BÀI GIẢNG DẠNG VĂN BẢN (SCRIPT)

Môn học: Grammar

Chương 2: Pronouns & Quantity

Chủ đề 2.2: Quantity

Phần 2.1

Slide Nội dung

1 Hello everyone. Welcome to the next part of quantity.

After this part, you can identify the other kinds of quantifiers and know how to
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apply them in various contexts.

Let’s begin with much, many and a lot of, lots of.
We use much with uncountable nouns (singular nouns) and many with plural
countable nouns
We use much and many in questions and in negative statements.
Uncountable:
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- in questions: Do you have much money?
- in negative statements: I haven’t got much time.
Plural countable:
- in questions: Do you have many things still to do?
- in negative statements: There weren’t many trees left standing.
We use a lot of or lots of in affirmative statements.
A lot of and lots of have the same meaning. Lots of is more informal than a lot of.
a lot of (lots of) go with uncountable nouns or plural countable nouns.
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Example:
There are a lot of people outside.
or There are lots of people outside.
 A lot of time is needed to learn a new language.
or Lots of time is needed to learn a new language.
And now, let’s discover other common uses of ‘much', ‘many' and ‘a lot of'
We can use much and many:
- in affirmative statements, particularly in formal and written English:
Much interest was shown in the project.
Many people congratulated her on her success.
5 - with as….as…. to express amounts or quantities:
Since I’ve started to work part-time, I’m not earning as much (money) as I used
to.
You can ask as many questions as you want.
- in time references:
He has lived here for many years.
We use not much and not many to begin a sentence:
Not much food was provided for refugees.
Not many people came to the concert.
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We can use a lot of in questions and in negative statements to give extra emphasis:
Do you have a lot of friends?
I don’t have a lot of time.
And now we learn about ‘few', ‘a few', ‘little', ‘a little'.
We use few, a few with plural countable nouns.
We use little, a little with uncountable nouns.
Example:
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- There are few elephants left in the area.
- They have a few cookies to eat for lunch.
- I have little cash, not enough to buy any bus ticket.
- I still have a little time, enough to finish this exercise.
8 ‘Few’ & ‘a few’
 Few is negative, suggesting 'hardly any at all', and is often used after very.
Mona has had very few opportunities to practice her English.
Few can also convey the idea of 'not as many as were expected:
A lot of guests were expected but few came.
A few is positive, suggesting 'some, a (small) number’:
The police would like to ask him a few questions.
A few can mean 'a very small number', or even 'quite a lot'. The size of the number
depends on the speaker's viewpoint:
I don’t know how much he's got, but it must be a few million.
A few can be used to mean 'more than none, more than expected':
Have we run out of sardines'? – No, there are a few tins left.
A few can also combine with other words: e.g.
just How many do you want? Just a few please/ (i.e. a limited number, not many)
only There are only a few seats left/ (i.e. very few, hardly any)
quite How many do you want? Quite a few please/ (i.e. quite a lot)
‘little’ & ‘a little'
Little (like few) is negative, suggesting 'hardly any at all' and is often used after
very:
He has very little hope of winning this race.
In everyday speech we prefer not much or hardly any:
He hasn't much hope of winning this race.
9 He has hardly any hope of winning this race.
Little can also convey the idea of 'not as much as was expected':
We climbed all day but made little progress.
A little and, in very informal contexts, a bit (of) are positive, suggesting 'some, a
(small) quantity':
I'd like a little (or a bit of) time to think about it please.
The size of the amount depends on the viewpoint of the speaker:
 Mrs Lacey left a little money in her will - about $1 000,000.
A little can also mean 'more than none, more than expected':
Have we got any flour? - Yes, there’s a little in the packet.
A little can combine with other words: e.g.
just How much do you want? - Just a little please (i.e. a limited quantity, not much)
only There’s only a little soup left. (i.e. very little, hardly any)
‘Fewer' and ‘less'
Fewer and less are comparative words.
- Fewer is the comparative form of few.
- Less is the comparative form of little.
fewer + plural countable nouns
- There are fewer women than men in the group.
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- I earn less money than him.
In practice, however, the informal use by native speakers of less and the least with
plural countable or collective words like people is commonly heard (jess people,
less newspapers, etc.) but is not generally approved:
Less and less people can afford to go abroad for their holidays.
Political programmes on TV attract the least viewers.
‘Both' and ‘all'
Both & all can be used equally with:
- people: both (the) women/ all (the) women
- things: both (the) forks/ all (the) forks

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Both and both the refers to All+ noun refers to 'the whole
two people, things, (plural number of people, things, etc.:
countable nouns only) e.g. All children like to play
e.g. both books/both the (plural countable).
 books/both of the books All advice is useless
(interchangeable) (uncountable nouns).
The negative of both the is With the, the reference is to
neither of specific items: e.g. All the
Both the girls left book (the books on this
early=Neither of the girls left subject).
early. The negative of all the is none
of:
All the girls left early.
None of the girls left early

Let’s find out something about All and both: Word order with verbs
All and both can occur before the verb like:
We both like going to the cinema. (=Both of us like going to the cinema.)
They all left without saying goodbye. (=All of them left without saying goodbye.)
All and both can occur after the verb be when it’s the only verb in a sentence.
12 The boys were all happy. (=All the boys were happy.)
The players are both tired. (=Both [the] players are tired.)
All and both can occur after an auxiliary verb, or after the first auxiliary verb if
there is more than one.
They are all going to disappear. (=All of them are going to disappear.)
The girls can both speak French. (= Both of the girls/ Both girls can speak French.)
Now, let’s move on to the use of the whole/ a whole.
The whole/ a whole go with singular countable nouns.
Please be reminded that we do not use the whole with plurals/ uncountable. (We do
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NOT say: the whole books or the whole bread.)
We can say like: He ate the whole loaf. He swallowed a whole banana.
Some nouns combine only with all:
 ex: He spent all the money. She’s 90 and she’s still got all her teeth.
Some nouns combine only whole
ex: You must tell me the whole truth. I’d like to know the whole history of
world.
Some nouns combine with all or whole.
ex: I’ve waited all my life / my whole life for such a moment as this.
We also use all and whole with time references: all day, a/the whole day.
Whole is stronger than all and also combines with words like hour and century.
ex: the whole hour, the whole century (Not all the hour, all the century).
All and the whole combine with a number of (often abstract) nouns.
For example, we can use all or the whole in: all my business, my whole business, all
my life/my whole life, all the time, the whole time etc. but normally only all in: e.g.
all my hair, all the money, and normally only the whole in: e.g. the whole situation,
the whole story, the whole truth. Whole can follow a, as in a whole collection, a
whole loaf, a whole week/hour.
All combines with words like (the) day, (the) night, (the) week (the) year (the)
summer (but not with hour or century) in time references (all of the is possible, but
less common):
I waited all (the) week for him to answer.
The whole is stronger than all in time references and can also be used with hour and
century:
I waited the whole week for him to answer.
Of the is possible after the whole, but is usually absent. The whole followed by of
the functions as a noun and is more common in references not concerned with time:
e.g. the whole (of the) book the whole (of the) building.
Alright, let’s discover the use of ‘All’ with ‘everyone’/ ‘everybody' and ‘everything'
14 We rarely use all on its own to mean “everyone/everybody”.
ex: Everybody enjoyed the party. (Not “All enjoyed”)
 Ann knows everyone in her street, (not “all in her street”).
All means “everyone/everybody” when we use other words with it.
ex: All of us/We all agreed to sign the contract.
All those who were present were in favor.
All and everything go with singular verb can be used interchangeably, though all is
more formal and usually requires qualification like:
All/Everything I have belongs to you.
All, used to mean 'everything', occurs in a few fixed phrases:
Winner takes all.
All, but not everything, can be used to mean 'the only thing':
All he wants is more pay for less work.
Let’s move to ‘each’ and ‘every’.
We often use each, like both, to refer to two people or things.
ex: Peter and Mary, they need each other (We cannot use every here)
15 We can use each and every to refer to more than two.
Each suggests “one by one”, “separately”; every suggests “all together”.
ex: Each child at the party had a piece of cake. (every is also possible)
Every child in the world loves the story of Cinderella. (each is unlikely)
We must use every (Not “each”) after nearby and after not.
ex: Nearby every home in the country has television.
Not every student is capable of learning English.
We cannot use of after every and we cannot use every at the end of a sentence.
16 ex: Here something for each of you.
The admission ticket cost us £5 each.
We can use every with a few uncountable nouns.
ex: My mother gave me every encouragement when I was a child.
That is the end of the first section of part 2. Let’s continue with the second section.