American Division

4.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs

In this section you will learn to:
• evaluate exponential functions
• graph exponential functions
• use transformations to graph exponential functions
• use compound interest formulas

An exponential function f with base b is defined by

f ( x) = b x or y = b x , where b > 0, b ≠ 1, and x is any real number.

Note: Any transformation of y = b x is also an exponential function.

Example 1: Determine which functions are exponential functions. For those that are not, explain why
they are not exponential functions.

(a) f ( x) = 2 x + 7 Yes No __________________________________________________

(b) g ( x) = x 2 Yes No __________________________________________________

(c) h( x) = 1x Yes No ___________________________________________________

(d) f ( x) = x x Yes No ___________________________________________________

(e) h( x) = 3 ⋅ 10 − x Yes No __________________________________________________

(f) f ( x) = −3 x +1 + 5 Yes No __________________________________________________

(g) g ( x) = (−3) x +1 + 5 Yes No __________________________________________________

(h) h( x) = 2 x − 1 Yes No __________________________________________________

Example 2: Graph each of the following and find the 6

5
domain and range for each function. 4

(a) f ( x) = 2 x domain: __________ 2

1
x

range: __________ −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

−2
x
1 −3
(b) g ( x) =   domain: __________ −4
2 −5

−6

range: __________ −7

−8

Page 1 (Section 4.1)

 x
Characteristics of Exponential Functions f ( x ) = b
b>1 0<b<1

Domain:
Range:

Transformations of g(x) = bx (c > 0): (Order of transformations is H S R V.)

Horizontal: g ( x) = b x + c (graph moves c units left)

g ( x) = b x −c (graph moves c units right)

Stretch/Shrink: g ( x) = cb x (graph stretches if c > 1)

(Vertical) (graph shrinks if 0 < c < 1)

Stretch/Shrink: g ( x) = b cx (graph shrinks if c > 1)

(Horizontal) (graph stretches if 0 < c < 1)

Reflection: g ( x) = −b x (graph reflects over the x-axis)

g ( x) = b − x (graph reflects over the y-axis)

Vertical: g ( x) = b x + c (graph moves up c units)

g ( x) = b x − c (graph moves down c units)

Page 2 (Section 4.1)

 y

Example 3: Use f ( x) = 2 x to obtain the graph g ( x) = −2 x + 3 − 1 . 7

6

5
Domain of g: ____________ 4

3
2

Range of g: _____________ 1
x

−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−1

−2
Equation of any asymptote(s) of g: ______________ −3

−4
−5

−6
−7

−8

f ( x) = e x is called the natural exponential function,

where the irrational number e (approximately 2.718282) is called the natural base.
n
 1
(The number e is defined as the value that 1 +  approaches as n gets larger and larger.)
 n

Example 4: Graph f ( x) = e x , g ( x) = e x −3 , and h( x) = −e x

on the same set of axes.
y

7
6

5
4

1
x

−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−1

−2
−3

−4
−5

−6
−7

−8

Page 3 (Section 4.1)

 Periodic Interest Formula Continuous Interest Formula
nt
 r
A = P 1 + 
 n A = Pe rt

A = balance in the account (Amount after t years)

P = principal (beginning amount in the account)

r = annual interest rate (as a decimal)

n = number of times interest is compounded per year

t = time (in years)

Example 5: Find the accumulated value of a $5000 investment which is invested for 8 years at an
interest rate of 12% compounded:

(a) annually

(b) semi-annually

(c) quarterly

(d) monthly

(e) continuously

Page 4 (Section 4.1)

4.1 Homework Problems
1. Use a calculator to find each value to four decimal places.

(a) 5 3
(b) 7 π (c) 2 −5.3 (d) e 2 (e) e −2 (f) − e 0.25 (g) π −1

2. Simplify each expression without using a calculator. (Recall: b n ⋅ b m = b n + m and b m ( ) n

= b mn )
1 1
(a) 6 2 6 2
(b) 3 ( ) 2
2
(c) b ( )2
8
(d) 5( ) 3
3
(e) 4 2 4 2 (f) b 12
b 3

For Problems 3 – 14, graph each exponential function. State the domain and range for each along with
the equation of any asymptotes. Check your graph using a graphing calculator.
x
x x −x 1
3. f ( x) = 3 4. f ( x) = −(3 ) 5. f ( x) = 3 6. f ( x) =  
 3
7. f ( x) = 2 x − 3 8. f ( x) = 2 x −3 9. f ( x) = 2 x + 5 − 5 10. f ( x) = −2 − x
x −3
x +3 1
11. f ( x) = −2 +1 12. f ( x) =   −4 13. f ( x) = e − x + 2 14. f ( x) = −e x + 2
2
15. $10,000 is invested for 5 years at an interest rate of 5.5%. Find the accumulated value if the money is
(a) compounded semiannually; (b) compounded quarterly; (c) compounded monthly; (d) compounded
continuously.

16. Sam won $150,000 in the Michigan lottery and decides to invest the money for retirement in 20
years. Find the accumulated value for Sam’s retirement for each of his options:
(a) a certificate of deposit paying 5.4% compounded yearly
(b) a money market certificate paying 5.35% compounded semiannually
(c) a bank account paying 5.25% compounded quarterly
(d) a bond issue paying 5.2% compounded daily
(e) a saving account paying 5.19% compounded continuously

4.1 Homework Answers: 1. (a) 16.2425; (b) 451.8079; (c) .0254; (d) 7.3891; (e) .1353; (f) -1.2840;
2
(g) .3183 2. (a) 36 ; (b) 9; (c) b 4 ; (d) 125; (e) 4; (f) b 3 3
3. Domain: (−∞, ∞) ; Range: (0, ∞) ;
y=0 4. Domain: (−∞, ∞) ; Range: (−∞, 0) ; y = 0 5. Domain: (−∞, ∞) ; Range: (0, ∞) ; y = 0
6. Domain: (−∞, ∞) ; Range: (0, ∞) ; y = 0 7. Domain: (−∞, ∞) ; Range: (−3, ∞) ; y = −3
8. Domain: (−∞, ∞) ; Range: (0, ∞) ; y = 0 9. Domain: (−∞, ∞) ; Range: (−5, ∞) ; y = −5
10. Domain: (−∞, ∞) ; Range: (−∞, 0) ; y = 0 11. Domain: (−∞, ∞) ; Range: (−∞, 1) ; y = 1
12. Domain: (−∞, ∞) ; Range: (−4, ∞) ; y = −4 13. Domain: (−∞, ∞) ; Range: (2, ∞) ; y = 2
14. Domain: (−∞, ∞) ; Range: (−∞, 0) ; y = 0 15. (a) $13,116.51; (b) $13,140.67; (c) $13,157.04;
(d) $13,165.31 16. (a) $429,440.97; (b) $431,200.96; (c) $425,729.59; (d) $424,351.12;
(e) $423,534.64
Page 5 (Section 4.1)
4.3 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs
In this section you will learn to:
• change logarithmic form ↔ exponential form
• evaluate natural and common logarithms
• use basic logarithmic properties
• graph logarithmic functions
• use transformations to graph logarithmic functions

The logarithmic function with base b is the function f ( x) = log b x . For x > 0 and b > 0, b ≠ 1,

y = log b x is equivalent to by = x.

Example 1: Complete the table below:

Logarithmic Form Exponential Form Answer

log10 100 = x

3 = log 7 x

2 = log b 25

log 2 8 = a

log10 10

log e e = x

log 27 3

1
6x =
36
0
b =1

23 = x

e1 = x

b 2 = 36

Page 1 (Section 4.3)

Example 2: Evaluate each of the following logarithms “mentally” without using a calculator:

log10 100 = ________ log10 1000 = ______ log 5 125 = __________ log 5 25 = __________

 1 
log 5 5 = __________ log 5 1 = __________ log 5   = __________ log10 .01 = __________
 25 

log 25 5 = __________ log 8 2 = __________ log 4 2 = __________ log 2 2 −5 = __________

log 7 7 = __________ log 3 3 = __________ log 7 1 = __________ log 3 1 = __________

log b b = 1 because
Basic Logarithmic
Properties Involving One
log b 1 = 0 because

log b b x = x because
Inverse Properties

b log b x = x because

Example 3: Evaluate each of the following without a calculator.

log 10 10 5 = __________ log e e 4 = __________ 10 log10 9 = __________

1
e log e 3 = __________ 5 log5 n = __________ log 2 = __________
2n

3
5 log 5 2 x = __________ log 2 2 x + 2 = __________ 10 log x
= __________

Page 2 (Section 4.3)

 f ( x ) = b x and f −1
( x) = log b x are inverse functions
of each other.
x −1
If f ( x) = 2 , then f = _________

−1
If f ( x) = 10 x , then f = _________

−1
If f ( x) = e x , then f = _________

x
Example 4: Graph f ( x) = 2 and g ( x) = log 2 x .
y

7
6

5
4

1
x

−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−1

−2
−3

−4
−5

−6
−7

−8

Characteristics of Inverse Functions:

x
y=b y = logbx

Domain: Range: Domain: Range:

Page 3 (Section 4.3)

Example 5: Use f ( x) = log 2 x to obtain the graph g ( x) = log 2 ( x + 3) + 4 . Also find the domain, range,
and the equation of any asymptotes of g .
y

Domain: ________________ 7
6

Range: _________________ 5
4
Asymptote(s): _____________ 3

1
x

−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−1

−2
−3

−4
−5

−6
−7

−8

Example 6: Use f ( x) = log 3 x to obtain the graph g ( x) = log 3 (4 − x) . Also find the domain, range, and the
equation of any asymptotes.
y
9

8
Domain: ________________ 7

Range: _________________ 5

Asymptote(s): _____________ 3

1
x

−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
−1

−2

−3

−4

−5

−6

−7

−8

−9

−10

Page 4 (Section 4.3)

 Common Logs

Natural Logs

Logarithmic Properties
General Logarithm (base = b) Common Logarithm (base = 10) Natural Logarithm (base = e)

Example 7: Evaluate each of the following without a calculator:

2
log 10 4.2 = __________ 10 log a = __________ ln e 3 = __________ e ln( x + 2) = __________

log 3 (log 2 8) = __________ log 3 (log 3 (log 2 8) ) = __________ ln(log10) = __________

Example 8: Solve each of the equations by changing to exponential form.

log 3 ( x − 5) = 2 log 5 x 2 = 2 log 2 ( x 2 − 2 x) = 3

Page 5 (Section 4.3)

Example 9: Let f ( x) = 2 x + 5 − 16

(a) Find the domain and range of f.

(b) Find the equation of the asymptote for the graph of f.

(c) Evaluate f (−3) .

(d) Find the x and y-intercepts of f.

(e) Find an equation for the inverse of f.

(f) Find the domain and range of the inverse.

Example 10: Let f ( x) = log 3 ( x + 9) − 4

(a) Find the domain and range of f.

(b) Find the equation of the asymptote for the graph of f.

(c) Evaluate f (18) .

(d) Find the x and y-intercepts of f.

(e) Find an equation for the inverse of f.

(f) Find the domain and range of the inverse.

Page 6 (Section 4.3)

4.3 Homework Problems
Write each equation in logarithmic form.
−3
3 −2 1 n 1
1. 5 = 125 2. 3 = 3. 49 = 7 4. m = p 5.   = 27
9 3
Write each equation in exponential form.

1
6. log 4 64 = 3 7. log10 1000 = 3 8. log π π = 1 9. log 5 1 = 0 10. log 2 = −3
8

Find each value of x without using a calculator.

1
11. log 8 64 = x 12. log 64 8 = x 13. log 2 8 = x 14. log 8 2 = x 15. log 1 =x
2
8

16. log 1 8 = x 17. log 9 x = 2 18. log 5 x = 1 19. log x 7 = 1 20. log 8 x = 0
2

1
21. 3 log 3 5 = x 22. π logπ x = 7 23. log 3 3 = x 24. log 9 =x 25. x log8 2 = 2
9

26. ln e 2 = x 27. ln x = 1 28. ln x = 0 29. ln( x − 2) = 0 30. ln x = −1

31. Graph f ( x) = 2 x + 1 and g ( x) = log 2 ( x − 1) on the same graph. Find the domain and range of each and
then determine whether f and g are inverse functions.

For problems 32 - 35, use the graph of f ( x) = log 3 x and transformations of f to find the domain, range, and
asymptotes of g.
1
32. g ( x) = log 3 ( x + 3) 33. g ( x) = 3 + log 3 x 34. g ( x) = − log 3 (− x) 35. g ( x) = − log 3 ( x − 5)
2

For problems 36 - 39, use the graph of f ( x) = ln x and transformations of f to find the domain, range, and
asymptotes of g.

36. g ( x) = 3 ln x 37. g ( x) = ln 3 x 38. g ( x) = 5 + ln( x + 2) 39. g ( x) = ln(5 − x)

Use a calculator to find each value to four decimal places.
40. log10 17 41. log 3.5 42. log e 5 43. ln 63 44. (log 2)(ln 2)
Evaluate or simplify each expression without using a calculator.
1
45. log 1000 46. log 47. log 10 48. 10 log 7 49. log 1
1000
1
50. ln 1 51. ln e 52. ln e 7 53. ln 54. ln e x
e7
55. log 3 (log 2 8) 56. log 3 (log 3 (log 3 27)) 57. ln(log 4 (log 2 16)) 58. log(ln e)

Page 7 (Section 4.3)

Solve each of the logarithmic equations by first changing the equation into exponential form.
59. log 5 ( x − 5) = 3 60. log 3 2 x = 2 61. log 2 ( x + 1) = −2 62. log 4 ( x 2 − 3 x) = 1
−1
Find the inverse function, f ( x) , for each function.
1
63. f ( x) = ln x 64. f ( x) = log( x − 3) 65. f ( x) = e 4 x 66. f ( x) = 5 x + 3
3
For each of the functions below, find (a) the domain and range, (b) the equation of the asymptote of the graph,
(c) the x- and y-intercepts, (d) the equation for the inverse function, and (e) the domain and range of the
inverse function.

67. f ( x) = 2 x + 3 − 4 68. f ( x) = log 3 ( x + 9) − 4

1 1
4.3 Homework Answers: 1. log 5 125 = 3 2. log 3   = −2 3. log 49 7 = 4. log m p = n
9 2
1 1
5. log 1 27 = −3 6. 4 3 = 64 7. 10 3 = 1000 8. π 1 = π 9. 5 0 = 1 10. 2 − 3 = 11. 2 12.
3
8 2
1 1
13. 3 14. 15. 3 16. -3 17. 81 18. 5 19. 7 20. 1 21. 5 22. 7 23. 24. -1 25. 8
3 2
y

1 4
26. x = 2 27. x = e 28. x = 1 29. x = 3 30. x = y=f(x)
e 3

31. Domain of f: (−∞, ∞); Range of f: (1, ∞ ) ; Domain of g: (1, ∞ ) ; 1

x

−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
Range of g: (−∞, ∞); f and g are inverse functions −2

−3
32. Domain: (−3, ∞ ) ; Range: (−∞, ∞) ; Asymptote: x = −3 −4
y=g(x)
−5

33. Domain: (0, ∞) ; Range: (−∞, ∞) ; Asymptote: x = 0

34. Domain: (−∞,0) ; Range: (−∞, ∞) ; Asymptote: x = 0 35. Domain: (5, ∞ ) ; Range: (−∞, ∞) ;
Asymptote: x = 5 36. Domain: (0, ∞) ; Range: (−∞, ∞) ; Asymptote: x = 0 37. Domain: (0, ∞) ;
Range: (−∞, ∞) ; Asymptote: x = 0 38. Domain: (−2, ∞ ) ; Range: (−∞, ∞) ; Asymptote: x = −2
39. Domain: (−∞,5) ; Range: (−∞, ∞) ; Asymptote: x = 5 40. 1.2304 41. .5441 42. 1.6094
43. 4.1431 44. .2087 45. 3 46. -3 47. ½ 48. 7 49. 0 50. 0 51. 1 52. 7 53. -7
−1
54. x 55. 1 56. 0 57. 0 58. 0 59. {130} 60. {9/2} 61. {-¾} 62. {-1, 4} 63. f ( x) = e 3 x
1
64. f −1
( x) = 10 x + 3 ln x 66. f −1 ( x) = log 5 x − 3 67. (a) Domain: (−∞, ∞);
65. f −1 ( x) =
4
Range: (−4, ∞ ) ; (b) y = −4; (c) x-int: -1; y-int: 4; (d) f −1 ( x) = log 2 ( x + 4) − 3 ; (e) Domain: (−4, ∞ );
Range: (−∞, ∞) 68. (a) Domain: (−9, ∞ ); Range: (−∞, ∞) ; (b) x = −9; (c) x-int: 72; y-int: -2;
−1
(d) f ( x) = 3 x + 4 − 9 ; (e) Domain: (−∞, ∞); Range: (−9, ∞ )

Page 8 (Section 4.3)

4.5 Properties of Logarithms
In this section you will learn to:
• use the product, quotient, and power rules
• expand and condense logarithmic expressions
• use the change-of-base property

1
b −n =
bn
b0 = 1 b n ⋅ b m = b n+m (b )
m n
= b mn

Properties of Exponents
n
bm a an
n
= b m −n n
(ab) = a b n n
  = n
b b b

Logarithmic Properties
Involving One log b b = 1 log b 1 = 0

Inverse Properties log b b x = x b logb x = x

Product Rule log b ( MN ) = log b M + log b N

M 
Quotient Rule log b   = log b M − log b N
N

p
Power Rule log b M = p log b M

M, N, and b are positive real numbers with b ≠ 1.

Example 1: Use the product rule to expand the logarithmic expressions. log b ( MN ) = log b M + log b N

(a) log 3x (b) log 1000x

(c) log 1000 = (d) ln ( x 2 + 2 x)

(e) ln ex (f) ln 3xy(z + 1)

Page 1 (Section 4.5)

 M 
Example 2: Use the quotient rule to expand the logarithmic expressions. log b   = log b M − log b N
N 

 x  3e   A 
(a) log  (b) ln  (c) ln 
 2 2  BC 

 25   e5   8 
(d) log 5   (e) ln  (f) log 2  
 x   3  5y 

p
Example 3: Use the power rule to expand the logarithmic expressions. log b M = p log b M

(a) log x 2 (b) log x 3 (c) ln x (d) ln 3 x (e) log 5 3 x 2

Beware of these frequently occurring log errors!!!

Example 4: Use properties of logarithms to expand each logarithmic expression as much as possible.
Simplify whenever possible.

 3a   e3 x 3 x + 2 
(
(a) log b x y ) (b) log 5  4

 (c) ln 2


 25b   3 y 

Page 2 (Section 4.5)

Example 5: Let log b 2 = A , log b 3 = B , and log b 5 = C . Write each expression below in terms of A, B, and C.

9 3
(a) log b 6 (b) log b (c) log b
10 8 5

Condensing Logarithmic Expressions

(Write as a single logarithm with a coefficient of 1.)

Product Rule Quotient Rule Power Rule

M 
log b M + log b N = log b ( MN ) log b M − log b N = log b   p log b M = log b M p
N

Example 6: Use properties of logarithms to condense each logarithmic expression as much as possible.
Write the expression as a single logarithm with a coefficient of 1. Simplify whenever possible.

(a) log 4 + log 25 (b) log 4 2 + log 4 8

(c) ln 3 + ln x − ln 5 (d) 3 log x − log( x + 2)

1
(e) 2 ln x + ln( x + 1) (f) 6 ln x + ln y − 2 ln x − ln 2
2

Page 3 (Section 4.5)

 1
(g) (ln a − ln bc ) + 5 ln(d + e) (h) 2 log x − log( x 2 − 25) + log 10 + log( x − 5)
2

log a M log M ln M
Change of Base Property: log b M = = =
log a b log b ln b

Example 7: Evaluate each of the following using your calculator. Round to 4 decimal places:

(a) log 2 8 = ________ (b) log 5 13 = ________ (c) log13 5 = ________ (d) log π 100 = ________

Example 8: Write each of the following as a single term that does not contain any logarithm:

1
ln 10 x 5 − ln 2 x log 3 x − 4 log 3 x
3 log xy + 2 log y − log x
(a) e (b) 3 2
(c) 10

Page 4 (Section 4.5)

4.5 Homework Problems
Determine whether each statement is true or false.
1
1. log b ab = log b a + 1 2. log b = − log b a 3. log b 0 = 1
a
1
4. log b 2 = log 2 b 5. log b 2 = 6. log b ( x + y ) = log b x + log b y
log 2 b

ln x
7. ln x + ln 2 x = ln 3 x 8. ln x = 9. ln(8 x 3 ) = 3 ln(2 x)
2
log A
10. x log 10 x = x 2 11. = log A − log B 12. ln(5 x) + ln 1 = ln(5 x)
log B
Use properties of logarithms to expand each expression. Simplify whenever possible.
100 x e3
13. log 9 x 14. log 15. log 2 16. ln
x 16 5

x y x2
17. log b bx 5 18. log xy −5 19. log 4 20. log
16 yz 3

ab 5 e2 3
x
21. ln ex 22. log b 23. ln 24. log 6
c2d b e 36 y 4

Let log b 2 = A, log b 3 = B , and log b 5 = C . Write each logarithmic expression in terms of A, B, and C.

5 5 27
25. log b 10 26. log b 27. log b 28. log b
4 6 20
Use properties of logarithms to condense each logarithmic expression as much as possible. Write the
expression as a single logarithm with a coefficient of 1. Simplify whenever possible.

29. log 3 3 + log 3 9 30. log 8 + log 125 31. log 2 96 − log 2 3 32. ln 4 + 2 ln x − ln 9

1
33. ln e − ln 1 + 3 ln x 34. − 2 log x + log xy 35. 5 log x − log y 36. ln( x 2 − 1) − ln( x + 1)
3
Evaluate each of the following using your calculator. Round answers to four decimal places.
37. log 2 3 38. log 3 2 39. log 5 π 40. log π 5 41. log 1 2 42. log .2.5 2
3

Write each of the following as a single term without logarithms.

1
log 3 y −log 3 x
ln 6 x 3 − 2 ln 3 x 2 6 log xy + log y −3 log x
43. e ln x + ln y
44. 10 2 log x − 3 log x
45. e 46. 3 47. 10

4.5 Homework Answers: 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True 6. False 7. False 8. True
9. True 10. True 11. False 12. True 13. log 9 + log x 14. 2 − log x 15. log 2 x − 4 16. 3 − ln 5

Page 5 (Section 4.5)

 1
17. 1 + 5 log b x 18. log x − 5 log y 19. log 4 x + log 4 y − 2 20. 2 log x − log y − 3 log z
2
1 1 3 1
21. + ln x 22. log b a + 5 − 2 log b c − log b d 23. − ln b 24. log 6 x − 2 − 4 log 6 y 25. A + C
2 2 2 3
1 4x 2
26. C − 2 A 27. C − A− B 28. 3B − 2 A − C 29. 3 30. 3 31. 5 32. ln 33. 1 + ln x 3
2 9
y x5
34. log 35. log 36. ln( x − 1) 37. 1.5850 38. .6309 39. .7113 40. 1.4060 41. -.6309
x 3 y

1 2x y
42. -0.5 43. xy 44. 45. 46. 47. x 3 y 7
x 3 x

Page 6 (Section 4.5)

4.6 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations (Part I)
In this section you will learn to:
• solve exponential equations using like bases
• solve exponential equations using logarithms
• solve logarithmic equations using the definition of a logarithm
• solve logarithmic equations using 1-to-1 properties of logarithms
• apply logarithmic and exponential equations to real-world problems
• convert y = abx to an exponential equation using base e

Definition of a Logarithm y = log b x is equivalent to by = x

Inverse Properties log b b x = x b log b x = x

Log Properties Involving One log b b = 1 log b 1 = 0

Product Rule log b ( MN ) = log b M + log b N

Quotient Rule M 
log b   = log b M − log b N
N

p
Power Rule log b M = p log b M

If b M = b N then M = N .

One-to-One Properties If log b M = log b N then M = N .

If M = N then log b M = log b N .

Example 1: Solve each equation by expressing each side as a power of the same base.
x +1 x −3 2x 1 2 x e6
(a) 5 = 25 (b) 9 = 5 (c) e e = x
3 e

Page 1 (Section 4.6)

Example 2: Solve 3 x = 30 using the one-to-one property for (a) common logarithms and (b) natural
logarithms.

Example 3: Solve 5e 2 x = 60 Steps for solving exponential equations:

1.

2.

3.

4.

Example 4: Solve 10 x + 3 = 835 Example 5: Solve 5 x − 2 = 50

Page 2 (Section 4.6)

Example 6: Solve 2 x + 2 = 3 x −1

Example 7: Use factoring to solve each of the following equations. (Hint: Use substitution or short-cut
method learned in Section 1.6.)

(a) e 2 x − 2e x − 3 = 0 (b) 3 2 x − 4 ⋅ 3 x − 12 = 0

Example 8: Solve log 4 ( x + 3) = 2 Steps for solving logarithmic equations:

1.

2.

3.

Page 3 (Section 4.6)

Example 9: Solve log 2 x + log 2 ( x + 7) = 3

Example 10: Solve 3 ln 2 x = 12 Example 11: Solve log 2 ( x + 2) − log 2 ( x − 5) = 1

Example 12: log( x + 7) − log 3 = log(7 x + 1) Steps for solving equations using 1-to-1 properties:

1.

2.

3.

Example 13: 2 log x − log 7 = log 112 Example 14: ln( x − 3) = ln(7 x − 23) − ln( x + 1)

Page 4 (Section 4.6)