CHAPTER 2

STATICS OF PARTICLE

DAM 13403 - Statics

Lecture By,
Mohd Najib bin Janon
Edited by: Suhairi bin Ismail
University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM),
STATICS OF PARTICLES
2.1 Force
2.2 Force resultants in 2D and 3D
2.3 Solution of force based on components
2.4 Position vector
2.5 Force vector directed along a line
2.6 Dot product
2.7 Equilibrium of particle in 2D and 3D

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 EQUILIBRIUM OF A PARTICLE

Lecture Objectives:
Students will be able to :
a) Draw a free body diagram (FBD), and,
b) Apply equations of equilibrium to solve a 2-D problem.

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APPLICATIONS

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2.7 Equilibrium of particle
in 2D and 3D

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 Condition for the Equilibrium of
a Particle
❑A particle is said in equilibrium if it remains at rest if originally at rest, or has a
constant velocity if originally in motion.
❑Most often, however, the term "equilibrium" or more specifically, “static
equilibrium" is used to describe an object at rest.
❑To maintain equilibrium, is necessary to satisfy Newton's First Law of motion
which requires the resultant force acting on a particle to be equal to zero.
❑This condition may be stated mathematically as,
W

**where ΣF is the vector sum of all the force acting on the particle

Fb Fc

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TYPES OF CONNECTION IN PARTICLE
EQUILIBRIUM RROBLEMS
1. SPRINGS 2. CABLES AND PULLEYS

Spring Force, Assumption:

• Weight is negligible
F = k.s • Cable cannot be stretch
F = spring constant * deformation • Support only tension/pulling force
• Force act in the direction of the cable
** spring constant, k
• Frictionless pulley, hence tension T is
** deformation, s = l – l0 constant, T1=T2

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The Free-Body Diagram
This is an example of a 2-D or
coplanar force system. If the whole
assembly is in equilibrium, then
particle A is also in equilibrium.

To determine the tensions in the

cables for a given weight of the
engine, a Free Body Diagram need
to be draw and apply the equation
of equilibrium.

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THE WHAT, WHY AND HOW OF A FREE BODY DIAGRAM
(FBD)

Free Body Diagrams are one of the most important things for
you to know how to draw and use.

What ? - It is a drawing that shows all

external forces acting on the particle.

Why ? - It helps you write the equations

of equilibrium used to solve for the
unknowns (usually forces or angles).

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Procedure for Drawing a Free-Body Diagram
1. Draw Outline Shape. Imagine the particle to be isolated or cut free from its surroundings.
2. Show all the forces that act on the particle.
Active forces: They want to move the particle.
Reactive forces: They tend to resist the motion.

3. Identify each force. Show all known magnitudes and directions. Show all
unknown magnitudes and / or directions as variables .

Since particle A is in
equilibrium, the net force
at A is zero.
So FAB + FAD + FAC = 0
or  F = 0
Note : Engine mass = 250 kg FBD at A

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 Coplanar Force Systems
❑ If a particle is subjected to a system of
coplanar forces that lie in the x-y plane as in
Figure, then each force can be resolved into
its i and j components.
❑For equilibrium, these forces must sum to
produce a zero force resultant as below.
F=0
Fx i + Fy j = 0

❑ For this vector equation to be satisfied,

the force’s x and y components must both
be equal to zero.
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
**These are two scalar equations of equilibrium (E of E). It can be used to solve for up to two unknowns.

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Example

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 EXAMPLE 1

Note : Engine mass = 250 Kg FBD at A

Write the scalar E of E:

+ →  Fx = TB cos 30º – TD = 0
+  Fy = TB sin 30º – 2.452 kN = 0
Solving the second equation gives: TB = 4.90 kN
From the first equation, gives: TD = 4.25 kN

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 EXAMPLE 2

Given: Sack A weighs 20 N. and

geometry is as shown.
Find: Forces in the cables and weight
of sack B.

Plan:
1. Draw a FBD for Point E.
2. Apply E of E at Point E to solve for the unknowns (TEG & TEC).
3. Repeat this process at C.

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Start with point E
The scalar E of E are:
+ →  Fx = TEG sin 30º – TEC cos 45º = 0
+  Fy = TEG cos 30º – TEC sin 45º – 20 N = 0

Solving these two simultaneous equations for the

two unknowns yields:
TEC = 38.6 N
TEG = 54.6 N

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Continue with point C
The scalar E of E are:
+ →  Fx = 38.64 cos 45 – (4/5) TCD = 0
+   Fy = (3/5) TCD + 38.64 sin 45 – WB = 0

Solving the first equation and then the second yields

TCD = 34.2 N and WB = 47.8 N .

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 EXAMPLE 3

Given: The car is towed at constant speed by

the 600 N force and the angle  is
25°.
Find: The forces in the ropes AB and AC.

Plan:
1. Draw a FBD for point A.
2. Apply the E of E to solve for the forces in ropes AB and AC.

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 600 N Applying the scalar E of E at A, we get;
+ → Fx = FAC cos 30° – FAB cos 25° = 0
A + → Fy = -FAC sin 30° – FAB sin 25° + 600 = 0
25° 30°
Solving the above equations, we get;
FAB FAC FAB = 634 N
FAC = 664 N
FBD at point A

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 EXAMPLE 4

Determine the stretch in each spring for equilibrium of the block of mass M. The
springs are shown in the equilibrium position.

Given:
M = 2kg
a = 3m
b = 3m
c = 4m
kAB=30Nm
kAC = 20Nm
kAD = 40Nm
g = 9.81ms²

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Point A

1 inside 2

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21
Tutorial

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Question:

Determine the force in each cable and the force F needed to hold
the lamp of mass M in the position shown.
Hint: First analyze the equilibrium at B; then, using the result for
the force in BC, analyze the equilibrium at C.
Given:
M := 4kg
θ1 := 30°
θ2 := 60°
θ3 := 30°

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END
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