastern
days) in Central Luzon based on the Philippine
seaboard towards the Pacific Ocean.6
Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA) downscaled climate projections
are shown in Tables 3 and 4. Four seasons are provided:
Climate Change and December, January and February (DJF); March, April
and May (MAM); June, July and August (JJA); and
Hydrological Hazards September, October and November (SON). The
projections were added to the observed values in the
The Philippines is at great risk of climate-related hazards,
past 30-year baseline (1971-2000).
such as tropical cyclones (TCs), floods, droughts and sea
level rise. The effects of observed changes in extreme
events and severe climate anomalies include increased
occurrence of extreme rains causing: (a) floods and

Table 3: Seasonal Projections Under a Medium-Range Emission Scenario

Observed Baseline Change in 2020 Change in 2050

Seasonal Temperature Increase (1971 - 2000) (2006-2035) (2036-2065)
(in °C)
DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON

Aurora 24.5 27.1 27.9 26.7 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0
Bataan 26.4 28.7 27.6 27.3 1.0 1.1 0.8 1.0 2.0 2.1 1.7 1.9
Bulacan 25.6 27.9 27.1 26.7 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.9 2.1 1.7 1.9
Nueva Ecija 25.3 27.7 27.5 26.8 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.0 2.0 2.1 1.8 2
Pampanga 26.0 28.3 27.5 27.1 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.0 2.1 2.2 1.8 2
Tarlac 26.1 28.3 27.8 27.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 2.2 2.2 1.9 2.1
Zambales 26.3 28.3 27.4 27.2 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.0 2.1 2.1 1.7 1.9
Observed Baseline Change in 2020 Change in 2050
Seasonal Rainfall Change (1971 - 2000) (2006-2035) (2036-2065)
(in %)
DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON
Aurora 615.7 546.4 768.7 1151.1 -0.3 -17.1 6.7 5.8 8.7 -29.2 7.4 -5.7
Bataan 71.7 368.7 1326.2 872.6 2.7 -5.2 9.4 -0.4 -8.2 -8.1 29.1 1.5
Bulacan 212.4 288.9 1041.4 842.1 4.2 -23.0 12.8 -2.9 -13.2 -36.4 23.6 -3.3
Nueva Ecija 155.2 316.5 995.0 745.0 7.5 -13.8 10.1 1.6 -7.4 -25.7 22.7 -2.4
Pampanga 120.8 320.6 1030.4 785.2 16.3 -18.8 4.4 -5.1 -15.4 -26.4 13.9 -7.2
Tarlac 43.4 265.4 1193.5 644.3 26.0 -13.7 -1.6 -9.6 -6.7 -18.2 8.8 -5.5
Zambales 40.9 36.8 1793.9 872 34.2 -4.5 13.3 -1.6 -2.2 -21.6 31.4 5.6

Table 4: Frequency of Extreme Events in 2020 and 2050 Under a Medium-Range Emission Scenario

No. of Days w/
No. of Days w/ Tmax > 35C No. of Dry Days
Province Station Rainfall > 300 mm
OBS 2020 2050 OBS 2020 2050 OBS 2020 2050
Aurora Baler 397 819 2008 1295 6176 6161 12 43 43
Nueva Ecija Cabanatuan 1293 3271 4796 8113 6117 6202 9 13 17 6
National Economic and Development
Pampanga Clark 355 1855 3108 889 5701 5754 8 12 12 Authority, Region III, Regional
Development Plan, 2017-2022
Zambales Iba 259 573 1573 8034 6500 6325 4 12 13

11
 Contour Map
NAMRIA

12
Average Rainfall
PAGASA, 2015 Data

13
 Access to Safe Drinking Water
PSA, 2015 Census

14
 WSS Sector Status
Access to Safe Water Table 6 shows safe water access in 2015 at the
provincial level.
Approximately 98% of Central Luzon’s Table 6: Access to Water Supply per Province/HUC9
population had access to safe water
Region/Province/City Access to Safe Water Supply
sources in 20157.
Central Luzon 98.2%
This figure translates to approximately 1,674,000 out of
Aurora 100.0%
the total. Approximately 49.01% of the population has
Level III service connections in their homes, while 6.11% Bataan 97.1%
has Level II connections that are shared with the Bulacan 100.0%
community. About 43.60% of the population has access
to Level I service. Nueva Ecija 100.0%
Pampanga 94.0%
Safe sources of water under this category include tubed
and piped deep/shallow wells (which users themselves Tarlac 100.0%
own or share with the community), and protected springs, Zambales 92.0%
rivers, streams, etc.
Angeles City 100.0%
The region’s access to safe water is above the national
Olongapo City 100.0%
average, with an 11% difference. Regarding access per
level of service, Central Luzon’s percentage does not
differ significantly from the national figure, having
variances greater than 10%, i.e., Level I (safe sources) in
particular. Level III access, on the other hand, is higher
at 49.01% as compared to 44.1% at the national level.

Table 5: National and Regional Access to Water Supply8

Level of Service National Region III

Level III 44.1% 49.0%
Level II 11.2% 6.1%
Level I (Safe Sources) 32.4% 43.6%
Subtotal (Safe Sources) 87.7% 98.7%

Level I (Unsafe Sources) 12.3% 1.3%

Total 100.0% 100.0%

Figure 4 shows the percentage distribution of the region’s

various water sources.

Figure 5: Provincial Access to Safe Water

Drinking Water
In terms of access to safe drinking water, the Philippine
Statistics Authority (PSA) has released data up to the
municipal level based on the latest 2015 Census. The
classification of sources for drinking water is the same as
that for sources of safe water with the addition of bottled
water.
Approximately 98% of the population got its drinking
water from improved and safe water sources. 35% of the
region’s population drinks bottled water.
Among the provinces, Zambales had limited access to
safe drinking water at around 96% excluding Olongapo
City whose access to safe drinking water was recorded at
98%. This rate can be attributed to the low population 7
Philippine Statistics Authority, Family
density in the area, which is 160 persons per km2. Income and Expenditure Survey, 2015
8
Ibid.
The map on the left shows the extent of access to safe 9
Based on Region III provinces’ firsthand
drinking water at the municipal level data on access to safe water, as gathered
during the regional consultation and
Figure 4: Main Sources of Water Supply, 2015 planning workshop.

15
 Access to Sanitation
Central Luzon Regional Workshop and Planning Consultation, 2017 Data

16
Access to Sanitation
Central Luzon’s rapid growth as a region has been
mainly driven by the industry, services and AHFF sectors.
Having the third highest GRDP in 2017 among all regions
in the country, it has necessarily required a significant
increase in demand for sanitation services.

Approximately 82% of the region’s

population has access to improved
sanitation.
The 2015 FIES has reported that Region III was slightly
higher than the national average in regard to access to
improved sanitation. The regional percentage slightly
trailed behind the national percentage for basic Figure 6: Percentage of Households with Access to Sanitary Facilities
sanitation. Its open defecation rate stood at .67%, which
was significantly lower than the national percentage. (The Figure 6 shows the percentage of households per type of
open defecation rate is a proxy indicator of the lack of sanitation facilities. It represents the initial stages of the
access to toilet facilities.) sanitation ladder in the region.
While one of the main objectives of the Philippine
Table 7: National and Regional Access to Sanitation10
Development Plan (PDP) is to achieve universal access
Sanitation Coverage National Region III to sustainable sanitation by 2030, SDG 6.2 highlights the
need to broaden the definition of sanitation access, that
Improved Sanitation 73.77% 81.98% is, to include safely managed and improved sanitation
Basic Sanitation 19.96% 16.95%
through the treatment of wastewater or fecal sludge on-
site or off-site.
Unimproved Sanitation 2.04% 0.40%
Data on access to sanitation at the provincial level in
Open Defecation 4.23% 0.67% Central Luzon were gathered during the regional
consultation and planning workshop. The map on the left
Total 100.0% 100.0%
shows the extent of access to sanitation of the provinces
in the region.
Table 8: Access to Sanitation Facilities per Province11
Figure 7 shows the few existing septage treatment plants
HHs with Complete in the region. Bulacan has recently put up 9 of these
HHs with
Year 2015 Basic Sanitation
Sanitary Toilets Facilities
plants.

Central Luzon 91.18% 77.93%

Aurora 79.95% 52.64%
Bataan 91.01% 86.43%

Bulacan 89.49% 77.77%

Nueva Ecija 83.88% 62.52%
Pampanga 111.01% 88.37%
Tarlac 81.45% 73.12%
Zambales 91.38% 89.49%
Angeles City 90.00% 88.00%
Olongapo City 37.25% 37.11%

The minor discrepancy between Tables 7 and 8

regarding totals and averages highlights the difficulty of
reconciling the definition of sanitation coverage under the
Millenium Development Goals (MDG) with a more
stratified and specific definition under the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDG). Table 7 reflects the specifics
per the SDG’s definition. Table 8, on the other hand,
reflects the rates of access as defined under the MDG,
wherein the percentage of households with complete
basic sanitation facilities is a subset of those with sanitary
toilets.
Categorization of the facilities as per SDG definitions is
as follows:
Figure 7: Existing Septage Treatment Plants12
Water-sealed sewer septic tank
Improved Sanitation
(exclusive use)
Basic Sanitation Water-sealed sewer septic tank
(shared)
Water-sealed depository
(exclusive use)
Water-sealed depository
(shared) 10
Philippine Statistics Authority, Family
Closed Pit Income and Expenditure Survey, 2015
11
Department of Health, FHSIS Annual
Unimproved Sanitation Open Pit
Report CY 2015
Open Defecation Other Means 12
Based on Region III provinces’ firsthand
None data on access to safe water, as gathered
during the regional consultation and
planning workshop

17
 Central Luzon
Rivers and Tributaries
DENR, NWRB, NAMRIA

18
 Water Resources
Central Luzon ranks 9th in Area
Cagayan River Basin
27,493 km²
water resources potential River Classification
Class A - upper portion
Class C - lower portion
among all administrative Scope Region
Apayao CAR
regions. Benguet CAR
Ifugao CAR
The region’s water resources potential totals to 7,944 Kalinga CAR
million cubic meters (MCM)/year, accounting for about Mountain Province CAR
5.4% of the country’s total. Abra CAR
Cagayan Region II
The water resources potential of an area is divided into Isabela Region II
groundwater and surface water. Groundwater in the Nueva Vizcaya Region II
region is estimated at 1,423 MCM/year while surface Quirino Region II
water is estimated at 6,520 MCM/year. Annual rainfall in Aurora Region III
the region averages 1,977 mm/year. Nueva Ecija Region III
Agricultural, domestic, municipal,
These figures are based on the estimation of the Uses commercial, energy, tourism and
potential of the country’s water resources regions (WRR) industrial
(see National Databook). The WRRs do not necessarily Pampanga River Basin16
coincide with the boundaries of the administrative
Area 10,434 km2
regions. These hydrological boundaries are defined by
River Classification Class A/C
their physiographic features and homogeneity in climate.
Scope Region
WRR 3 straddles Region 3 and Pangasinan in Region I. Pangasinan Region I
Nueva Vizcaya Region II
Nueva Ecija Region III
Surface Water Tarlac
Pampanga
Region III
Region III
Central Luzon is endowed with abundant water Bulacan Region III
resources, particularly freshwater surface water. It is Aurora Region III
home to the Agno River Basin, Cagayan River Basin, Zambales Region III
Pampanga River Basin and Pasig-Laguna River Basin, 4 Bataan Region III
of the 18 major river basins in the country. Rizal Region IV-A
Quezon Region IV-A
Table 9: Classification of Rivers Domestic, municipal, agricultural,
Uses aquaculture, livestock, energy,
Agno River Basin
industrial, recreation and others
Area 6,219.66 km2
Pasig-Marikina-Laguna River Basin
Class A - upper portion Area 4522.7 km2
River Classification
Class C - lower portion Watershed 3651.5 km2
Scope Region Lake 871.2 km2
Benguet CAR River Classification Class A/C
Ifugao CAR Scope Region
Mountain Province CAR National Capital Region NCR
Nueva Ecija Region III Bulacan Region III
Nueva Vizcaya Region II Rizal Region IV-A
Pangasinan Region III Laguna Region IV-A
Tarlac Region III Cavite Region IV-A
Zambales Region III Domestic, municipal, agricultural,
Pampanga Region III Uses aquaculture, livestock, energy,
Domestic, municipal, agricultural, industrial, recreation and others
Uses
energy and industrial

Figure 8: Water Resources Potential and Annual Rainfall13 13

JICA Master Plan on Water Resources
Management in the Philippines, 1998;
NWRB; PAGASA Rainfall Data; FAO

19
 Groundwater Availability
MGB

20
Groundwater Water Availability, Water Stress,
Groundwater conditions are controlled by geology, and Water Scarcity
topography, and the structure of the groundwater basin.
The structure of the groundwater basin consists of Hydrologists typically assess scarcity by looking at the
distribution and hydrogeological conditions such as the population-water equation. An area is experiencing water
aquifer structure and aquicludes, the physical stress when annual water supplies drop below 1,700 m3
characteristics of the formations as per transmissibility per person. When annual water supplies drop below
and storage coefficient and chemical characteristics of 1,000 m3 per person, the population faces water scarcity,
groundwater. These factors need to be defined in relation and below 500 m3 ‘absolute scarcity.’” (UN Water, n.d.)14
to the possible development depth and overall Water availability per capita was computed by comparing
development potential. the region and provinces’ potential against the 2015
The extent of groundwater availability in any given area population (as shown in Table 11).
also depends on its surface area and the amount of Table 11: Water Availability per Province
precipitation it receives. Furthermore, it is tied to
groundwater storage based on the type and class of Water Availability
Region/Province
aquifer present in a study area (see Table 10). (m3/capita/year), 2015
Aurora 2,272
Table 10: Aquifer Classes Based on MGB Aquifer Types
Bataan 716
Estimated Bulacan 336
Aquifer Class MGB Aquifer Type Yields Nueva Ecija 1,056
(boreholes un- Pampanga 312

Major Aquifer Intergranular: extensive Mostly 50-100 Tarlac 884

(Highly per- and highly productive lps Zambales 1,838
meable) Fractured: fairly exten- 3-50 lps, spring Central Luzon 1,060
sive and productive yields up to
(aquifers with high poten- 1000 lps
tial recharge)
Minor Aquifer Intergranular: fairly ex- About 20 lps
(Variably tensive and productive
permeable) Intergranular: local and Mostly 2-20 lps
less productive
Fractured: less extensive Well yields up to
and productive 3 lps
Non-aquifer Rocks with limited Yields mostly
(Negligibly groundwater potential less than 1 lps
permeable) Rocks without any signifi- Yields mostly
cant known groundwater less than 1 lps

While some parts of Central Luzon are underlain by the

major aquifer class, its other parts are predominantly
underlain by the minor aquifer class (specifically the local
and less productive kind).

Water Use
Water use in the region was estimated at 20,168.34
MCM annually based on awarded water permits as of
2017. Approximately 3,287.62 MCM (16%) was allocated
Figure 10: Water Availability Map, 2015
for power generation and categorized as nonconsumptive
use. The remaining 16,880.72 MCM was reserved for
consumptive use (see Figure 9).
The irrigation sector consumes the greatest volume of
water among all sectors with an allocation of 65.90%.
The domestic sector consumes 7.08%.

14
Figure 9: Consumptive Water Use, 201715 Managing Water Report under
Uncertainty and Risk, UN World Water
Development Report 4 (Volume 1)
15
National Water Resources Board. List of
Water Permit Grantees, 2017

21
 Demand
Population Projection Water Demand vs.
Population projection is important in estimating the future Water Resources Potential
water and sanitation demand of a study area. It is a study
of a recorded pattern of past population growth to The water demand of the industrial, business and
establish future trends. domestic sectors in Central Luzon is expected to
significantly increase in the near future. The efficient use
Employing PSA’s 2010-based population projections and management of available water resources, therefore,
which were adjusted to conform with the actual 2015 must be ensured to promote universal access to stable
population, the region’s population is projected to reach and steady water supply.
15,181,502 by 2045.
Comparing the projected water demand (161.8 MCM/
year) to the water resources potential of the region (7,943
MCM/year), the availability of water far exceeds the
Water Supply Demand region’s projected water demand up to 2045.
Water demand projection is fundamental to water supply It must be noted, however, that the projected water
feasibility studies and preliminary engineering design. It demand of the region does not include that of its
is also an important tool in the preparation of master agricultural sector, which consumes the largest volume of
plans, considering the future needs of a growing water among all industry sectors. What appears to be
population. Water demand projections are developed abundant may be less once the agriculture sector uses
based on the estimated projected population. its “share”. It is estimated that agriculture takes up about
In general, the total water demand is equal to the sum of 75% to 80% of the total consumptive use of water in the
the domestic, commercial, industrial, institutional, and country.
unaccounted-for water. Computation for water demand at Though there is no foreseeable water shortage in the
the household level, in particular, is primarily based on region in the coming years, it is necessary to efficiently
the degree of urbanization of a barangay. manage and use its water resources to control possible
In projecting water demand, the units of consumption demand shifts.
used are 120 liters per capita per day (lpcd) for urban To fully make use of its groundwater and surface water
populations, and 60 lpcd for rural populations. In the NCR potential, however, the issue regarding mining activities
and other HUCs, 150 lpcd and 80 lpcd are used for urban in the region has to be immediately addressed.
and rural populations, respectively.
By 2022, 2030, and 2040, the total water demand of the
region would have reached 123.4 MCM/year, 140.5
MCM/year, and 161.8 MCM/year, respectively.

Figure 11: Projected Population

Figure 12: Projected Water Demand

22
 2040 Population
2015 Population Projection

2040 Water
2015 Water Demand Demand Projection 23
 Water Districts and
Areas Covered by Level III Service
LWUA, PAWD, NWRB Listahang Tubig, 2017 Data

24
 WSS Infrastructure
Water service providers or are continually updating their operations data.
Nevertheless, these data help economic experts and
(WSPs) of various engineers gain insights into the region’s situation in
relation to its existing water utilities.
management types serve
Water Districts
around 59% of Central As of 2015, there were 83 WDs in Central Luzon — 28
Luzon16. were nonoperational, serving roughly 8.85 million or 79%
of the region’s total population. Of this figure, about 5.1
These management types depend on the service areas million (or 57.63%) received Level III service.
(urban and rural), the number of potential water
Bulacan and Pampanga have the widest WD coverage at
connections, and the level of service given.
69% and 66%, respectively, while Aurora has the most
For small urban towns and rural areas, community-based limited coverage at only 10%. (Only 2 out of Aurora’s 6
organizations (CBOs) – which include rural waterworks WDs are operational.)
and sanitation associations (RWSA), barangay water and
There are three WDs in Central Luzon that cover more
sanitation associations (BWSA), and water cooperatives
than one LGU, namely, Calumpit, Hagonoy and San
– operate supply systems offering services at Level II
Fernando WDs. Calumpit WD also covers Pulilan and
(and in some cases, Level I). As the area grows and
Malolos in Bulacan, as well as Apalit and Macabebe in
becomes more urbanized or more densely populated,
Pampanga. Malolos and Macabebe have their respective
water service providers mostly comprise water districts
water districts while Pulilan and Apalit have
(WDs) and LGU-run utilities providing Level III service.
nonoperational water districts. Hagonoy WD extends its
Areas that do not have access to any formal level of services to Paombong; San Fernando’s WD covers Sto.
service rely on point sources, such as shallow and deep Tomas.
wells.
Other Water Utilities
BWSAs, RWSAs and privately operated water systems
Water Supply Service Providers comprise the rest of the water utilities. There are 1,295 of
them in Central Luzon. Bulacan has 398 while Aurora
The percentage of the population having access to or has 77. Again, the tabulation will be further expanded to
being served by these WSPs is not in accord with the contain disaggregation by level of service as soon as the
figures in PSA’s 2015 FIES mainly because the former data have been processed.
came from various sources17, with the bulk of the data
coming from the National Water Resources Board’s The map on the left shows the location of operational and
(NWRB) Listahang Tubig. nonoperational WDs in the region as well as barangays
provided with Level III water service by various WSPs
Furthermore, it cannot be ascertained that all WSPs in (except WDs).
the region have already registered under Listahang Tubig

Table 12: Water Service Providers per Province

Water Service Providers Service Area Population Served
Province/Region No. of LGUs
Type No. Population Total %
WDs 11 643,649 380,147 59.06%
LGU-led 2 3,015 0.40%
Bataan 12 RWSA 36 36,645 4.82%
BWSA 10 15,995 2.10%
Others 228 92,255 12.13%
Subtotal 287 760,650 528,057 69%
WDs 14 505,967 163,499 32.31%
LGU-led 3 1,750 0.21%
Zambales 14 RWSA 16 8,375 1.02%
BWSA - - -
Others 141 43,620 5.29%
Subtotal 174 823,888 217,244 26%
WDs 12 918,973 490,852 53.41%
LGU-led 6 17,680 1.29%
Tarlac 18 RWSA 5 2,995 0.22%
BWSA - - -
Others 157 165,290 162,295 11.88%
Subtotal 180 1,366,027 673,822 49%
WDs 17 1,943,878 1,279,872 65.84%
LGU-led 1 10,815 0.41%
Pampanga 22 RWSA 23 5,455 0.21%
BWSA 3 4,045 0.15%
Others 72 427,161 16.37%
Subtotal 116 2,609,744 1,727,348 66%
WDs 24 3,019,061 2,093,217 69.33%
LGU-led 7 40,995 1.25%
Bulacan 24 RWSA 65 22,110 0.67%
BWSA 8 23,765 0.72%
Others 325 280,700 8.53%
Subtotal 429 3,292,071 2,460,787 75%
WDs 27 1,562,248 760,027 48.65%
LGU-led 7 90,395 4.20%
Nueva Ecija 32 RWSA 40 27,125 1.26%
BWSA 2 35,670 1.66%
Others 92 83,730 3.89%
Subtotal 168 2,151,461 996,947 46%
WDs 6 69,298 6,680 9.64%
LGU-led 5 23,520 10.97%
Aurora 8 RWSA 4 4,913 2.29%
BWSA 10 11,240 5.24%
Others 58 16,565 7.73%
Subtotal 83 214,336 62,918 29% 16
Based on registered WSPs in Listahang
WDs 111 8663074 5,174,294 59.73%
LGU-led 31 0 188,170 1.68% Tubig (Data as of 2017)
17
Central Luzon 130 RWSA 189 0 107,618 0.96% LWUA, PAWD, NWRB Listahang Tubig
BWSA 33 0 90,715 0.81%
Others 1,073 165,290 1,106,326 9.86%
Grand Total 1,437 11,218,177 6,667,123 59%
25
 Open Defecation
PSA, 2015 Data

26
 Sanitation
Sanitation is the provision of facilities and services for the Industrial and agricultural wastewater generation may be
safe management and disposal of human waste. Without estimated using guidelines provided by the WHO Rapid
sanitation, water quality degrades, health is compromised Assessment of Sources of Air, Water, and Land Pollution.
and the environment is adversely affected. Estimations, however, heavily depend on sectoral data
not currently available to the Consulting Team.
This section discusses the link between growing water
demand and its detrimental effects on water quality and Industrial wastewater generated is computed by industry
public health. type and depends on the present and future annual
volume of production output per type. Agricultural
wastewater generation and BOD estimation, on the other
Open Defecation hand, are based on the present and future annual
number of heads of livestock and poultry produced.
As defined by the Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene of the World
Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations
Children’s Fund (UNICEF), open defecation is the
practice whereby people go out into the fields, bushes,
forests, open bodies of water, or other open spaces
rather than use the toilet to defecate. This can pollute the
environment and cause various health-related problems.
The map on the left shows the areas in the region where
open defecation is most prevalent.

Wastewater and Domestic

Biological Demand
A measure of the organic strength of wastes in water is
biological oxygen demand (BOD), which is the rate at
which organisms use the oxygen in water or wastewater Figure 14: Categories of Wastewater
while stabilizing decomposable organic matter under
aerobic conditions. The greater the BOD, the greater the In the absence of other data, only domestic BOD can be
degree of organic pollution. estimated. A BOD factor of 37 grams per person per day
(unit pollution load) is assumed; for highly urbanized
The map below shows the current BOD in Central Luzon. areas, 53 grams18 per person per day is used.
The wastewater19 produced by each province is directly
proportional to its water demand as well as its population.
It is assumed that wastewater generated is 80% of the
total water demand. The current wastewater in the region
is shown in Figure 15.
BOD and wastewater projections until 2040 are shown in
the succeeding pages.

Figure 13: Biological Oxygen Demand, 2015

18
Philippine Environment Monitor (PEM),
Figure 15: Wastewater Produced, 2015 2003
19
Ibid.

27
 BOD Projection, 2020 BOD Projection, 2025

BOD Projection, 2030 BOD Projection, 2040

28
Wastewater Projection, 2020 Wastewater Projection, 2025

Wastewater Projection, 2030 Wastewater Projection, 2040

29
 Areas with Water Quality Problems
Water Districts’ Water Quality Monitoring Data, LWUA, 2015

30
Water Quality
Water quality measures how good water is in terms of its
beneficial use and environmental value. It is water
relative to its use and measured in terms of its physical,
chemical, biological and radiological characteristics. It is
most frequently used in reference to a set of standards
against which compliance can be assessed.
Wastewater projection maps (as shown in the preceding
pages) indicate that most cities and growing
municipalities have higher water demand compared to
the other areas in the region. These areas are more
exposed to problems related to water quality and health,
among them waterborne diseases.
The map on the left shows the areas whose water
sources have exhibited signs of poor water quality. The
data are based on the water quality reports submitted by
WDs to the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA).
Data on water supply sources that are not covered or
owned by WDs are not reflected on this map.

Waterborne Diseases
Waterborne diseases are generally transmitted through
water in which pathogenic microorganisms live. These
diseases can be spread while bathing, washing, or
drinking water, or by eating food exposed to
contaminated water20.
Approximately 1,969 cases of acute watery diarrhea and
35 cases of typhoid and paratyphoid in Central Luzon
were reported in 2015, per 2015 Field Health Service
Information System (FHSIS).
These figures indicate that many residents in the region
still have no access to safe drinking water and adequate
sanitation facilities.
As of 2017, the Department of the Interior and Local
Government (DILG) reported 2 waterless21 municipalities
in Central Luzon (see Figure 16).
Residents in these areas have limited access to safe
(drinking) water, and thus, are forced to resort to unsafe
sources of water. Doing so increases their exposure to a
host of waterborne diseases.

20
World Health Organization
21
Municipalities with less than 50% service
Figure 16: Waterless Municipalities coverage, National Anti-Poverty
Commission, 2010

31
 WSS Sector Gaps
In assessing the current state of the WSS sector in In addition, sanitation facilities are underfunded or
Central Luzon, areas that require upgraded facilities, unfunded due to the lack of political will and misplaced
improved water supply and sanitation systems as well as priorities by the local leadership. The recommended
regular and extensive monitoring protocols were facilitating measures include promotion of better
brainstormed and identified at the regional consultation coordination between the LGUs and NWRB; harnessing
and planning workshop. public opinion to prompt local officials to fill the gaps in
legislation, funding and expertise; creation of an
information bandwagon to change consumer attitude;
Issues, Constraints and and, demonstration of strong political will to resolve right-
of-way issues.
Challenges
Regulation
The workshop on WSS in Region III produced a clear Lamenting that regulation of water service and sanitation
picture of realities on the ground, based on personal is not being given the importance it deserves, the
experiences, local knowledge and insights shared by key attention to a number of factors hindering the proper and
stakeholders and resource persons from the academe, strict implementation of requisite guidelines, protocols
nongovernment organizations (NGOs) and other and procedures required of all players in the WSS sector
concerned institutions. is called. The most glaring is the absence of policy on
The focused discussions resulted in the identification of water drinking quality, a problem aggravated by
weaknesses, inadequacies and other complications that prevailing weaknesses in monitoring compliance with
have hindered the growth and development of the WSS prescribed health standards.
sector in Region III. More importantly, the exchange of Fragmented regulatory and monitoring functions create
ideas also led to the adoption of specific inefficiencies that not only discourage private sector
recommendations on how to put an end to the sector’s investments in WSS but also put consumers’ health in
stagnation and facilitate the creation of momentum jeopardy. Equally troubling are the inadequate resources
toward its accelerated development. being allocated by LGUs to water resources
management especially in such critical areas as skills
Planning and Development enhancement, technical advancement and competence
In the course of input-sharing and discussion sessions, buildup of personnel and institutions involved in policy
the weaknesses in the capability and competence of formulation, master plan development and project
those responsible for the formulation of Region III’s WSS implementation.
development plan are emphasized.
In addition, there is no existing collaboration or
The most common hindering factors were insufficient partnership between the government and WSPs, a
data to guide logical thinking and rational decision- serious deviation from the norms of efficient water
making; inadequate budget to defray expenses for management and regulation. Among the facilitating
personnel empowerment and institution/systems remedies recommended are the adoption and
upgrade; unavailability of technical expertise; limited implementation of an integrated water resource
competence of policy makers; poor leadership; management and regulation program; intensified
questionable priority setting; lack of commitment on plan monitoring and enforcement of applicable laws and
formulation and implementation; and inappropriate regulations; creation of a mechanism that will inspire
conduct and attitudes. collaboration and partnership; and immediate activation
of a water quality monitoring and standards enforcement
Priority facilitating measures included continuous
body.
capacity building on all levels of management and
governance; multi-sectoral collaboration on all aspects of Table 13 summarizes the hindering and facilitating
plan conceptualization and development; improvement in impacting the WSS sector in Central Luzon.
data gathering, management and utilization through
partnership with NGOs, the academe and research
institutions; and promotion of accountability through the
active involvement of the community in activities that help
shape intelligent public opinion, raise its awareness level,
and foster community participation in checks and
balances initiatives.

Service Provision
Resolving the various problems hindering the efficient
delivery of water and sanitation service to Region III
consumers was easier said than done. The complications
are caused by external forces, lack of political will,
financial constraints, dysfunctional regulatory
mechanisms and consumer ambivalence.
High investment cost is a serious hindering factor, a
problem worsened by consumers wanting to get the
service but not willing to be billed for it. Another
impediment is the contentious right-of-way issue with lot
owners holding their ground against government
expropriation. Their collective view was that people in
government service were not doing their job. They
claimed that LGUs were not enacting timely and
necessary ordinances.

32
Table 13: Hindering and Facilitating Factors

Areas Hindering Factors Facilitating Factors

General
Partnership with the academe/research institutions re: sources of
Lack of evidence-based data; biased decision-making
data, data gathering and validation
Lack of political will owing to the lack of awareness of pressing issues
Involvement in the planning/conceptualization stage
regarding water supply and sanitation
Lack of interaction and coordination between private service providers Regular coordination meetings with the objective of coming up with
and the government MOU/MOA
Lack of competent policy makers Capacity building program for legislators and their staff
Executive and legislative commitment through the issuance of ordi-
Poor implementation of policies
nances and implementing rules and regulations
Lack of prioritization and awareness of the current state of the WSS Gathering and updating of accurate data on the state of the WSS
Planning and sector sector
Development
Lack of commitment regarding plan formulation and implementation Impact measurement

Lack of technical expertise Continuous capacity building

Formulation of policies in consultation with stakeholders; funding
Lack of adequate ordinances; lack of resources
allocation
Promotion of accountability and active involvement of citizens;
Lack of political will among local leaders recognition of or provision of incentives to LGUs adhering to best
practices on sanitation
Rollout of information, education and communication (IEC) cam-
Lack of awareness of existing laws or regulations
paigns
Hiring of competent technical personnel; capacity-building activities
Lack of technical expertise in planning (re: sanitation)
through training, workshops
Water
Proposal to have NWRB revisit service providers with water permits
Non-securing of water permits from NWRB
especially those that were not utilized
Failure to seek or follow up the issuance of ordinance permits with Formally requesting NWRB to grant exemptions from ordinance per-
NWRB mits
Drumming up support or seeking endorsement from other concerned
Red tape which delays the processing of water permit applications agencies, LGUs, Congress, etc. regarding the elimination of bureau-
cratic red tape
Right-of-way issues
Entering into a memorandum of agreement (MOA) with lot owners,
Lot owners’ reluctance or unwillingness to sell to the government their authorizing the government to study the premises
lots eyed as possible sites of WSS facilities
Adhering to the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water
Service 2017
Provision Lack of water quality experts and high investment cost Conducting training programs and seminars on water treatment tech-
nologies; employee capacity building via outsourcing or by partner-
ing with service providers
Lack of a septage ordinance from LGUs Passage of a septage ordinance by LGUs (per a directive from
DILG); setting a deadline for complying with the Supreme Court
mandamus, Philippine Clean Water Act, and Sustainable Develop-
Lack of political will among LGU officials ment Goal No. 6
Sanitation
Lack of public awareness of the importance and benefits of improved
Public awareness/IEC programs
sanitation
Lack of knowledge among community residents regarding the value of
sanitation
Lack of buy-ins among target users; lack of willingness to pay
General
Absence of a policy with regard to local drinking water quality Creation of a local drinking water quality monitoring committee
Low priority given to the WSS sector Prioritization of WSS programs
Reactive approach
Intensified monitoring and enforcement of laws/guidelines
Low level of awareness of technological advancement on the part of
the LGUs Provision of capacity enhancement training to LGU leaders and staff
Regulation employees
Absence of a policy or an institutional mechanism that will initiate col- Creation of a policy or an institutional mechanism that will initiate and
laborations/partnerships seal collaborations/partnerships
Fragmented regulatory and monitoring functions
Creation of an agency that will handle all development/coordination
Inadequate resources of agencies tasked with water resources gov- functions in the water sector
ernance
Lack of technical expertise in water resources management and regu- Provision of an integrated water resources management and regula-
lation tion approach

33
 Regional Vision Strategic Framework
The creation of the strategic framework begins with the
determination of the issues, constraints and challenges of
“A water supply and sanitation sector that is the water supply and sanitation sector. The diagram on
comprised of strongly committed, the right shows specific highlights and contrasts,
responsible, and collaborative stakeholders pertaining to areas displaying best practices and those
supported with adequate and competent needing improvement.
human resource, and sufficient financial The figure shows strategic priorities for Central Luzon
resources, through the efficient and highlighting the provinces’ individual plans. Priority areas
effective implementation of WSS policies, include capacity building, information dissemination,
project development and politics. These priorities have
management systems, and environmentally been observed to be the major areas of concern in
sound technologies in order to provide safe, relation to the provincial plans (as discussed in “Issues,
adequate, accessible, and affordable water Constraints and Challenges”).
and sanitation services for a region that is Corresponding strategies were formulated to translate
healthy and productive.” the regional vision into specific approaches to get the
best results and achieve the region’s WSS targets. These
are the region’s general approaches applicable to urban
The Central Luzon WSS vision was developed by the
and rural contexts of ensuring access to safe water and
visioning group with the objective of enabling the entire
sanitation.
region to achieve universal access to safe and
sustainable water by 2030. A more detailed discussion with respect to achieving
increased access to potable water considering the
In the collective view of the workshop participants, safe
various segments comprising the water utilities
water encompasses sanitation, rationalizing the necessity
(categorized as undeveloped/underdeveloped,
of improved water and sanitation projects that will sustain
developing and developed) is shown in Table 14.
adequate water supply, ensure its good quality and
affordability, and upgrade sanitation infrastructure.
In keeping with this vision, key strategies and
corresponding success indicators contributing towards
the achievement of the overall sector vision were
adopted, and key projects and programs were identified,
including WSS targets which will adhere to the national
WSS targets that are in accord with the PDP and SDGs.

Table 14: Strategies in Achieving Increased Access to Potable Water

Segment Target Strategic Statement

Undeveloped/Underdeveloped
Level I Zero waterless barangays Government investment in the development of water supply
systems (WSS) to upgrade unsafe sources to safe sources
Reduction to 5% of unsafe sources of
water supply (2022) and universal Promoting water harvesting in far-flung areas
access to safe water (2030)

Level II Upgrade of Level II systems to Level Establishing WDs or LGU-led water utilities that can oper-
III ate commercially

Upgrading Level II systems to Level III

Creation of a body that provides technical and financial

assistance to barangay water associations and rural water-
works to upgrade their level of service

Developing
Water Districts Zero nonoperational WDs Prioritizing conversion of nonoperational to operational
(Categories C and D) WDs

Assisting low performing WDs in rehabilitation and expan-

sion works

Providing a window for low cost funds that can be accessed

by low performing WDs to expand coverage

Non-WDs (financially Organizing water utilities and allow- Allowing the commercialization of water utility operations;
struggling water utilities) ing them to operate commercially encouraging LGUs to establish WDs or similar local gov-
ernment corporations or economic enterprises
100% recovery of O&M cost

Developed

Level III 100% coverage of franchise area Increasing private sector participation
Ensuring the sustainability of opera- Ensuring a robust regulatory framework to balance the in-
tions of Level III systems terest of consumers and operators/WSPs
Continuing expansion programs to Encouraging business establishments and residential com-
ensure 100% coverage munities to embark on rainwater harvesting programs

34
Figure 17: Central Luzon WSS Strategic Framework

35
 Access Targets for Water and Central Luzon strives to achieve 97.2% access to safe
water by 2022 and 100% access by 2030. Universal
Sanitation access by 2030 means more than 3,200,000 HHs will
benefit. Improved access to sanitation is set at 92.7% by
As experts knowledgeable in and thoroughly familiar with 2022 and universal access by 2030.
the social and environmental conditions in their Figures 18 and 19 graph the WSS targets in terms of
respective provinces, the workshop participants were households for 2022 and 2030.
given free rein in setting targets concerning water supply
and sanitation access (even as they were guided by the
prescribed goals).
Their targets were based on current and baseline data
(i.e., population growth rates, water resources availability,
topographical and geographical setting, etc.), the status
quo (funding constraints, political and cultural challenges,
etc.), and the realistic attainability of set targets.

Figure 18: Targeted Households with Access to Safe Water

Figure 19: Targeted Households with Access to Sanitation Facilities

36
 Water Supply Targets Sanitation Targets
AURORA AURORA
2022 2030 2040 2022 2030 2040
Level III 40.0% 80.0% 100.0% Improved 97.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Level II 40.0% 10.0% 0.0% Basic 3.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Level I 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% Shared/Communal/Limited 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Safe Access 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Open Defecation 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
No Access 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
BATAAN BATAAN
2022 2030 2040 2022 2030 2040
Level III 80.8% 92.9% 100.0% Improved 97.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Level II 2.4% 1.2% 0.0% Basic 3.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Level I 11.9% 5.9% 0.0% Shared/Communal/Limited 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Safe Access 95.0% 100.0% 100.0% Open Defecation 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
No Access 5.0% 0.0% 0.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
BULACAN BULACAN
2022 2030 2040 2022 2030 2040
Level III 80.0% 93.0% 100.0% Improved 97.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Level II 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% Basic 3.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Level I 15.0% 5.0% 0.0% Shared/Communal/Limited 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Safe Access 95.1% 98.1% 100.0% Open Defecation 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
No Access 4.9% 2.0% 0.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
NUEVA ECIJA NUEVA ECIJA
2022 2030 2040 2022 2030 2040
Level III 60.0% 70.0% 100.0% Improved 97.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Level II 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Basic 3.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Level I 40.0% 30.0% 0.0% Shared/Communal/Limited 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Safe Access 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Open Defecation 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
No Access 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
PAMPANGA (excluding Angeles City) PAMPANGA (excluding Angeles City)
2022 2030 2040 2022 2030 2040
Level III 82.3% 91.1% 100.0% Improved 97.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Level II 2.0% 0.4% 0.0% Basic 3.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Level I 12.7% 8.5% 0.0% Shared/Communal/Limited 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Safe Access 97.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Open Defecation 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
No Access 3.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
TARLAC TARLAC
2022 2030 2040 2022 2030 2040
Level III 95.0% 100.0% 100.0% Improved 97.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Level II 5.0% 0.0% 0.0% Basic 3.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Level I 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Shared/Communal/Limited 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Safe Access 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Open Defecation 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
No Access 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

ZAMBALES (excluding Olongapo City) ZAMBALES (excluding Olongapo City)

2022 2030 2040 2022 2030 2040
Level III 39.0% 53.0% 100.0% Improved 97.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Level II 28.0% 36.0% 0.0% Basic 3.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Level I 31.0% 11.0% 0.0% Shared/Communal/Limited 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Safe Access 98.0% 100.0% 100.0% Open Defecation 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
No Access 2.0% 0.0% 0.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

ANGELES CITY ANGELES CITY

2022 2030 2040 2022 2030 2040
Level III 80.0% 92.0% 100.0% Improved 97.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Level II 11.0% 8.0% 0.0% Basic 3.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Level I 4.0% 0.0% 0.0% Shared/Communal/Limited 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Safe Access 95.0% 100.0% 100.0% Open Defecation 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
No Access 5.0% 0.0% 0.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
OLONGAPO CITY OLONGAPO CITY
2022 2030 2040 2022 2030 2040
Level III 75.3% 80.0% 100.0% Improved 97.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Level II 10.0% 10.0% 0.0% Basic 3.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Level I 10.0% 10.0% 0.0% Shared/Communal/Limited 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Safe Access 95.3% 100.0% 100.0% Open Defecation 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
No Access 4.7% 0.0% 0.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
CENTRAL LUZON CENTRAL LUZON
2022 2030 2040 2022 2030 2040
Level III 75.4% 86.8% 100.0% Improved 92.7% 100.0% 100.0%
Level II 4.0% 2.8% 0.0% Basic 1.2% 0.0% 0.0%
Level I 17.8% 10.3% 0.05 Shared/Communal/Limited 6.1% 0.0% 0.0%
Safe Access 97.2% 100.0% 100.0% Open Defecation 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
No Access 2.8% 0.0% 0.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
37
 Strategic Interventions them adaptable to actual local conditions. (These are
discussed more thoroughly in the National Master Plan
After the regional planning and consultation workshop, a and may be adopted accordingly at the local level.)
working document detailing specific strategic Tables 15 and 16 show the specific strategic
interventions to improve water supply and sanitation interventions for water supply and sanitation,
access in Region III was formulated. The participants respectively.
deliberated on these proposed interventions to make

Table 15: Proposed Strategic Interventions for Water Supply

Access to Safe Planning and Service

Regulation Promotion
Water Development Provision
95% Access to Planning, program or M&E expansion Water resources Willingness to connect
Safe Water in project design Rehabilitation/Non- protection and pay
2022 Establishing labs and revenue water (NRW) Arbitration Demand creation
water quality testing reduction maintained Environmental and
Universal Access
centers at 20% of total social safeguards
in 2030
Lobbying for the production Compliance with
Regional WSS Integration/ PNSDW 2017
Masterplan Amalgamation Close monitoring of
Automation Joint Agreement
Residuals Compliance training
management from DOH
Mitigation Resource studies
Water potability
maintained at all times
Providing 24/7 water
supply service
Achieving 100%
coverage
Residuals
management

Table 16: Proposed Strategic Interventions for Sanitation

Planning & Development Service Provision Regulation Promotions

Planning Operations Tariff/Pricing Social Preparation
Program or Project Design M&E Resource Advocacy
Access to
Institution Building Expansion Arbitration Demand Creation
Improved
Training Amalgamation Registration, Permits, Behavior Change
Sanitation
Financing Automation Rights
Climate/Disaster Resiliency
Policy
High Access Local Sustainable Sanitation Sanitation programs Tariff should be Promotions should
Plan (LSSP) should be should focus on computed using full focus on enjoining the
Areas with 60% incorporated into the WSS implementing cost recovery with public to connect to
to 100% Sector Plan, local sewerage systems infusion of capex the sewerage system
Improved development plan (LDP), and completing subsidy for sewerage when made available
Sanitation annual investment program septage management projects. stressing the
Coverage (AIP), and local health plan. programs. LGU implementers importance of
A sewerage system program Expansion of have undergone compliance and the
should be developed to urbanized and compliance training benefits therefrom.
provide service in the urban urbanizing barangays given by DOH and Promotional efforts
core coordinating with those should be pursued. DENR (particularly in regarding water
in charge of the septage M&E system should sewerage systems), demand management
management program; conform to PSA/ and the Dept. of should be supported
project urban sprawl Census (covered by Agriculture (DA) with to minimize wastage
A National Sewerage and sewerage system, respect to and unnecessary use
Septage Management households regulations/guidelines of water.
Program (NSSMP) subsidy desludged, and on- governing disposal of Building buy-in for
grant for sewerage and site systems). by-products. paying for sanitation
septage management Penalties should be services should be
programs (SMP) should be strictly imposed on promoted.
in place. those not complying
Capacity development in with certain
regard to sewerage systems requirements,
should be planned and including LGUs/WDs
integrated with other by filing cases with
infrastructure. the environmental
A sanitation ordinance ombudsman.
covering sewerage system
and septage management
services should be passed,
possibly integrating it into the
environment code and Water
Quality Management Areas
(WQMA) action plan.

38
Physical Interventions
To meet the targets for access and coverage as well as
the normative content of water (service standards),
capital investments are necessary. The details of these
investments in 2022 and 2030 are listed in Table 17.

Table 17: Capital Investments Required to Achieve Water Supply Targets

Service Level 2022 2030

Level III Water source assessment and development Water source assessment and development
Construction of water treatment facilities Construction of water treatment facilities
Distribution network expansion Distribution network expansion
Provision of service connections Provision of service connections
NRW reduction program NRW reduction program
Watershed and water resources protection, Watershed and water resources protection,
management and development management and development
Development of a Water Safety Program Development of a Water Safety Program
Adoption of a rainwater harvesting program Adoption of a rain water harvesting program
Establishment of adequately equipped laboratory Automation of operations and major services
testing centers in strategic areas to serve all
service levels clientele
Level II Rehabilitation of existing water supply system to Rehabilitation of water supply system to upgrade it
upgrade it to Level III to Level III
Level I Upgrading to “safe level” those water sources found Adoption of a rain water harvesting program in
“unsafe” areas not reached by Levels II and III services

Capital investments for the sanitation targets will include

basic sanitation programs, septage management
programs, and sewerage management programs.
Targets for 2022 will mainly focus on basic sanitation.
The septage and sewerage management programs are
to be undertaken to achieve 2030 targets, although these
programs may be implemented as early as 2022.

Nonphysical Interventions
To support the CapEx programs and ensure the efficient
operation of the newly constructed facilities, institutional
and regulatory reforms are to be undertaken (as shown in
Table 18).

Table 18: Institutional and Regulatory Reforms Required to Meet Water Supply and Sanitation Goals

Items Undeveloped/Underdeveloped Developing Developed

LGUs will organize/establish WDs and LGU-run utilities will A system for independent
water utilities as commercial be motivated to improve their evaluation and due diligence
enterprises in their jurisdictions performance by offering them regarding public-private
Water Service or form a WD. incentives/rewards. partnership projects will be set
Provision up.
LGUs will create offices to
handle Level II and Level I
services.
An agency will be created to spearhead efforts to improve the WSS sector at the provincial level. The
Planning and provincial office shall coordinate development plans for water and sanitation of all municipalities in each
Development province, pursue efforts (in coordination with the DENR) in watershed rehabilitation, and provide training
programs to LGUs in water supply development and management.
Service standards for water supply and sanitation will be defined.
An independent group will be formed to monitor the performance of water and sanitation service providers,
Regulation other than the WDs, within each province. WDs will continue to be regulated by the LWUA. The monitoring
group could later be made part of a regulatory body.

39
 LWUA Priority Projects
LWUA, 2018 Data

40
Addressing the Gaps
Water Supply Investment Total expenses for establishing water quality testing
laboratories have also been taken into account. It is
Requirements assumed that one laboratory per province will be
constructed.

Physical Investments Table 20 shows a summary of the total investment

requirements of the region. (The detailed methodology of
To address WSS infrastructure gaps and fulfill specific
how the regional costs for Central Luzon were derived is
targets and commitments for 2022 and 2030, the cost of
referenced in Annex D of the main volume of the
infrastructure investments was derived based on
Philippine WSS Master Plan.)
anticipated demand. Such demand was based on
projected population, economic growth, as well as
factored-in investments to ensure the continuous delivery Nonphysical Investments
of WSS services provided by existing systems. The Institutional and regulatory reforms have to be pursued to
computation included the anticipated need to upgrade complement infrastructure development and ensure that
existing service levels (i.e., from Level II to Level III, Level water supply systems constructed will operate efficiently.
I to Level II or Level III). Costs of reform implementation have not been estimated
at the regional level and are projected to be not
Central Luzon requires capital investments for
substantial compared to the infrastructure investments.
infrastructure development of about PhP25.73 billion and
PhP21.13 billion to achieve 2022 and 2030 targets, LGUs, WDs, and other stakeholders are obligated to
respectively. Unit development costs used to arrive at influence decision makers to pursue relevant reforms in
these sums are estimated at PhP31,700 per household the water sector. These reforms serve as non-
for Level III, PhP18,600 for Level II, and PhP8,400 for infrastructure investments and typically include
Level I. organization/institutional development, regulatory
These rates are direct costs and cover water source strengthening, capacity building, and project
development, water treatment facilities, storage management.
requirements, transmission and distribution lines, and Proposed interventions include the following:
pumping requirements, and provision of service
connections.  The model of existing water utilities should be
identified in areas where there are no water
Furthermore, these unit costs (determined to suit local
districts. The establishment of WDs should be
conditions in Central Luzon) were derived by applying
regional cost factors (with respect to labor, material, and proposed in municipalities with a population of at
equipment costs) to the computed development base least 20,000, subject to an agreement with the
costs for NCR. NCR values are pegged at PhP31,800 local chief executives. If LGUs are not amenable to
per household for Level III, PhP18,700 for Level II, and forming a WD, water utilities that can operate
PhP8,400 for Level I. commercially (e.g., a similar local government
water corporation or economic enterprise) should
The cost deviations (from the NCR base rates) were be set up.
taken into account considering the region’s distinct
geographical, economical, and accessibility  Priority should be given to operationalizing
characteristics, and labor, material, and equipment costs, nonfunctional WDs, particularly those in
which are bound to affect the implementation costs of municipalities categorized as 3rd class and higher.
any project. The regionalization of costs ensures that  The target expansion of service coverage shall be
computed regional investment requirements for the conducted at the municipal level. Municipalities
Master Plan and the Regional Roadmaps are as realistic with lower than 50% coverage will be given priority
as possible befitting each locale. in the investment program.
Aside from the direct costs, indirect costs were The map on the left shows nine Central Luzon
considered in estimating the total investment municipalities where priority WD projects have been
requirements. These items include project preparation approved and those pending approval for LWUA's
activities (which may affect budget considerations) before financial assistance (FA).
actual construction work begins. Items considered and
percentage values used in relation to the total direct
costs computed are shown in Table 19.

Table 19: Indirect Costs Employed22

Water Supply
Contingency 10.0% Percentage of Total Direct Cost
Feasibility Study 3.0% Percentage of Total Direct Cost
Detailed Engineering Design 6.0% Percentage of Total Direct Cost
Construction Supervision 5.0% Percentage of Total Direct Cost
ROW/Land Acquisition 3.0% Percentage of Total Direct Cost
Organizational Cost/Permits 2.0% Percentage of Total Direct Cost
Capacity Development 33,350 1 Staff Employee per 100 HH (LWUA)

Table 20: Total Investment Costs for Water Supply Sector

Total Investment Cost Total Investment Cost

Province/City (in PhP Million) (in PhP Million)
2022 2030
Aurora 536.07 1,104.92
Bataan 1,307.24 1,474.41
Bulacan 3,501.47 8,036.70
Nueva Ecija 4,587.55 3,876.74
Pampanga (including Angeles City) 4,866.86 3,336.90
22
Tarlac 8,860.02 1,619.58 Based on industry standards
Zambales (including Olongapo City) 2,071.25 1,681.06
Total 25,730.46 21,130.31
41
 Septage Treatment Plant Clustering

42
Sanitation Investment Candidate HUCs in Bulacan and Pampanga, for
example, may be closely examined as the urbanization
Requirements may set in more rapidly in these places than in other
capital towns such as Mariveles and Dinalupihan in
Bataan, Gapan, Guimba, San Jose City and Talavera in
Physical Investments Nueva Ecija, Subic in Zambales, and Capas, Conception,
Basic Sanitation Program. The Department of Health and Tarlac City in Tarlac.
(DOH) plans to prescribe a national basic sanitation
program for the entire country – looking into a Nonphysical Investments
combination of microfinance and behavior change
Central Luzon, like other regions in the country, will
communication. A Department Administrative Order on
require substantial assistance from the national
standard septic tank use and design will also be released
government, or where technical and financial assistance
by the DOH soon after planned consultation activities
can be funneled. This will include an inventory or survey
have been rolled out in the country’s three major island
and assessment of existing sanitation facilities, capacity
groups (Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao).
development for implementing local agencies (local
Central Luzon will need about PhP4.3 billion for basic health office, environment and natural resources office,
sanitation from 2016 to 2022 to reach its target of 92.7%. office of the building official, and general services office),
institutional, policy and regulatory environment
This was derived by multiplying the unserved population
development (which would require the involvement of
by the unit development costs with regard to establishing
capacitance support offices like the budget and
specific on-site sanitation facilities. (An annex to this
treasurer’s office, bids and awards committee,
report and the National Master Plan explains the unit
commission on audit office, engineering office, office of
costs and derived costs for specific sanitation
legal services/affairs, barangay affairs office, office of the
interventions.)
local chief executive, and the local legislative council).
Septage Management Program. A clustering
Other nonstructural interventions that may require a
approach will be recommended to reduce capital costs
budget include developing a monitoring and evaluation
and attain economies of scale. The proposed clustering
(M&E) system to monitor progress, support planning, and
per province is shown on the map on the left.
guide development training programs, promotional
The region will need about PhP5.83 billion and PhP567 campaigns and other legislative advocacies, and initiate
million for 2022 and 2030, respectively, for its septage hygiene promotion programs.
management program.
Sewerage System Program. Only Angeles City and
Olongapo City have been required to plan and put up a
sewerage system for their urban core. However, rapidly
urbanizing cities (i.e., candidate HUCs) should also
consider planning for sewerage services in the interim.
The indicative cost for sewerage was computed based on
the 50% coverage of the HUCs’ urban population only.
The unit cost was derived per the procedure applied to
septage management, wherein the unit cost was based
on the National Septage and Sewerage Master Plan
(NSSMP) estimations and later adjusted considering
other factors.
For sewerage services, both Angeles City and Olongapo
City will require PhP4.2 billion by 2022 and an additional
PhP822 million by 2030. In 2015, Angeles City’s urban
ratio was registered at a high 98%. The computational
template provided for a 25% coverage of sewerage
services by 2022 and an additional 25% coverage by
2030. This includes the incremental population in
Angeles City and Olongapo City from 2015 to 2022 and
from 2023 to 2030, respectively.

Table 21: Total Investment Costs for Sanitation Sector

Total Investment Cost Total Investment Cost

Province/City (in PhP Million) (in PhP Million)
2022 2030
Aurora 1,383 188
Bataan 4,776 423
Bulacan 21,575 2,674
Pampanga 4,433 1,221
Tarlac 1,964 671
Zambales 3,829 426
Nueva Ecija 7,026 1,632
Angeles City 3,649 1,540
Olongapo City 2,067 323
Total 50,702 9,098

43
 Bataan
Proposed Projects and Programs Aurora
1.2%
8.9% Bulacan
4.9%
A list of projects and investment programs has been developed during the regional planning
workshop to assess the current state of the WSS sector and propose projects to increase access
to and upgrade water supply and sanitation facilities at the provincial or regional level.
The DILG, Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) River Basin Control Office Pampanga
15.5%
(RBCO) and LWUA have proposed projects in the WSS sector in addition to those discussed and
agreed on at the regional workshop. Olongapo
City
This list of projects does not cover only infrastructure projects, but also nonphysical investment 68.9% Tarlac 0.3%
Zambales
requirements, such as capacity development programs, information dissemination campaigns, and 0.3%
watershed management plans. These projects run the gamut from conception, proposal, pre-
feasibility and feasibility study stages, detailed engineering design, to pre-procurement and
procurement. Figure 20 shows the distribution of the investment requirement per province and
HUC. Based on the proposed projects and programs, the region needs PhP12,369 billion to boost
Figure 20: Distribution of Investment
its WSS sector.
Requirement per Province/HUC

.AURORA
Total Budget HH Benefi-
Budget Require- Budget Require-
Water Supply Period Sanitation Period Requirement ciaries
ment (PhP Million) ment (PhP Million)
(PhP Million) (2022)
1 Construction of water laboratory Short Term 100 1 Construction of liquid waste facility Medium Term 2,000
Construction of water supply facilities and sources Upgrading of solid waste management pro-
2 Medium Term 1,530 2 Long Term 2,500
(deep wells, spring development) gram (collection and disposal)
Continuing Education Program for implementers Distribution of concrete toilet bowls; dissemi-
3 Short Term 10.0 3 Medium Term 60.0
and end users nation of information regarding use thereof
Expansion of service area of Balibago Water Dis-
4 Short Term 150 TOTAL 4,560
trict
Formation of Local Drinking Water Quality Monitor-
5 Short Term 0.5
ing Committee (LDWQMC)
6 Pipe laying projects (by Admin) Long Term 60.0
7 Training of WSS Committee Short Term 20.0
8 Water testing using PHC bottles Short Term 65.0
Regulation and control of construction of wells with- 6,497.5 54,396
9 Short Term -
in a 150-meter radius
Watershed management system (monitoring and
10 Short Term 0.2
safety of point sources)

TOTAL 1,936

Budget Require-
Water Supply and Sanitation Period
ment (PhP Million)

Awareness program re: water and sanitation with

1 Short Term 1.5
support from the academe
Adoption of national laws about water supply and
2 Short Term -
sanitation by SP & SB
TOTAL 1.5
BATAAN
Total Budget HH Benefi-
Budget Require- Budget Require-
Water Supply Period Sanitation Period Requirement ciaries
ment (PhP Million) ment (PhP Million)
(PhP Million) (2022)
Construction of sewerage treatment plant
1 Construction of water systems 1 Long Term 700
(Phase II)
Gabon, Hacienda, Abucay Short Term 2.5 2 Construction of STP/water treatment facility Long Term 5.0
E.C. Bernabe NHS, Bagac Short Term 2.5 TOTAL 705
Brgy. Tubo-Tubo, Dinalupihan Short Term 2.5
Brgy. Mabayo, Morong Short Term 2.5
Kanawan, Morong Short Term 2.0
Nagbalayong HS-Senior HS, Morong Short Term 2.5
Sibul II, Daan Pare, Orion Short Term 2.5
P. Roman NHS, Pilar Short Term 2.5
Brgy. Palili, Samal Short Term 2.0
Samal NHS, Senior HS, Samal Short Term 5.0
2 Repair/Rehabilitation of water systems
Bagac NHS-Parang, Parang, Bagac Short Term 2,.0
Luakan NHS, Dinalupihan Short Term 2.0
Sta. Lucia NHS, Dinalupihan Short Term 2.5
897.78 187,312
Casupanan ES, Hermosa Short Term 2.0
Hermosa ES, Hermosa Short Term 0.5
Sumalo, Hermosa Short Term 0.5
Morong NHS, Morong Short Term 2,.0
Development of water impounding reservoir at Tali-
3 Short Term 100
say River, Balanga City
Upgrading of water system, Bataan School of Fish-
4 Short Term 2.5
eries, Orion
5 Construction of pump stations including wells Short Term 20
Rehabilitation of elevated steel tank (including
6 Short Term 0.28
cleaning and disinfection)
7 Repair/expansion of water district pipelines Medium Term 30
Establishment of water district (Level III), Samal &
8 Short Term 2.0
Abucay
TOTAL 192.78

44
 BULACAN

Total Budget HH Benefi-

Budget Require- Budget Require-
Water Supply Period Sanitation Period Requirement ciaries
ment (PhP Million) ment (PhP Million)
(PhP Million) (2022)

1 Malolos WD Water Supply Project Short Term 1,915 1 Construction of septage treatment plant Long Term 25.0

2 Construction of glass fused to steel ground reservoir 2 Construction of 105 m³ septage facilities Long Term 89.30
Purchase of two vacuum trucks to be used for
one (1) 1,000 m³ at Brgy. Bitungol Short Term 14.5 3 Short Term 10.00
desludging
one (1) 1,000 m³ at Brgy. Tigbe Short Term 12.65 4 Septage Management Program Long Term 1,066
Construction of two (2) 1,000 m³ glass fused to steel
3 bolted tank at Sitio Bato, Guyong Pump Station and Short Term 25.093 5 Proposed wastewater testing laboratory Short Term -
Gulod, San Jose Patag Pump Station 1
Construction of 30mld treatment plant at Brgy. San Construction of new pump station or mini-
4 Medium Term 235 6 Short Term 7.5
Mateo including pipelines and reservoir treatment plant
Pipeline expansion in different barangays in Nor-
5 Medium Term 3.0 TOTAL 1,197.8
zagaray
Pipe laying expansion programs in three (3) hydrau-
6 Medium Term 144
lic areas (29,058 LM).
Rehabilitation of pipelines in Barangay Friendship
7 Short Term 11.5
Village Resources (FVR) Phases I, II and III
Design and construction of 3,000 m³ glass fused to
8 Medium Term 38.1
steel bolted tanks
Development of new sources of surface water for the
BBWSP (Labangan Channel, San Miguel-Sulipan,
9 Long Term 70
Angat River, Maasim River, Bayabas River, Bulo
Dam)
10 Bulacan Bulk Water Supply Project Short Term -

11 Watershed management (e.g. reforestation) Short Term -

12 Improvement and expansion projects Medium Term 162.06

13 Surface water/infiltration gallery 5 MLD Short Term 40.0

14 District meeting area Short Term 15.0 3,997.6 855,197

15 Storage facilities with 2,500 m3 capacity Short Term 45.0

16 Transmission line 8" Short Term 1.2

17 Purchase of lot area 3,600 m2 Short Term 8.8

18 Well drilling 2 units Short Term 14.0

Pipeline expansion and rehabilitation of pipelines in
19 Short Term 24.0
different barangays
Partnership with water service providers and the
20 Short Term -
academe
21 Improvement project - retapping Short Term 0.75

22 Production wells - 25 Short Term 5.0

23 Inner barangay expansion Short Term 2.0

Rehabilitation of production wells at 11 pump sta-
24 Medium Term 10.64
tions
TOTAL 2,797.3
Budget Require-
Water Supply and Sanitation Period
ment (PhP Million)
Aid to Rural Waterworks and Sanitation Association
1 (RWSA) for the development, improvement and re- Short Term 2.0
habilitation of water system
2 Conduct of seminars re: water supply and sanitation Short Term 0.5

3 WSS infrastructure for disaster risk management Short Term -

TOTAL 2.5

45
 Pampanga
Budget Re- Total Budget
Budget Requirement HH Benefi-
Water Supply Period Sanitation Period quirement (PhP Requirement
(PhP Million) ciaries (2022)
Million) (PhP Million)
Mabalacat City WD Septage Management
1 Lubao Bulk Water Supply Project Short Term 706 1 Long Term 100
Program
Septage treatment & disposal facilities in
2 Metro Clark Bulk Surface Water Supply Project Short Term 4,025 2 Long Term 582
select LGUs of Tarlac, Bulacan, Pampanga
11,334 520,533
Sewerage system development projects in
3 Pampanga Bulk Surface Water Supply Project Short Term 5,732 3 Long Term 189
major urban centers

TOTAL 10,463 TOTAL 871

Tarlac
Budget Re- Total Budget
Budget Requirement HH Benefi-
Water Supply Period Sanitation Period quirement (PhP Requirement
(PhP Million) ciaries (2022)
Million) (PhP Million)
Formulating an ordinance adopting RA 9275 (Clean Medium Construction of septage treatment plant per
1 1.0 1 Long Term 237
Water Act of 2004) Term cluster (8 clusters)
Sewerage treatment plants in 3 district hospi-
TOTAL 1.0 2 Long Term 15.0
tals
TOTAL 252
Budget Requirement 253 338,899
Water and Sanitation Period
(PhP Million)
Inclusion of water supply and sanitation projects in
1 Short Term -
annual investment plan

TOTAL -

ZAMBALES
Budget Re- Total Budget
Budget Requirement HH Benefi-
Water Supply Period Sanitation Period quirement (PhP Requirement
(PhP Million) ciaries (2022)
Million) (PhP Million)
Provision of water supply systems (Level I, II, III) in Provision of improved sanitary toilets to indi- Medium
1 Short Term 160 1 9.0
various rural barangays in the province gent households Term
Rehabilitation of watershed/forestland to sustain wa- Intensified solid waste management monitor-
2 Short Term 10.5 2 Long Term 2.81
ter storage capacity (at least 130 hectares per year) ing to protect groundwater quality
Intensified implementation of sanitation proto-
3 Provision of rainwater collector impounding structures Long Term - 3 Long Term 1.0
cols/standards in all municipalities
TOTAL 170.5 TOTAL 12.81 189.31 156,793
Budget Requirement
Water Supply and Sanitation Period
(PhP Million)
Establishment of WSS Department as a local eco- Medium
1 6.0
nomic enterprise Term
TOTAL 6.0

46
 OLONGAPO CITY
Budget Re- Total Budget HH Benefi-
Budget Require-
Water Supply Period Sanitation Period quirement (PhP Requirement ciaries
ment (PhP Million)
Million) (PhP Million) (2022)
Creation of Local Drinking Water Quality Monitoring
1 Short Term 0.50 1 Construction of communal septic tanks Short Term 200
Committee
Finalization of the Integrated Watershed Management Sewerage and Septage Management Pro- Medium
2 Short Term 1.0 2 50,000
Plan (IWMP) gram Term
Provision of improved sanitary toilets to indi-
3 Integrated Watershed Management Program 3 Long Term 90.0
gent households
a. IWRM River and Waterways Management Program Intensified solid waste management monitor-
Short Term 10.0 4 Long Term 2.81
ing to protect groundwater quality
Intensified implementation of sanitation pro-
b. IWRM Forest Management Program Short Term 10.0 5 Long Term 10.0
tocols/standards in all municipalities

c. IWRM Coastal Resource Management Program Short Term 7.0 TOTAL 50,303

d. IWRM Urban Greening Program Short Term 5.0

Preparation of Water Safety Plan for all water service

4 Short Term 0.50
providers

5 Water sampling of doubtful sources Short Term 3.0

6 Franchise renewal of water service providers Short Term 5.0 50,400.5

61,815

7 Silted Waterways and River Rehabilitation Program Short Term 0.20

River Gapo-ECO Warrior/River Patrol (IEC campaign/

8 Short Term 3.0
annual event)
Implementation of "Tubig para kay Juan Project" (Anti-
9 Short Term -
Heat Stroke and Dehydration Campaign)

TOTAL 37.0

Budget Require-
Water Supply and Sanitation Period
ment (PhP Million)
Establishment of Olongapo City Environment and Medium
1 10.0
Natural Resources Office (City ENRO) Term
Partnership with colleges/universities and other institu-
2 tions re: research and development pertaining to wa- Short Term 0.50
ter supply and sanitation
Water Supply and Sanitation Program for Disaster
3 Long Term 50.0
Risk Reduction Management (DRRM)

TOTAL 60.50

47
 AM, Salintubig
Pipeline WSS Projects
DILG-WSSPMO, 2019 List of DILG Projects

48
Identified Priority Projects (2019-2020)
The tables below show the priority projects identified by LWUA and DILG for 2019-2020.
The map on the left shows the various barangays and municipalities to be covered by
DILG’s Assistance to Municipalities (AM) and Salintubig Projects in 2019.

Assistance To Municipalities (2019)

Province Municipality Project Type Project Title Amount (PhP)

Aurora Baler Potable water supply system Expansion of Level III Water System 11,276,000

Aurora Dingalan Potable water supply system Expansion of Level II Water System 9,816,000

Bataan Orani Health and sanitation Construction Of Sanitary Toilets With Hygiene Facilities For Public Places 1,000,000

Bulacan Bocaue Health and sanitation Construction Of Sanitary Toilets With Hygiene Facilities For Public Places 8,245,000

Bulacan Pulilan Potable water supply system Rehabilitation/Improvement of Level III Water System 10,800,000

Bulacan Pulilan Potable water supply system Expansion of Level III Water System 1,672,000

Nueva Ecija Cabiao Potable water supply system Expansion of Level III Water System 2,925,000

Nueva Ecija Gabaldon Potable water supply system Upgrading of Water System 10,021,000

Nueva Ecija Lupao Potable water supply system New Construction of Level II Potable Water Supply System In Agupalo Weste 2,000,000

Nueva Ecija Lupao Potable water supply system New Construction of Level II Potable Water Supply System In San Isidro 2,195,000

Nueva Ecija Lupao Potable water supply system New Construction of Level II Potable Water Supply System In Salvacion I 2,000,000

Nueva Ecija Lupao Potable water supply system New Construction of Level II Potable Water Supply System In Balbalungao 2,000,000

Nueva Ecija Lupao Potable water supply system New Construction of Level II Potable Water Supply System In Parista 2,000,000

Nueva Ecija Pantabangan Potable water supply system Expansion of Level II Water System 5,218,000

Nueva Ecija Quezon Potable water supply system New Construction of Level II Potable Water Supply System 11,297,000

Nueva Ecija Rizal Potable water supply system Expansion of Level II Water System 3,616,000

Pampanga Candaba Potable water supply system New Construction of Level II Potable Water Supply System 2,000,000

Pampanga Candaba Health and sanitation Construction of Sanitary Toilets With Hygiene Facilities for Public Places 1,080,000

Tarlac Bamban Potable water supply system Rehabilitation/Improvement of Level III Water System 4,895,000

Tarlac La Paz Potable water supply system Expansion of Level III Water System 10,614,000

Total 104,670,000

SALINTUBIG (2019)

There are no DILG SALINTUBIG projects in Central Luzon pending approval for 2019.

LWUA (2017-2018)

Province Municipality Project Type Status Amount

Bataan Morong Expansion/Improvement Pending approval 25,000,000

Bulacan Bocaue Expansion/Septage Pending approval 140,000,000

Bulacan Bocaue Expansion Approved 19,000,000

Bulacan Bustos Expansion/Improvement Pending approval 20,000,000

Bulacan Pandi Expansion/Improvement Pending approval 25,000,000

Bulacan Sta. Maria Expansion/Improvement Pending approval 182,300,000

Nueva Ecija San Jose City Expansion/Improvement Pending approval 150,000,000

Nueva Ecija Gen. Mamerto Natividad Expansion Approved 20,000,000

Nueva Ecija Lupao Expansion Approved 5,000,000

Tarlac Sta. Ignacia Expansion Approved 25,000,000

Pampanga Candaba Expansion/Improvement Pending approval 16,500,000

Total 627,800,000

49
 Appendix A: Provincial and HUC Profiles

50
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 Appendix A: Provincial and HUC Profiles

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