Statistics - is the science of conducting studies that collect, Discrete variables - whose values can be counted using

organize, summarize, analyse and draw conclusions from data. integral values
Scope of Statistics: Continuous variables -assume any numerical value over an
interval or intervals
a. Collecting - data relating to certain events or physical
phenomena. Most datasets involve numbers Level Of Measurement:
b. Organizing - all collected data will be arranged in
a. Nominal -use numbers for the purpose of identifying
logical and chronicle order for viewing and analyses.
name or membership in a group or category.
Datasets are normally organized in either ascending
b. Ordinal - connote ranking or inequalities, numbers
or descending order.
represent “greater than” or “less than” measurements
c. Summarizing - summarizing the data to offer an
such as preferences or rankings.
overview of the situation.
c. Interval - indicate an actual amount and there is
d. Presenting - develop a comprehensive way to
equal unit of measurement separating each score,
present the dataset.
specifically equal intervals.
e. Analyzing - to analyse the dataset for the intended
d. Ratio - are similar to interval data, but has an
application
absolute zero and multiples are meaningful. These
Two Main branches of Statistics: are the highest level of measurement

1. Descriptive Statistics - collection and organization of data Data – is a collection of values for a particular variable.

-uses the data to provide descriptions of the population, either Types of Data:
through numerical calculations or graphs or tables.
1. Primary Data - are date collected directly by the
2. Inferential Statistics – makes inference and predictions researcher. These are the first hand or original
about a population based on a sample of data taken from the sources.
population in question. 2. Secondary Data – are information taken from
published or unpublished materials previously
-consist of generalizing from the samples to populations, gathered other researchers or agencies, book,
performing hypothesis testing, determining relationships newspaper, magazines, journals, published and
among variables, and making predictions. unpublished thesis and dissertations.
Population - refers to the groups of aggregates of people, SAMPLING DESIGNS / METHODS:
objects, materials, events, or things of any form. To save
money statistician may study only a part of the population 1. Probability Sampling
called sample. • Each of the units in the target population has a
chance of being included in the sample.
Sample - is a subgroup of the population, taken from the
• Greater possibility of representative sample
population to represent a population characteristics or traits.
population.
Parameters - measures of the population. • Conclusion derived from data gathered can be
generalized for the whole population.
Statistic - measures of the sample.
Types of Probability Sampling:
Variables - is a characteristic that takes two or more values
across individuals a. Simple Random Sampling – is the sampling
technique where the sample is obtained from the
Independent Variables - cause, predictor population randomly.
Dependent Variables - effect, output, value being predicted b. Systematic Sampling – the sample are taken from a
systematic order of appearance in each sequence or
Qualitative variables -represent differences in quality, arrangement.
character, or kind but not in amount c. Stratified Sampling- the population is divided into
different strata or groups, or its representative size is
Quantitative variables -are numerical in nature and can be
taken proportionally in the population
ordered or ranked
d. Cluster Sampling-the population is formed into
different cluster (Area sampling)
 e. Multistage Sampling-this is usually used for national,
regional, provincial or country level studies.

2. Non-Probability Sampling
a. No way that each of the units in the target
population has the same chance of being included in
the sample.
b. No assurance that every unit has some chance of
being included.
c. Conclusion derived from data gathered is limited
only itself.
Types of Non-Probability Sampling:
a. Accidental or Convenience Sampling - it is
obtained when the researcher selects whatever
sampling units are conveniently available.
b. Purposive Sampling -under this scheme, the
sampling units are selected subjectively by the
researcher, who attempts to obtain a sample that
appears to be representative of the population.
c. Quota Sampling – In this method, the researcher
determines the sampling size which should be filled
up - Ex. Barangay official
d. Snowball Sampling - this type of sampling that starts
with the known sources of information, who or which
will in turn give other sources of information.
e. Networking Sampling - this is used to find socially
devalued urban populations such as addicts,
alcoholics, child abusers and criminals, because they
are usually “hidden from outsiders.”
What Do Engineers Do?
An engineer is someone who solves problems of interest
to society with the efficient application of scientific
principles by (a) refining existing products (b) designing
new products or processes.
ENGINEERING METHOD: