concepts of health and wellbeing (including physical. social, emotional, mental and jons) and illness, and the dyna spiritual dimes ic and subjective nature of these concepts optimal health and wellbein benefits and its importance as a resource individually. nationally and globally es for health ned by the WHO including peace. shelter. prerequ as detern educati food, income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice and equity health indicators used to measure and understand health status: ineidence, prevalence, d (DALY). life expectaney. health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE), mortality (including maternal, infant and morbidity, burden of sabi adjusted life yea under 5) and self-assessed health status biological, sociocultural and environmental factors that contribute to variations between population groups including: + males and females - Indigenous and non-Indigenous ~ high and low se status - those living within and outside of Australia’s m ‘ities Australia’s health status and burden of disease smoking, Icohol. high body mass index. and dietary risks (undet ‘onsumption of vegetables. ake of fi fruit and d, iron). take of fat, salt and suga eanWHAT IS VEL ng! Health: : Wellbeing: is a state of complete physical. | a complex combination of all mental and social wellbeing i dimensions of health, and not merely the absence of | characterised by an disease or infirmity" This equilibrium in which the definition has its limitations individual feels happy. because it is very difficult to healthy. capable and engaged have ‘complete’ wellbeing and so excludes many people from being considered healthy. Health and Wellbeing: refers to the overall state of a person’s physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence and is characterised by an equilibrium (state of balance/calmness) in which the individual feels happy. healthy. capable and engaged.DIMENSIONS of heallh Health and wellbeing encompasses 5 dimensions which are interrelated and influence each other Physical. social, emotional. mental. spiritual th Physical : y Social Emotional 3 Mental SpiritualPhysical The functioning of the body and its systems: it includes the physical The ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others anc capacity to perform daily activities or the ability to manage or ee appropriately to different social tasks. situations. * Healthy body weight + network of friends * Absence illness. disease and injury Supportive and well-functioning * Adequate energy levels family + Appropriate levels of fitness + Productive relationships with © Strong immune system others ¢ Effective communication with others + A sense of belonging and connection to the world Positive meaning and Ideas. beliefs. values and ethics that arise in the minds purpose in life It includes the and conscience of human be Peace and harmony © Act ense of meaning or in accordance with concepts of hope, peace, a guiding value, and reflection on one’s place in the world. « values and beliefs he ability to express emotions and feelings in a positive way. It is the degree to which an individual feels emotionally secure and relaxed in everyday life. * Have a high level of resilience ¢ Recognise and understand the range ‘of emotions * Effectively respond to and manage emotions « Experience appropriate emotions in given scenarios EmotionalENTAL Ly EMOTIONAL Although mental and emotional health and wellbeing seem similar. they are different concepts. Mental health and wellbeing is the ability to think and process information. whereas emotional health and wellbeing relates to how we express and manage emotions. Mental health and wellbeing is often not externally visible: for example. low self- esteem and high levels of anxiety can be difficult to observe. In contrast. emotional health and wellbeing is generally more externally visible; for example. a person laughing at an inappropriate time. such as at a funeral.INTERRELATIONSHIPS The five dimensions of health and wellbeing are that is, they all affect each other. Although they will not all be affected in the same way or to the same degree. nterrelated: a change in one will usually have some effect on the other four. For this reason. all five dimensions need attention in order to achieve optimal health and wellbeing. Physical health and wellbeing Overall health and wellbeing Spiritual health and wellbeing Social health and wellbeing Emotional health and ‘Mental health ‘wellbeing and wellbeing EXAMPLE: if you are covering from an injury in hospital, you may not be able to see your friends at school, work, sport, etc, restricting your social h+w. Due to this, your sense of belonging to your friends lowers as you are lonely. negatively impacting your spiritual h+v. B use of this, you are lacking in productive relationship: as you are isolating yourself from your friends (social h+w). Remember to ALWAYS link back (o the original dimension, (eg. physical: body weight > emotional: level of resilience > physical: level of and participation in fitness).E DYNAMIC NATURE 7 ye VM Me and wellbeing Dynamic = Constantly changing. Health and wellbeing is never static, but is instead constantly changing in relation to our own experiences. It can change rapidly (e.g, the death of a loved one may plunge somebody into a depressed state) or at a slower rate (e.g. continually eating unhealthy al health). foods can slowly affect phy It can also improve quickly (e.g. a person with a migraine can take medication to improve their health and wellbeing). E SUBJECTIVE NATURE War, hialing Subjective = Influenced by or based on personal beliefs, feelings or opinions. Health and wellbeing is dependent on people's own interpretation of their curre! situation. It means different things to different people based on their experiences and circumstances, How an individual perceives their health can be influenced by factors such as culture, age and education. c.g, Indigenous Australians may relate optimal health and wellbeing to having a ion to the: strong conn land, whereas an elite athlete may view it as the ability to complete in their sport at the highest level.| LL as A subjective concept related to personal experience of a disease or injury. It relates to how a person feels about a disease or injury. D) | S = AS [A physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms. dysfunction or tissue damage. Dynamic nature of illness The level of illness | anges constantly as a person experiences dist such as br bone, or gradual and difficult to notice, such as a broken bone healing. e or injury. ‘These changes may be rapid and produce obvious changes aking a Many diseases and injuries follow a particular course and often have the potential to improve with treatment, causing levels of illness to change as well. Some diseases and injuries are chronic, however others can come and go, further contributing to the idea that illness is dynamic. Subjective nature of illness Different people may experience the same disease or injury in different ways based on factors such as age and past experiences. e.g. A person with a high threshold for pain may experience lower levels of illness than someone with a low threshold. e.g. An elderly person may be more physically fragile than a young person, so may experience higher levels of illness even when faced with the same cold.OPTIMAL HEALTH AND WELLBEING World Health Organisatior and to ‘ial well- aspirations. to control over “Health promotion is the process of enabling people to in health. To re: being, an individual or group must be able to ide improve, thei ch a state of complete physical, mental and soc ify and to re: satisfy needs. and to change or cope with the environment. Health is. therefore, seen as a resource for everyday life. not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasising social and personal resources. as well as physical capacities. ‘Therefore. health promotion is not just the responsibility of the health sector. but goes beyond healthy life-styles to well-bein Optimal health and wellbeing as a resource for individuals: Optimal health and wellbeing reduces the risk of illness and premature death. As a result, this ine 's the ability of individuals to live free from pain and concentrate ing. + costs for individuals, as disease and injury can often incur on activities that improve their lives, such as working and social It also reduces healthea: significant costs such as GP consultations and medication. Thus, individuals have as food, education and leisure. Being sed money to spend on other things healthy can assist in creating a cycle of wellbeing, It allows individuals to work more effectively and improve their lives. which in turn promotes health and wellbeing, Overall, optimal health and wellbeing can improve quality of life as people have an increased ability to participate in health-promoting behaviours and thus view life in a positive manner. Other benefits include: Sleep well « Earn an income * Gain an education eL ¢ independentlyOptimal health and wellbeing as a resource nationally: n. which Optimal health and wellbeing decreases a population's reliance on the healtheare syste has economic benefits for the country. Savings could be used to promote quality of life in the nation by making more money available for resources such as education and improved are infrastructure. When populati experiencing good health and wellbeing, they are mor equipped to work productively, and also have reduced levels of absenteeism from work. This increases people's ability to earn an income. which in turn increases the nation’s economy through higher taxation revenue. Improved health and wellbeing redu of s experience as a result of loved ones experiencing premature death, disease or injury. Levels of es the risk of premature death and disease in a population. which also reduces le ss and anxiety that communities social participation are higher in populations with good health and wellbeing. This promotes feelings of belonging and acts to provide vital and ser ou toa nation through volunteer Optimal health and wellbeing can create a generational cyele as pa ts exper 1s good health and wellbeing have an increased capacity to raise their children. As a result, their children are more likely to experience good health and wellbe' ‘ations who can 1g. which produces future ge contribute to their country Other benefits include: + Fewer people relying on social security ge + Longer, healthier | + Higher avera mes: 8, Optimal health and wellbeing as a resource globally: cable Maintaining good health and wellbeing reduces infections, which lowers the risk of cor diseases spreading between countries. This dee eases associated consequences of a pandemic such as significai es of death and shutdown of non-essential s¢ ral vices. Populations exper good health and wellbeing contribute to world peace and security as they have an increased ability to access the resources they require for a good standard of living. such as food. water and shelte When not in a state of positive health and wellbeing. populations may resort to extreme measures to get these resources. which can cause inte national conflict. Optimal health and wellbeing can promote global sustainability as populations work produc amount of ely. providing a great taxation revenue which governments can use to promote sustainable energy and agricultural systems. Healthy populations are better equipped to produce goods and services that ean be traded on the global market. Global trade is imp ant for economic development as it ge ‘These developed s. With mor! mortality reduced. countries ean focus on combatting broader issues such as climate change. ales that helps governments to provide their populations with essential soul nations can then work together to reduce poverty in less developed countr idity andIn 1986, the World Health Organisation (WHO) identified a document called the Ottawa Charter, which determined 9 essential factors that need to be in place for optimal health and wellbeing to be achieved. Peace ¢ Shelter * Education * Food * Income *Stable ecosystem * Sustainable resources * Social justice * Equity2 fs Peace can be defined as the absence of conflict. When a community or country ‘iencing peace, there is a decreased risk of premature death, serious injury, disability and other adverse effects that are usually associated with conflict. It. therefore, promotes the h+w of all people. A peaceful country increases the capacity of governments to provide resources and services that promote h+w. As resources are not being used to sustain a war effc they can be invested in governance, education, healthcare. trade development, social security and infrastructure. all of which promote social and economic development which, in turn, promotes h+w.Adequate food intake is both an essential requirement for life and a basic human right. “The state in which all persons obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate. safe food regularly ncy sources” is referred to as food % through local non-emerg security. That increases the ability of individuals to consume the required nutrients, which is important for the functioning of the human body. Access to appropriate 3 ious food helps to provide adequate levels of energy. Adequate nutrition can lead to improvements in an individual's intellectual capacities (impacting education). INCOME Income is an underlying factor for many h+w outcomes. From an individual perspective. income increases the ability to afford resources such as healthcare, recr ation, transport and education. From a population perspective. income increases the capacity of governments to provide social services and resources, such as public housing. education. healthcare. social security. infrastructure and recreation facilities. Governments receive income from the taxes paid by individuals and businesses. When average incomes of those are high, the revenue that the government has available to spend on infrastructure and services is also likely to be high. STABLE ECOSYSTEM An ecosystem is a community that consists of all the living and non-living components of a particular area. The living components include plants. animals and microorganisms (eg, bacteria), and the non-living components include weather. rocks. soil and A stable ecosystem ochi€XRAN Balance is achieved between the environment and the species that live in an environment. As living beings, humans are part of an ecosystem. We rely on many other components of the environment to survive and experience OH+W. Plants and animals are made up of organic matter which is used for food and they provide opportunities for employment such as the fishing and agriculture industries. Predictable weather patterns contribute to effective farming, Human shelter is often made from natural materials such as timber and stone.Sustainable food and water sources are required to ensure that future generations have reliable access to these resources to prevent {> disease. which promotes physical health and wellbeing. Sustainable energy production allows access to resources such as & heating, cooling and electricity, which promotes productivity and thus can contribute to emotions such as satisfaction and contentment, enhancing emotional health and wellbeing. Forests provide resources for building structures used for recreation, which can promote social health and wellbeing as people have a place to develop supportive networks of friends. SOCIAL JUSTICE Social justic can be defined as equal rights for all. regardless of personality traits (eg, sex. class. income). ethnicity. religion. age or sexual orientation. It means that all people are treated fairly. including women and girls in both their public and private life. I's having the same access to formal education, meaningful employment and fair pay, adequate shelter, social security. food health community participation. The Australian Government's understanding is a fair distribution of ¢ reation and leisure activities and and wate re. 1 ronomic resources, equal access to essential services, equal rights in civil, legal and industrial affairs. as well as equal opportunity for participation by all in personal development. community life and decision making. - EQUITY Rotates to fairness and social justice. It means that there are minimum levels of income and resources that all people should have access to. All people in the community should have access to fundamental resources. and governments should implement we laws and policies that ensure no person is disadvantaged in their access to thes Equity promotes h+w by ensuring access to education, employment, human rights and resources (such as healtheare).Ly Social justice refers to the equal distribution of resources and opportunities, whereas equity is the fair distribution. In other words, social justice refers to all people receiving the same resources. whereas equity refers to disadvantaged people receiving more resources than advantaged people as they require more assistance. EQUALITYINDICATORS USED TO meatuee and understand HEALTH STATUS Health status: is an individual or population's overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy. amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors. Measurements used to determine health status are referred to as health indicators and they include self-assessed health status, life expectancy. health-adjusted life expectancy, mortality (rate. maternal. infant under-5), morbidity (rate, incidence. prevalence) and burden of disease (disability-adjusted life years, years of life lost. years lost due to disability). Morbidity: Il health in an individual and levels of ill health in a population, often expressed through incidence and prevalence. Incidence: Refers to the number (or rate) of new cases of a disease/condition in a population during a given period. Prevalence: The number prevalence or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.Mortality: The number of deaths in a population in a given period. Mortality rate: The measure of the proportion of a population who die in a one-year period (usually expressed per 100.000). Infant mortality rate: The rate of deaths of infants before their first birthday. usually expressed per 1000 live births. Under-five mortality rate (US5MR): The number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1000 live births. Infants and children rely on others to meet their needs, so infant and child mortality rates reflect the general health and wellbeing of a population and the resources available. Maternal mortality rate: The number of mothers who die asa result of pregnancy. childbirth or associated treatment per 100.000 live births.Life expectancy: The number of years of life. on average. remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change. Life expectancy doesn’t give any indication of the quality of life being . just the quantity. This is why HALE is a experience used. Health- y (HAL The average length of time an individual at a specific age can djusted life expect st to live xp in full health: that is. time lived without the health consequences of disease or injury. It is an indicator of both quality and quantity of life. Burden of disease: A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries. Specifically, it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. It is measured in a unit called the DALY. Disability adjusted life year (DALY): A measure of burden of disease. One DALY is equal to one year of healthy life lost due to illness and/or death. It is calculated as: YLL + YLD = DALY Years of life lost (YLL): A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death. It is the fatal component of a DALY. Years lost due (o disability (YLD): A measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to disease. injury or disability. It is the non-fatal component of a DALY. Burden of disease data allows for comparison between the overall burden of conditions such as arthritis (which rarely causes death, but much illness and disability) with conditions such as cancer (which leads to many deaths).Healthy YELL Years of life lost Birth © Expected YLD ri life years Years lived with Years of disability, ilness or life lost injury Self-assessed health status: An indi mind and their life in general. idual’s own opinion about how they feel about their health, their state of While it provides a broad picture of a population's overall health and wellbeing, it is subjective. For example, health status that one person classifies as ‘excellent’ may only be ‘very good’ to another person. -A range of factors can influence how an individual assesses their health status, such as: * Access to healthcare © Disability © Levels of resilience © Illness * Social connectionsBIOLOGICAL FACTORS offecting health slalus, Biological factors relate to the structure of the cells, tissues and systems of the bod outcome of various sociocultural and environmental factor: nd how they adequately function. Many biological factors are the but there is often a genetic influence that can’t be controlled. It relates closely to physical h+w. BODY W GH s the Being overweight or obese increase k of suffering from coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, some cancers, knee and hip problems, sleep apnoea, social exclusion, ete. Genetics may play a role but the main cause is an imbalance between en rgy consumed and energy expended. Shifts towards energy-dense diets and decreasing physical activity have contributed to increases in rates of o erweight and obesity. The BMI, an index of weight for height, is used to classifying people as overweight and obese. It’s defined as the weight (kg) divided by the square of the height (m) > kg/m-squared. A BMI of 25-29.9 indicates overweight, and +30 indicates obesity. Waist circumference is also increasingly being used as an indicator of body weight. BLOOD PRESSURI Blood pressure is normally reported as the systolic figure of the diastolic figure: 120/80 indicates normal blood pressure. A person with high blood pressure has hypertension. This may mean that their heart and kidneys (which regulate blood pressure and filter the blood) have to work harder and blood flow may be restricted. Hypertension is a contributing factor to many conditions in CVD. The r -luding factors for hypertension are stres moking, excessive alcohol consumplion, genetic predispositions and poor diet (especially excess salt). Atherosclerosi is a narrowing of the arteries.BLOOD CHOL STEROL: Cholesterol is a type of fat required for numerous functions in the body. There are two types: ‘bad’ low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and ‘good’ high- density lipoprotein (HDL). When there is too much LDL in the blood, it tends to be deposited on the walls of the blood vessels. giving the blood less room to travel to the cells. If too much cholesterol is produced, the risk of CVD increases. It also allows other substances (eg. calcium) to become embedded, which leads to hardening and atherosclerosis. Many animal products have high amounts of saturated fat that triggers cholesterol release in the body. GLUCO:! Ri L. ION: f blood glucose lev re consistently high, then the levels of insulin are also high. If this occurs over a long period of time. the cells can become resistant to the action of insulin, preventing glucose from being absorbed. This is known as ulation or insulin resistance. impaired glucose re Insulin resistance is seen as a precursor to type 2 diabetes and increased risk of kidney dis ec. CVD and premature death, Impaired glucos regulation can occur as a result of ge! tic predisposition, smoking and being overweight (particularly around the abdomen). HWEIGH Babies born with a low birthweight (under 2.5kg) are more likely to have an underdeveloped immune system, making them more susceptible to infections. LBW contributes to higher rates of premature mortality. They are also more likely to suffer premature death and significant disabilities (eg. speech + s). LBW can also contribute to health concerns in adulthood learning disab (inc. high blood pressure. type 2 diabetes. CVD).GENETIC Genetics control many aspects of life that influence h+w, such as sex, body types. hormone production, predisposition to disease and aspects of personality. At conception, the genetic blueprint is determined and the contribution of genes can’t be changed. Genetic conditions are caused when genes are faulty at conception or don’t divide properly later in life, These mutations can lead to a number of health concerns and some may be passed on to future generations (eg. down syndrome, cancer, ete, Genetic predisposition: genetics can also influence how likely someone is to develop a certain condition or disease. This doesn’t mean that a person with a predisposition to a certain condition will necessarily develop it. but they're at an increased risk. HORMONES: Hormones regulate many processes in the body and control many aspeets of h+w. They're also responsible for the formation of male and female sex characteristics that lead to differences in some of the health (eg. ovarian + testicular cancer). Oestrogen is a key hormone needed for the regulation of the menstrual cycle in women. Oestrogen also helps to maintain bone density by keeping the bones strong. When a woman enters menopause. the levels of oestrogen decline increasing the risk of osteoporosis. It may have a protective role in the development of CVD. which might explain the lower rates of this disease in women. Low oestrogen: menopause. ovarian failure. prolonged extreme dieting/eating disorders, extreme/rapid weight loss. extreme exercise, psychological stress and medications. High oestrogen: puberty. pregnancy, diabetes. excessive body fat and obesity, medications and secondary to high testosterone (aromatisation). ‘stosterone increases the likelihood of risk-taking which contributes to ill health. When testosterone levels drop in men (generally above 40yrs) there ean be drive sion. humerous symptoms, including loss of se fatigue and deprSOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS The social and cultural conditions into which people are born. grow, live. work and age, including socioeconomic status, social connections, family and cultural influences, food security, early life experiences and access to affordable, culturally appropriate healthcare. SOCIOECONOMIC STATU ion = socioeconomic status. Income + occupation > edu Generally, the wealthier you are, the healthier you are. ‘There is a relationship between SES and many risk and protective factors. People who are more socioeconomically disadvantaged are less likely to take notice of health promotion messages. more likely to smoke and be obese due to poor nutrition and physical inactivity, and to experience overcrowded housing. UNEMPLOYMENT: Une nployment puts financial strain on individuals and families, Those who are and CVD. ates of suicide, lung c: nemployed experience hi SOCIAL EXCLUSIO! Social exclusion is the segregation that people experience if they aren't adequately greg y y participating in the society in which they live. The causes of social exclusion are often the result of social exclusion as well. Therefore, the sufferer can find themselves in a vicious ‘ability, f cycle. Eg. mental illness. di ily breakdown, homelessness. lack of education/skills, low-income relative pove SOCIAL ISOLATION: So n refers to individuals who aren't in re al isola Jar contact with others. People who are isolated from others lack the emotional, psychological and health-related support that can improve h+w. As a result, those who are socially isolated experience poorer health stat ‘ates of menta s, premature death and lower life cluding higher expectancy.CULTURAL INFLUENCES Gender stereotypes contribute to males being less likely to access healthcare and more likely to take risks. contributing to higher rates of premature death and lower life expectancy. Food intake is influenced by culture and contributes to variations in relation to levels of obx ity. CVD and other associated conditi ons. Attitudes towards education and employment, recreation (inc. substance use such a alcohol consumption) and health and healtheare (inc. traditional me e) all affect health status. FOOD SECURIT Food security is the state in which all persons obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through non-emergency sources. The quality, availability and affordability of the food supply all affect what people eat. A shortage of nutritious food can lead to deficiency diseases and other complications. lated diseases such as diabetes and Too much food can put people at risk of diet-re CVD. People who are unable to access or afford healthy foods may be forced to buy cheaper processed foods. made from poorer quality products with added fat, salt and/or sugar in an attempt to add taste to the product. EARLY LIFE EF PERIENCES: Early life experiences begin before conception with the physical h+w of the mother and become m re important after conception and during pregnancy. Maternal tobacco, alcohol and drug use, maternal nutrition and exposure to certain chemicals, bacteria and viruses during pregnancy can all have signifieant impacts on the individual after birth and into adulthood. Having optimal growth and stro1 emotional attachment in the early years can life. ssist in promoting health status in later Abuse or neglect during the early affects brain function and development and contributes to emotional and behavioural problems later in life, including tobacco and substance use, Slowed growth during infancy may lead to impaired cardiovascular, resniratory and kidnew funeti hich can lead to illness later in lifeSTRESS Psychological effects of stress can be just as serious as the physical effects, and many people are not aware of how stressed they are and how it can negatively impact their life. Stressful situations can include the death of a loved one, life- threatening illness. divorce. problems at home or work, problems with your over time can nancial difficulties that gradually build up. Stres cause irritability, anxiety, agitation, depression, problems with concentration, difficulty making decisions, constant worry or loss of sense of humour. When you're stressed. your muscles can become tense and it’s not uncommon to have headaches, back pain or neck pain, Stress also affects the speed at which food moves through your body, hence sometimes symptoms of an upset stomach, diarrhea or constipation. Stress also affects your sleep patterns negatively, which then leads to other physical side effects. People who are stressed also don’t tend to make the best decisions, and repercussions of these may appear later when the s has settled. Stress can affect your behaviour because it can trigger changes - Othe isk factors such in your body that make you more susceptible to sicknes can lead to as obesity. high blood pressure. high cholesterol can occur as str overeating, less physical activity. smoking and alcohol or drug abuse. ACCES S TO HEAL PHCAR Healthcare refers to s ervices that promote and preserve health. These services diagnose, treat and/or manage disease and illness. Advancement in medical knowledge and technology over the past 100 years has contributed to decreased mortality rates, higher life expectancy, lower morbidity rates. lower rates of LBW babies, etc. Geographical. cultural, financial and other social barriers prevent many Australian from accessing services. When talking about access to healthcare (sociocultural), use the word ‘access’ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Environmental factors relate to the physical surroundings in which we live, work and play. The physical environment includes water, air, workplaces, housing, roads. nature, schools, recreation settings and exposure to hazards. HOUSING: People spend more time in their house than any other environment. Poor housing quality is ites of associated with highe sand - mental health problems. respiratory cond ts nfectious diseases. Eg. overcrowding > depressi and poor hygiene — disease: pollu asthma and lung ¢ WORK ENVIRONMEN Many Australians spend significant periods of time at work. Factors such as UV exposure. accidents and injuries, exposure to hazardous substances and seating arrangements can have an impact on overall individual h+w. URBAN DESIGN - INFRASTRUCTURE: which Urban design and infrastructure relates to the features and struct the a people live. It includes geographical location of resources (eg. schools, hospitals, work) a infrastructure (eg, roads. transport. electricity. water, communications). ss to transport can impact on many aspects of a person’s life. inclu ent. 1 employn ess to healtheay a and shops. Generally people are less active in their transport than in the pete past. contributing to CVD. type 2 nd obesity. Cycling, walking and using public transport have health benefits. When talking about access to healthcare (environmental), use the word ‘location’. CLIMATE + CLIMATE CHANGE: nates affect health status. Aspects such as extreme temperatures. rainfall patterns and natural disasters (eg, bushfires. floods, droughts. high winds) all affect communities. Like all countr hange in climate. ter extremes in climate and inereased frequency of natural disasters are results of these changes and can affect health in numerous ways.INDIGENO| POPULATIONS Traditionally. Indigenous Austral ns have had clearly defined roles. responsible for management of traditions and obligations, sacred objects, spiritual matters, rituals. leadership and education. Displacement has meant a loss of a kinship system that has created a lack of confidence, opportunity or facilities to improve health status or position within the family. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS: In terms of body weight, Indigenous Australians have higher rates of BMI across all ages. which increases the isk of suffering from chronic conditions (eg, CVD. type 2 diabetes and osteoarthritis). In terms of blood pressure. they are also more likely to nous Australians report hypertension. a risk factor for stroke and heart disease. In¢ experience higher rates of impaired glucose regulation than the rest of the population, contributing to high rates of diabetes and kidney disease. They are almost twice as likely to twice as likely to give birth to a baby with LBW when compared nous Australians, con: with non-Ind toa higher USMR. Maternal tobacco use, nutrition and access to healthcare are significant contributors to the statistic differences with the pe ntage of Indigenous and non-Indigenous births. SOCIOCULTURAL FACTOR Indigenous Australians generally have lower incomes, poorer education achievements and lower rates of home ownership (S ES) than other Australians. Lower educational outcomes contribute to lower levels of health literacy. They are also more likely to be unemployed. Discrimination and racism have been associated with ill health and lower health status for Indigenous people. n particular mental disorders and risky health behaviours (eg, drugs). Indigenous Australians are also more likely to report food insecurity compared with those in the general population in major cities. This can contribute to higher rates of obesity and associated conditions (eg, type 2 diabetes. kidney disease, CVD).In terms of early life experiences, substance use dur pregnancy in the Indigenous community contribute to a range of variations in health status. including higher rates of LBW, some infections among infants. FASD. USMR. CVD and type 2 diabetes. Cultural factors contribute to the lower rate access Western medicine. it which they Many feel that Western medicine is culturally inappropriate. and associate hospitals teofh omele: with deaths. Indigenous Australians also haveamuchhigher ess. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: Housing plays a major role in the h+w of Indigenous Australians. The absence of affordable, secure and appropriate housing can result in a number of consequences, including homelessness, poor h+w, and lower rates of employment and education participation. All of these can lead to social exclusion and the associated sue. In terms impact on health status. Overerowding is also a serious and prominent i of water and sanitation, drin ing water supplies and sewerage systems are generally inadequate in many Indigenous communities. Indigenous Australians living outside of Australia jes are exposed to aspects of the physical env ronment. due to poor major ¢ infrastructure, that can increase the risk of injuries and deaths from road crashes. ighting at n including unsealed roads and poorer ight. The Indigenous population has lower levels of access to, and use of, health services and resources such as Medicar funded services, the PBS and private GPs. Due to many communities being located in ss Lo services difficult. As a rural and remote areas. it makes service delivery and acc result, conditions may go undiagnosed or untreated, limiting treatment options and so increasing morbidity and mortality rates.MALES + FEMALES Overall, males have greater rates of BOD than females, experience higher rates of premature death than females and have higher rates of injury than females. But. they experience lower rates of osteoporosis. arthritis and psychological distress. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS: Levels of obesity are the same in males and female. but the proportion of overweight individuals in much higher in the male population, which leads to higher rates of CVD. type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Males are more likely to experience hypertension until they are in the 65-74 age group. then females are more likely to experience it. Males are more likely to experience impaired glucose regulation than females. Males tend to store more fat around their abdomen. This is associated with greater health risks, especially CVD, which is more common in males in almost all countries and cultures around the world. Declining amounts of oestrogen at menopause have been shown to accelerate the loss of bone density in women. In males, testosterone is responsible for maintaining bone density. But testosterone leads to risking taking. leading to more injuries. SOCIOCULTU FACTO! The effects of unemployment can be particularly influential on the health status of males. Males have traditionally been the breadwinners of the family and al for the many males feel it is their duty to provide mat ‘amily. our Rates of obesity, CVD and suicide are higher for unemployed males. Males employed on a full time basis earn higher incomes on average than females employed full time. Asa result. males often have a higher SES than females.A range of gender stereotypes in Australia contribute to variations in health status between males and females including: males are less likely to be carers of children, physically laborious jobs are generally considered to be masculine (risky jobs > injury), contact sports are considered masculine (> injury). may be less likely to access healthcare than females, increasing rates of eating disorders and the greater prevalence of eating disorders among females is higher compared to males. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS contributes to differences in health status The main environmental factor that between males and females. Males are more likely to work in industries such as trades, farming and mining. The environments associated with these occupations can increase the risk of serious injury and death. The » workple the us > of heavy machinery and tools and exposure to hazardous substances chemicals, asbestos, ete.RURAL AND REMOTE AREAS Those living outside major cities experience lower life expectancy and higher BOD from both fatal and non-fatal causes, mortality rates, rates of preventable nd cancer, death rates from CVD, rates of avoidable deaths, rates of injury rates of diabetes, arthri suicide, dental decay and asthma. BIOLOGICAL FACTOR ‘Those living outside of major cities have higher obesity levels. more likely to have high blood cholesterol. impaired glucose regulation. higher rates of LBW babies and higher rates of hypertension. SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS Those living outside of major cities experience significant SES disadvantage as their limited opportunities can impact this. They generally have higher rates of unemployment, access to healthcare is more difficult, more likely to experience tes of food insecurity. more likely to smoke during pregnancy and high community participation (leading to feelings of social isolation). ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: In terms of infrastructure, roads are in poorer conditions. distances are longer. more wildlife is on the paths/roads and poor lighting all ultimately leads to higher mortality rates. In terms of geographical location, location of health services and the location and access of food is limited. Living in a rural or remote area is also a ba ier to recreational facilities, transport and employment. ‘There is greater hardship in climate-related jobs. increased frequency of natural disasters and limited support services. The work environment for many people primarily consists of industries in farming. mining and fishing, which are risky and lead to a greater likelihood of serious injuries.SOCIOECONOMIC STATU! Generally the wealthier you are. the healthier you are. Income, education and occupation are the three primary factors that make up SES. People in the highest SES groups tend to have more choices and resources available to them and, therefore. enjoy better health status. People in the lowest SES groups are at the opposite end of the spectrum. Lower SES groups generally have lower life expectancy, greater BOD, higher mortality (inc. infant) rates and higher rates of disability. All following factors are in regards to those in low SES groups. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS: Obesity rates are higher, leading to CVD and diabetes. ultimately leading to higher rates of mortality. There are higher rates of hypertension, higher impaired glucose r to a higher USMR). gulation rates and higher rates of LBW babies (contributing SOCIOCULTURAL FACTOR: ve is an overall lower education attainment, lower incomes and jobs with lower social status. Individuals are more likely to be unemployed and disadvantaged. leading to social exclusion. They're more likely to experience food insecurity, due to low finances. Women are also more likely to smoke during pregnancy, to begin antenatal care later in pregnancy and to give birth carly (which is a negative early life experience. potentially affecting them in their later life). They are also less likely to access preventable health services and less likely to have private health insurance, meaning extended waiting times within the public system.ENV ONMENTAL FACTORS: Suburbs where socioeconomic disadvantage is greater are often the suburbs with the higher number of fast food outlets, leading to weight gain then obesity. People in low SES groups are often less educated about healthy eating and may be more likely to be influenced by marketing. People of low SES may not be able to afford high quality housing, As a result, they may experience overcrowding (which can put strain on sanitation facilities, resulting in an increased rate of infection). inadequate cooking facilities. . an unsafe physical environment due to hazards and closer proximity to industrial sites. Individuals in low SES groups are also more likely to work in jobs that have dangerous working environments (eg. factories, manufacturing plants, etc.) and involve exposure to toxic substances and heavy machinery.the contubulion le bustealia 1 healtr shalus, and bwelen of disease f / SMOKING ‘Tobacco use is the number one preventable risk factor in Australia. -It increases the risk of many conditions such as: ¢ Cardiovascular disease: The chemicals in cigarettes increase blood pressure by causing atherosclerosis. This inhibits blood flow. which increases the risk of heart attack and stroke. . 6 ers: The toxins cause DNA damage. which can cause healthy cells to turn cancerous. © Respiratory conditions: The act of inhaling smoke causes damage to the respiratory tract, leading to reduced airflow and thus conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Smoking contributes to burden of disease through: ¢ Increased YLL and YLD due to above conditions. © Low birth weight. which is a leading cause of burden of disease in 0-14 year- * olds. It contributes to poor health status through: ¢ Increased morbidity and mortality from above conditions. ¢ Increased risk of infection due to low birth weight, contributing to increased © infant and under-five mortality. © Lower life ex ancy and HALE.lhe contubulion le Austadlia 3. heallh Malus, and biden of disease of ALCOHOL Alcoholism and binge drinking is extremely prevalent in Australia. -Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to conditions such ¢ High BME: Alcohol contains kilojoules which, if not burned off, can contribute to being overweight or obese. This also increases the risk of other conditions such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Alcohol is filtered through the liver. essive so eX} consumption can cause scarring of the liver tissue. Over time, this may lead to cirrhosis of the liver. : Alcohol is a depressant so it decreases levels of awareness. meaning people are more likely to injure themselves. Alcohol contributes to burden of disease through: © = Significant YLL due to stroke, and YLL and YLD due to cardiovascular disease and other above conditions. ¢ — Responsible for all DALY associated with alcohol use disorders. It contributes to poor health status through: © — Increased incidence and mortality from above conditions. * Higher rates of morbidity due to mental health issues. © Increased infant and under-five mortality, particularly as a result of low birth © weight and foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).High BMI refers to a weight above a healthy range (25 and above): It contributes to conditions such as: © Cardiovascular disease: High BMI puts greater strain on the heart, which can cause hypertension and thus increase the risk of CVD, Type 2 diabetes: Excess body fat interferes with the secretion of insulin, which can increase glucose levels in the body. leading to type 2 diabetes. Arthritis and osteoporosis: High BMI puts increased strain on joints and bones. High BMI contributes to burden of disease through: © YLD for mental health conditions, arthritis, osteoporosis, asthma and other above conditions, as well as YLL. It contributes to poor health status through: ¢ Increased morbidity and mortality due to above conditions. * Lower life expectaney and HALE.Vegetables are nutrient-dense and low in kilojoules. -Underconsumption increases the risk of: © High BME: Consuming energy-dense food instead of vegetables ean impar weight management. leading to high BMI and associated conditions. © Cancer: Antioxidants in vegetables target free radicals, which are molecules that can damage body cells. thus acting as a protective factor against cancer. Underconsumption of vegetables contributes to burden of disease through: * YLL and YLD associated with above conditions. * DALY for infants associated with neural tube defects. which results due to a lack of folate. It contributes to poor health status through: * Increased levels of morbidity and mortality. ¢ Higher infant and under-five mortality. © Lower life expectancy and HALE.lhe contebulion lo Austria s health Sillits, and burlen of disease f UNDERCONSUMPTION OF FRUIT Fruits provide essential nutrients and are low in fat. Underconsumption increases the risk of: ¢ High BME: Fruit is high in fibre so it helps people feel full for longer, meaning they're less likely to consume energy-dense foods. thus protecting against weight gain and associated conditions. ruils have a number of vitamins and minerals that ¢ Neural tube defeci protect against neural tube defects, such as folate. Underconsumption of fruit contributes to burden of disease through: ¢ YLL and YLD due to above conditions. * DALY for infants associated with neural tube defects. It contributes to poor health status through: * Increased levels of morbidity and mortality. © Higher infant and under-five mortality. © Lower life expectancy and HALE.lhe conteitulion lo Austria health UNDERCONSUMPTION OF DAIRY Undereonsumption increases the risk: * Osteoporosis: A lack of calcium weakens bones, making them brittle and susceptible to fractures. + Dental caries: Lack of calcium weakens teeth, making them prone to decay. Underconsumption of dairy contributes to burden of disease through: * Significant YLD due to osteoporosis and dental caries. It contributes to poor health status through: * Morbidity due to and incidence of osteoporosis and dental caries. High intake of saturated and trans fats increases the risk of: ¢ Cardiovascular disease: Saturated and trans fats increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which deposits on the walls of blood vessels, leading to atherosclerosis. This makes the heart work harder, contributing to cardiovascular disease. ¢ Type 2 diabetes: Trans fats interfere with the function of cell membranes, leading to impaired glucose regulation. High intake of fat contributes to burden of disease through: * Increased DALY associated with above conditions. It contributes to poor health status through: * Increased morbidity and mortality. * Lower life expectancy and HALE.the contubulion le tustealia s heal HIGH INTAKE OF SALT High intake increases the risk of: ¢ Cardiovascular disease: Sodium can draw excess fluid out of the cells, increasing blood volume and contributing to hypertension. This forces the heart to work harde contributing to CVD. © Oste porosis: Excess sodium causes calcium to be excreted in urine, leading to the demineralisation and weakening of bones. High intake of salt contributes to burden of disease through + DALY due to above conditions. + YLD due to osteoporosis. It contributes to poor health status through: ¢ Increased morbidity and mortality. + Increased incidence of osteoporosis. ¢ Lower life expectancy and HALE. Iron is an essential part of blood. It forms the oxygen-earrying part of blood. Low intake increases the risk of: + Anaemia: Low iron reduces the amount of haemoglobin in red blood cells. meaning that the body has a reduced ability to deliver enough oxygen to the cells. -Low intake of iron contributes to burden of disease through: + YLD due to anaemia, especially amongst females of childbearing age. It contributes to poor health status through: + Morbidity due to anaemia. « Lower HALE due to anaemia.Whe contubulion te Australia 5 health stabs, and baulen of disease off HIGH INTAKE OF SUGAR High intake i cases the risk of: + Dental disease: ugars provide a food source for bacteria in the mouth, which produce acid that can contribute to tooth decay. This ean lead to p riodontitis, which can result in the loosening and loss of teeth, + Type 2 diabe ‘ess sugar results in high blood glucose levels, contributing to the development of type 2 diabetes. High » DALY due to hi gh: ake of sugar contributes to burden of disease t h BMI and associated conditions. + YLD due to dental diseases It contributes to poor health status through * Highe r mortality due to high BML and associated conditions. * Incidence and prevalence of dental diseases. * Lower life expectancy and HAL lhe contutulion le Austealia 5 health talus and LOW INTAKE OF FIBRE Fibre is a type of carbohydrate the body docs not digest, Soluble fibres have a binding effect and can help remove blockages in artery walls, while insoluble fibres add bulk to the faeces which promotes regular bowel movements, Low intake inereases the risk of: + Cardiovascular disease: Fibre promotes feelings of fullness. reducing 01 ing. It also helps to excrete LDL cholesterol. This reduces strain on the + Colorectal cancer: Fibre adds bulk to the faeces which assists in keeping the digestive system clean, lowering the risk of colorectal eancer such as bowel cancer. pe 2 diabetes: Fibre reduces the absorption of glucose. which takes pressure off the pancreas. Low intake of fibre contributes to burden of disease through: + DALY associated with the above conditions. + I-contributes to poor health status through: © Increased moi and m rtality. + Lower life expectancy and HALE.HEALTH & NUTRITION a TRANS FATS Brisk gactors @ Mom SODIUM © Good sources Trans cats are produced when fiquid cit 15 HEQUIAKES MUKA In Ihe body, nciuaing Converted Into Solid gar, Called ydirogenation ANE gUId in BIO S Processed Coods, Pies, SAUSAGE FOS ,Pasiries “MUI IS drawn 40 Sodium; sodme amount 4 TLOL croresros evers , 1 HOL choiestror —> t 2¢ sodium regulates #e amount OF guid In ane iSK Of CHO Integere @ cen membrane, giicose CAMs Ceswicred grom entering cens-insuiin riser- + Fequioies Wclance oF Ouds int Our 06 ceNe Su o¢ type 2 dioloeres excessive sodium t blood vouume > hearr caiture, hypertension, sroke, heart ottock. CHOLESTROL - LOLs / HDLS: rave Sait, eeves, Gish. Pork, Creede, procesied coed Cholestrol is the Substance umich plays an \mporrant| cote {n tna ody | cea mremrance teat, QBIGIRD produenon os hormanes.» e.g vitemn © €5Senma Component of wood. Low density Konecoreins (LO) + haem! of Kaemogouin Bad chotesrros, = T increased energy eves. + Role in deposivion oy plaque In arteries «14 toon conaumpton -»| noel *noceows arenes , increase 8? 4 team red meat, isn, egat, nurs , Brown cice, “hardens aneny wails - anerosierosis fou, green teagyven. * plaque rugrure (reiease of targe amounts OF ChOVESHOL IMFO BOOS Erreom) —> Clors, NUTAMIN © ~ heare awock FO1SOrb Calcium Erom ane INesiines High Density Weoprateins (Hox) OSSIEXS IN COrciUM aeserprion Good Choiestror + ¥ consumenion > osrenporonis tre WWer EOF ENienimaKon N 8 | eemnbech qadhalesnalug clactdaa ‘Hafeihel behold hadi L hiolse dt th aeahata be fmesobotathal a “WATER? enters ur eae Laan Tenecgy due fo merabeitm, adequate groush Vital gor hUmeR BuRiuel + Key components of ait cans of muscle { bones = MEDIUM EOF cnemical FEaCHons + £ 0% B-group > stowed growin ey bora t emtsue, List ee obesity, GYD, Supe 2 alatenes, coioe conc. UNE QemMe, uiolegnain cereare, e993, Aan. S water, watermelon, apoies, oranges, ceieny, lettuce, cueumiver: INEMIs, are green leaey veo FOLATE - B9 CALCIUM linportane core in ONA Synthesis , ce + building of bones ond hard Hesue duplication, deveropment of red blood certs + Venance o¢ osteagaraais, tone mass Protects ogainsr neural tube decects Tinerease cistog osteoporosis: (i¢ excessive amounts), L gorate > anaemia % doing, Sardines, Salmon, green cary vegeran! Gorncied soy mun, 40m (% card, forwered O5: 4 green teagy veg. , cites, poulery & eggs VITAMIN + BIZ *€OrMOtON OF red KOO cells Y BA > anaemia 6 goods a¢ anima ongnoe Dsl SAC 1, Part A Unit 3, outcome 1a: Outcome 1 Unit 3 Explain the complex, dynamic and global nature of health and wellbeing and interpret and apply Australia’s health status data SAC 1, Part B Unit 3, outcome 1b Outcome 1 Unit 3 Analyse variations in Australia’s health status