Advancesin Technology Innovation, vol.x, no.x, 20xx, pp.

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1 A Novel Page Replacement Algorithm Based on

2 Buffer and Ghost List to Reduce Page Fault

3 Shweta1,*, Pradeep Kumar Singh2

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4 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya university of Technology, Gorakhpur, India
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5 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya university of Technology, Gorakhpur, India
6 Received 15 June 20xx; received in revised form 05August 20xx; accepted 10 September 20xx
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8 Abstract

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10 Comprehensive research has been carried out in the field of buffer management, yet designing an efficient
11 replacement policy that incurs low overhead remains challenging. In our proposed approach in addition to buffer, a
12 ghost list is added to overcome the problem of a write operation. This paper presents a novel page replacement
13 technique using the concept of buffer and ghost list. The basic idea is to keep the upcoming reference in a buffer so that
14 if the victim page for replacement is selected, it should not evict the one that will be referred next. The ghost list is
15 introduced to reduce the write overhead. This algorithm surpasses the traditional algorithm. Three cases, i.e.,
16 Sequential, Random, and Looping reference pattern, are considered for simulation. Our proposed approach effectively
17 reduces the write overhead and increases the hit ratio. As Sequential Pattern is distinct in nature no replacement policy
18 performs well. For Random and Looping Reference pattern the Proposed Approach improves the page fault by 30%
19 and 80% respectively over LRU.
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21 Keywords: Buffer Ghost List Page Replacement Hit Ratio Fault Ratio, Success Rate.
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23 1. Introduction

24 The most significant aspect of Page replacement [1] is to relate how a resident page in the main memory is replaced by
25 a new page transferred from the disk since we know that the no. of page frames available is much lesser than the no. of pages
26 , so all the frames will ultimately be occupied to accommodate the new page. Therefore one of the resident page must be
27 replaced with a new one. The main difficulty comes during the eviction of the page as we have to choose the less important
28 page. When a reference which is not present in memory is made then page fault or miss occurs.In that case, the page
29 removed from the main memory is selected by page replacement so that the missing page can be induced. The page
30 replacement policy’s primary goal is page faults. Its effectiveness usually depends on the program behavior and memory
31 traffic patterns confronted. A policy should be acceptable when it matches the program locality property. The page size and
32 the number of free frames influence the approach of the policy. It takes millions of cycles to complete a page fault, and
33 because of this, a slight decrease in the miss rate will compensate for the cost of a superior replacement algorithm. The most
34 commonly used strategy is LRU [2,3,4] or some alternative scheme. The page which is replaced is the page not been used for
35 the highest time. Page replacement policies are a scorching topic for the research. This occurred in the
36 correspondences with working set algorithms and in the expansion of modern page replacement. Some Opinions presented
37 by the popular page replacement algorithms were inducted, appearing in the rejuvenation of analysis. Page replacement
38 strategy has been studied, and some formal standards are obtained
39 based on a theoretical study. The following analysis is done, and the model for
40 the page replacement algorithm is defined.
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45 trolled planetary gear trains (CCPGT) are planetary gear trains with cam pairs. Chironis [1] illustrated a CCPGT in his book,
46 as shown in Fig. 1.It is composed of a cam groove (the frame), a sun gear (the output), a planetary gear, and an arm (the
Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]
1 *

Tel.: +886-5-6315368; Fax: +886-5-6314486

2
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47 input), andits exploded view is shown in Fig. 2. In general, the arm rotates at constant speed, and drives the planetary gear to
48 revolve around the sun gear and to spin around itself simultaneously. At the same time, the planetary gear produces an
49 oscillatory motion through the contact of the attached roller and the cam groove. Therefore, the sun gear can produce a non-
50 uniform motion by engaging with the planetary gear. The main advantage is that it can produce a wide range of non-uniform
51 output motion. In addition, it has the advantages of higher reliability, lower cost, faster response, and higher power
52 transmission due to its mechanical nature. It is now at work in film drives. However, the design and analysis of the CCPGT
53 is not easy due to its complex structure. In addition, few studies on the CCPGT can be found in literature or references.
54 Hsieh [2-3] proposed the method of kinematic design and control for the CCPGT. A CCPGT can be applied to drive a
55 mechanism at a non-uniform speed. This kind of mechanism is called a variable speed input mechanism. And it was seldom
56 investigated before 1990. Hsieh [4] firstly presented a novel approach to improve the state of the motion of the follower by
57 varying the input speed using a servomotor. After that, Yan et al. [5-6] contributed to improve the output motion
58 characteristics of a mechanism by a servomotor solution. Although the method is effective, there are still some disadvantages
59 exist due to the utilization of a servo motor, for instance, higher cost, a specially designed servomotor required, slow
60 response, and limited output power. A new way to drive the variable speed input mechanism is an open topic to be
61 investigated.

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63 Fig. 1 CCPGT [1]

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65 Fig. 2Exploded view of a CCPGT

66 The purpose of this paper is to perform the innovation design of cam-controlled planetary gear trains with one degree of
67 freedom. The atlas of new designs with 4 and 5 links will be generated. The feasibility of new designs will be illustrated with
68 an example, and verified by kinematic simulation.
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69 2. Creative Mechanism Design Methodology

70 The structural synthesis of CCPGTs will be performed based on the creative design methodology process [7-8]. Fig . 3
71 shows the flow chart for the approach. The process consists of six steps:

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73 Fig. 3Creative design methodology

74 2.1. Existing designs (or original designs)

75 To search existing design models or study an available new design model with required specifications and to establish
76 the topological structure of these models are the first step of the methodology. The goal of this step is to select some of these
77 models for researching their equivalent mechanism skeleton and kinematic chain for developing the new designs.

78 2.2. Generalization

79 The above original designs are transformed individually into their corresponding generalized chains (kinematic chains).
80 The generalized chain will be involved in various types of members (edges) and joints (vertices, or said kinematic pairs) for
81 all possible assembly in the following steps.

82 2.3. Number synthesis

83 The atlas of generalized chains and kinematic chains, respectively, with the required numbers of links and joints, are
84 synthesized for obtaining all possible generalized chains that have the same number of links (N) and joints (J) as the original
85 generalized chain.

86 2.4. Specialization

87 Specialization is to assign specific types of members and joints to every available generalized chain subject to certain
88 design requirements to obtain the specialized chains. Among, design requirements are determined based on the concluded
89 topological structure of the original designs.

90 2.5. Particularization

91 Particularization is the reverse process of generalization. Once a feasible specialized chain is obtained, it is
92 particularized into its corresponding mechanical device in a skeleton drawing.
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93 2.6. Atlas of new designs

94 Every feasible specialized chain is particularized into its corresponding mechanical device in a skeleton drawing.
95 Therefore, the last step is to identify all non-existing designs from the atlas of designs as the new designs.

96 3. Existing Mechanism

4 2

1 1

97
98 (a) Structure sketch
99 Fig. 4The existing design

100
101 (b) Generalization chain
102 Fig. 4The existing design (continued)
103 The CCPGT in Chironis’s book [1], shown in Fig. 1, is selected as the existing Mechanism for structural synthesis. Fig.
104 4(a) shows its structural sketch. Fig. 4(b) is the corresponding kinematic chain. It consists of 4 links and 5 joints, denoted as
105 (4, 5) chain, including 3 revolute pairs, 1 cam pair, and 1 gear pair. The design requirements and design constraints are
106 summarized based on the characteristics of the mechanism.

107 3.1.Design requirements

108 (1) It has one degree of freedom, therefore one input.

109 (2) It is a planar mechanism with four links or more.

110 (3) It has at least one cam pair to generate a non-uniform output speed.

111 (4) It has at least one gear pair to change the uniform output speed.
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112 (5) It has a ground link to support or constrain other links.

113 (6) It has one output link.

114 3.2.Designconstraints

115 (1) The number of links must be 4 or 5 links.

116 (2) The frame must be a link with three joints or more in order to have a firm support.

117 (3) At least one cam pair must be incident to the frame.

118 (4) The input link must be adjacent to the frame with a revolute joint.

119 (5) The input link, the output link, and the frame, must be assigned on different links.

120 (6) The input link must be assigned to the arm in order to drive the planetary gear to move around the sun gear.

121 (7) The arm must be adjacent to a planetary gear with a revolute joint to produce a uniform output rotation.

122 (8) The output link must be adjacent to the frame with a revolute joint to produce a rotational output motion.

123 (9) The input link and the output link must be in different loops.

124 (10) Apart from the input and the output link, all the other links must be a link with 3 or more joints.

125 4. Generalization and Number Synthesis

126 Based on the theory of generalization theory [7-8], the generalized kinematic chain of the existing design, shown in Fig.
127 4(b), is transformed from Fig. 4(a). According to design requirements (1)-(2) and constraint (1), hence the new designs are
128 planar mechanisms of one degree of freedom and with 4 or 5 links. The equation of the degree of freedoms can be obtained
129 by

F=3(N-1)-2J1-J2 (1)

130 where F is the degree of freedoms, J1 is the number of joints with i degree of freedom. The link assortments can be found by

J=J1-2J2 (2)

131 When F and N are specified, then their corresponding kinematic chains are found and denoted as (4, 5) and (5, 7) chains,
132 respectively, based on the theory of number synthesis. Since a graph is more concise to represent the topology structure and
133 easier to distinguish isomorphs than a kinematic chain, it is adopted here for synthesis. Furthermore, Fig. 5 shows the
134 corresponding graphs of (4, 5) and (5, 7) chains generated by Hsu [9], therefore it is not necessary to generate their atlas of
135 generalized graphs by number synthesis. In addition, the number of graphs for the atlases of (4, 5) and (5, 7) generalized
136 graphs are 3 and 13, as shown in Fig. 5(a) and (b), respectively.

(4-1) (4-2) (4-3)

137 (a) (4, 5) graph
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(5-1) (5-2) (5-3) (5-4) (5-5)

(5-6) (5-7) (5-8) (5-9) (5-10)

(5-11) (5-12) (5-13)

138 (b) (5, 7) graph
139 Fig. 5Atlas of graphs of geared kinematic chains

140 5. Specialization

141 The objective of specialization is to obtain the whole atlas of specialization chains (graphs) by assigning various types
142 of members and joints to each available generalized chain (graphs) subject to the design requirements and design constraints
143 specified above.

144 According to these design requirements, the specialized joints and members include cam pairs, gear pairs, the frame, the
145 input, and the output. Their symbols and representations are listed in Table 1. The whole processproceeds according to the
146 follows:

147 Table 1Graph representations

148

149 5.1.Assigning cam pairs and gear pairs

150 As indicated in design requirements (3) and (4), there must be one or more cam pairs, and the same for gear pairs. By
151 assigning them to Fig. 5, 3 and 58 specialized graphs for (4, 5) and (5, 7) graphs are obtained, respectively, shown in Fig.
152 6(a) and 7(b).

153

(4-1-1) (4-2-1) (4-3-1)

154 (a) (4, 5) graph

(5-1-1) (5-1-2) (5-1-3) (5-1-4) (5-2-1) (5-2-2)

(5-2-3) (5-2-4) (5-2-5) (5-2-6) (5-3-1) (5-3-2)

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(5-3-3) (5-3-4) (5-4-1) (5-4-2) (5-5-1) (5-5-2)

(5-5-3) (5-5-4) (5-6-1) (5-6-2) (5-6-3) (5-6-4)

(5-7-1) (5-7-2) (5-7-3) (5-7-4) (5-7-5) (5-7-6)

(5-8-1) (5-8-2) (5-8-3) (5-8-4) (5-9-1) (5-9-2)

(5-9-3) (5-9-4) (5-10-1) (5-10-2) (5-10-3) (5-10-4)

(5-10-5) (5-10-6) (5-11-1) (5-11-2) (5-11-3) (5-11-4)

(5-11-5) (5-11-6) (5-12-1) (5-12-2) (5-12-3) (5-12-4)

(5-12-5) (5-12-6) (5-13-1) (5-13-2)

155 (b) (5, 7) graph
156 Fig. 6Atlas of specialized graphs –assigning cam pairs & gear pairs

157 5.2.Assigning the frame(member f)

158 Since there must be a frame as indicated in design requirement (5), and the frame must be a link with three joints or
159 more, and incident to a cam pair, as stated in design constrains (2) and (3), respectively. By specifying the frame to Figs. 7(a)
160 and 7(b), 1 and 75 specialized graphs for (4, 5) and (5, 7) graphs that meet the above requirement and constraints, are
161 obtained and shown in Fig. 8(a) and Fig.8(b), respectively.

162

(4-3-1-1)
163 (a) (4, 5) graph

(5-2-1-1) (5-2-2-1) (5-2-4-1) (5-2-5-1) (5-2-6-1) (5-3-1-1)

(5-3-2-1) (5-3-2-2) (5-3-3-1) (5-3-4-1) (5-3-4-2) (5-3-4-3)

(5-5-1-1) (5-5-2-1) (5-5-3-1) (5-5-4-1) (5-5-4-2) (5-6-2-1)

(5-7-1-1) (5-7-2-1) (5-7-3-1) (5-7-4-1)

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(5-6-3-1) (5-6-4-1)

(5-7-4-2) (5-7-5-1) (5-7-5-2) (5-7-6-1) (5-8-1-1) (5-8-3-1)

(5-8-4-1) (5-8-4-2) (5-9-1-1) (5-9-1-2) (5-9-2-1) (5-9-3-1)

(5-9-3-2) (5-9-4-1) (5-9-4-2) (5-9-4-3) (5-10-1-1) (5-10-2-1)

(5-10-3-1) (5-10-4-1) (5-10-4-2) (5-10-5-1) (5-10-5-2) (5-10-6-1)

(5-11-1-1) (5-11-2-1) (5-11-3-1) (5-11-4-1) (5-11-4-2) (5-11-5-1)

(5-11-5-2) (5-11-6-1) (5-11-6-2) (5-12-1-1) (5-12-1-2) (5-12-2-1)

(5-12-2-2) (5-12-3-1) (5-12-3-2) (5-12-4-1) (5-12-4-2) (5-12-4-3)

(5-12-5-1) (5-12-5-2) (5-12-5-3) (5-12-5-4) (5-12-6-1) (5-12-6-2)

(5-12-6-3) (5-13-1-1) (5-13-2-1)

164 (b) (5, 7) graph
165 Fig. 7Atlas of specialized graphs –assigning the frame

166 5.3.Assigning input link(member i)

167 According to design requirement (1) and constraints (4)-(5), respectively, there must be an input link, it must be
168 adjacent to the ground link with a revolute pair, and it must be a different link with the ground link. Moreover, from design
169 constraints (6)-(7), the arm must be the input link, and incident to a planetary gear with a revolute pair. 1 and 26 specialized
170 graphs for (4, 5) graphs and (5, 7) graphs, as shown in Fig. 8(a) and Fig. 9(b), are obtained by assigning the input link to Fig.
171 8(a) and Fig. 8(b), respectively.

172

(4-3-1-1-1)
173 (a) (4, 5) graph

(5-6-2-1-1) (5-6-4-1-1) (5-7-1-1-1) (5-7-2-1-1) (5-7-5-1-1) (5-7-6-1-1)

(5-8-1-1-1) (5-8-3-1-1) (5-8-4-1-1) (5-9-1-2-1) (5-9-4-1-1) (5-10-1-1-1)

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(5-10-2-1-1) (5-10-5-1-1) (5-10-6-1-1) (5-11-1-1-1) (5-12-2-1-1) (5-11-5-1-1)

(5-11-6-1-1) (5-12-1-1-1) (5-12-2-1-1) (5-12-4-1-1) (5-12-5-2-1) (5-12-5-6-1)

(5-13-1-1-1) (5-13-2-1-1)
174 (b) (5, 7) graph
175 Fig. 8Atlas of specialized graphs – assigning the input

176 5.4.Assigning Output link(member o)

177 Based on design requirement (5), there must be an output link. Furthermore, the input link, output link, as well as
178 ground link, must be assigned on different link, the output link must not be adjacent to the ground link with a revolute joint,
179 the input link and the output link must be in different loops, according to design constraints (7)-(9), respectively. In addition,
180 according to design constraint (10), all the other links, except the input and the output links, must be a link with three joints
181 or more. 1 and 3 specialized graphs for (4, 5) and (5, 7) graphs, as shown in Figs. 10(a) and 10(b) are generated by assigning
182 the output link to Figs. 9(a) and 9(b), respectively.

(4-3-1-1-1-1)
183 (a) (4, 5) graph

(5-6-2-1-1-1) (5-13-1-1-1-1) (5-13-2-1-1-1)

184 (b) (5, 7) graph
185 Fig. 9Atlas of specialized graphs – assigning the frame

186 6. Particularization

187 The next step of the creative design methodology is to particularize each feasible specialized graph, by applying the
188 generalizing rules backwards to obtain the corresponding schematic diagram of the CCPGT. Moreover, the atlas of
189 corresponding mechanisms shown in Figs. 11(a) and (b)-(d) is generated from the feasible specialized graph, shown in Figs.
190 10(a) and 10(b). The input link and the output link are denoted as link 2 and link 4 in Figs. 11(a), but link 2 and link 5 for
191 Figs. 11(b)-(d).

192 7. Atlas of New Designs

193 The atlas of new designs can be obtained by subtracting the existing mechanism from the feasible schematic diagram.
194 The design configuration shown Fig. 10(a) is the same as the existing design in Fig. 4. Therefore, only 3 new designs are
195 synthesized from (5, 7) graph, but none for (4, 5) graph.
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197 (a) (4-3-1-1-1-1)

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199 (b) (5-6-2-1-1-1)

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201 (c) (5-13-1-1-1-1)

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203 (d) (5-13-4-1-1-1)
204 Fig. 10 New designs

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206 Fig. 11 Solid model
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208 Fig. 12 Kinematic simulation
209

100.00
O rig inal
N ew
90.00
A n g u la r V e lo c ity (d e g /s e c )

80.00

70.00

60.00

50.00

40.00

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00

210 Tim e(sec)
211 Fig. 13 Comparison

212 8. Design Example

213 After the atlas of new designs is obtained, a detailed design can be carried out by selecting one from the atlas. Here, Fig.
214 10(b) is selected as a design example, and its solid model is drawn and shown in Fig. 11. Compared to the exist design, the
215 design example has an additional compound gear, therefore much larger speed reduction cam be obtained. Moreover, the
216 numbers of teeth of the sun gear and the planetary gear are set as 30 and 15, respectively, for both the existing design and the
217 design example. The numbers of teeth of gears meshing with the sun gear and the planetary gear is 70 and 10, respectively.
218 And the cam profiles of both designs are identical. After that both designs are introduced into ADAMS software for
219 kinematic simulation. Fig. 12 shows the angular velocity (solid line) and the acceleration (dashed line) of the design
220 example. Fig. 13 shows their comparison. It is found that the maximum angular velocity can be increased about 125%,
221 compared to the existing design.

222 9. Conclusions

223 In this paper, the new designs of CCPGT have been generated in a systematic methodology. Firstly, the design
224 requirements and design constraints are summarized based on the characteristics of the existing CCPGT. Then, the atlas of
225 new designs are obtained through the process of the creative mechanism design approach, and 3 new designs synthesized
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226 from (5, 7) graph have been obtained. Finally, the feasibility of the new designs is verified by conducting kinematic
227 simulation. The result has shown that the new designs can produce a more wide range of non-uniform output motion than the
228 existing design, and are better alternatives for driving a variable speed input mechanism.

229 Conflicts of Interest

230 Authors must identify and declare any personal circumstances or interest that may be perceived as inappropriately
231 influencing the representation or interpretation of reported research results. If there is no conflict of interest, please state
232 "The authors declare no conflict of interest."

233 References
234
235 [1] N. P. Chironis and N. Sclater, Mechanisms &Mechanical Devices Sourcebook, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.
236 [2] W. H. Hsieh, “An Experimental Study on Cam-Controlled Planetary Gear Trains,” Mechanism and Machine Theory,
237 vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 513-525, May 2007.
238 [3] W. H. Hsieh and I. C. Lee, “Modelling and Control of Cam-Controlled Planetary Gear Trains,” International Journal of
239 Modelling, Identification and Control, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 272-279, April 2011.
240 [4] W. H. Hsieh, Improving the State of Motion of Followers by Controlling Cam Speed, Master Thesis, Graduate School
241 of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1991. (In Chinese)
242 [5] H. S. Yan and W.R. Chen, “On the Output Motion Characteristics of Variable Input Speed Servo-Controlled Slider-
243 Crank Mechanisms,” Mechanism and Machine Theory, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 541-561, 2000.
244 [6] H. S. Yan, M. C. Tsai, and M. H. Hsu, “An Experimental Study of the Effects of Cam Speeds on Cam-Follower
245 Systems,” Mechanism and Machine Theory, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 397-412, 1996.
246 [7] H. S. Yan, Creative Design of Mechanical Devices. Singapore; New York: Springer, 1998.
247 [8] H. S. Yan, “A Methodology for Creative Mechanism Design,” Mechanism and Machine Theory, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 235-
248 242, May 1992.
249 [9] C. H. Hsu, “A Graph Representation for the Structural Synthesis of Geared Kinematic Chains,” Journal of the Franklin
250 Institute, vol. 330, no. 1, pp. 131-143, January 1992.
251
252 Copyright© by the authors. Licensee TAETI, Taiwan. This article is an open access
253 article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
254 (CC BY-NC) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).