Course Code: CSE 133

Course Title: OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

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 Course Objective

> Objective of this course is to make students familiar with

the concepts of object-oriented programming.

> Concepts will be reinforced by their implementation in

C++ and Java (next semester).

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 Books

> Object Oriented Programming with C++

By E Balagurusamy
> Teach yourself C++
By Herbert Schildt
> The C++ Programming Language
By Bjarne Stroustrup
> The Complete Reference C++
By Herbert Schildt
> Java How to Program
H.M.Deitel, P.J.Deitel –
> Java Programming
Joyce Farrell
> And so on…..
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What is programming?
 Programming is taking
A problem
Find the area of a rectangle
A set of data
length
width
A set of functions
area = length * width
 Then, applying functions to data to solve the problem
 The purpose of a programming is to help express ideas in code.
-Bjarne Stroustrup

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Programming Paradigm

► Procedural (Structure-oriented )

► Object-Oriented Programming

► Functional

► Logic

► Scripting

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Procedural Concept
 The problem (to be solved) is viewed as a sequence of things
(operation) to be done.
 Operations (actions/instructions/commands) may be reading,
calculating, printing etc.
 Use flowchart to organize these actions
 A function (Procedure) is written to accomplish the operations
 A list of instructions/commands is in a function
 Thus primary focus on functions
 So, it’s also called structure-oriented, action-oriented,
instruction-oriented. 6
Procedural Concept
Hierarchical decomposition of functions

Main program
Data

Function 1 Function 2

Function 3 Function 4 Function 5

Function 6 Function 7
► The main program coordinates calls to procedures and hands over
appropriate data as parameters.
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Procedural Concept
Relationship of data and functions:

Global Data Global Data

Function-1 Function-1 Function-1

Local Data Local Data Local Data

► Global data are more vulnerable to an inadvertent change

by a function
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 Procedural Concept

> Procedural Languages

— Fortran, COBOL, Pascal, Basic, C ….

> Shortcoming of Structured Programming:

— Very little attention on data

— What happens to the data? Data move openly around the system from function to
function

— How are they affected by the functions? Data are transformed by the functions
from one form to another.

— Most of the functions share global data

— Difficult to identify what data is used by which function

— Does not model real world problems very well

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 Pre-discussion for OOP

> When we need a single value of data, we use a variable

with the required data type.
— For example: int student_id;

> When we need multiple values of same data type, we use

an array variable with the required data type.
— For example: int student_id[100];

> When we need multiple logically related values of

different types, we use a structure variable.

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Pre-discussion for OOP

 Structure:
– For example:
struct students
{
char name[50];
char address[100];
char dept_faculty[20];
int level;
char semester[3];
int session;
float CGPA;
} student[100];
 Structure variable is not like built-in types: student[1]=student[2]+student[3];
impossible
 Do not permit functions and data hiding in it.
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Pre-discussion for OOP

 The concepts of object has been introduced to remove the drawbacks of

structure variable i.e.,
 To make it built-in type
 To permit functions
 To support data hiding
 Informally,
Object=Properties of structure variable + removal of the drawbacks of
structure variable + some extra features
and
OOP= programming with objects

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What is Object-Orientation?

> A technique for system modeling

> OO model consists of several interacting objects

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What is a Model?

> A model is an abstraction of something

> Purpose is to understand the product before developing it

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Example of Objects for OO Model

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 Example – OO Model

lives-in
Ali House
> Objects
— Ali drives
— House
— Car
— A book Car Tree
— A student
— Tree
> Interactions
— Ali lives in the house
— Ali drives the car

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Object-Orientation - Advantages

> People think in terms of objects

> OO models map to reality

> Therefore, OO models are

— easy to develop
— easy to understand

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 What is an Object?

 An object is an abstraction that represents an entity in the real world

which can be distinctly identified

 Something tangible (Ali, Car)

 Something that can be apprehended intellectually (Time, Date)

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 What is an Object?

 An object has:

 State (attributes): The state of an object consists of a set of data fields

(also known as properties) with their current values.

 Well-defined behavior (operations): The behavior of an object is

defined by a set of methods that describe how to carry out operations

 Unique identity

 An object is an encapsulation of both functions and data

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 Example – Ali is a Tangible Object

> State (attributes)

— Name
— Age
— Address
> Behavior (operations)
— Walks
— Eats
> Identity
— His name or national id no.

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Example – Car is a Tangible Object

> State (attributes)

- Color
- Model
> Behavior (operations)
- Accelerate - Start Car
- Change Gear
> Identity
- Its registration number

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Example – Time is an Object Apprehended
Intellectually

> State (attributes)

- Hours - Seconds
- Minutes
- Behavior (operations)
- Set Hours - Set Seconds
- Set Minutes
> Identity
- Would have a unique ID in the model

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Example – Date is an Object Apprehended
Intellectually

> State (attributes)

- Year - Day
- Month
> Behavior (operations)
- Set Year - Set Day
- Set Month
> Identity
- Would have a unique ID in the model

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 OO Programming Concepts

 Object-oriented programming (OOP):

 Involves programming using objects
 Treats data is as a critical element
 Does not allow data to flow freely around the system
 Ties data more closely to the functions that operate on it
 Protect accidental modification from outside functions
 Allows decomposition of problem into a number of
entities (Objects)
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 Object-Oriented Concept

Object 1 Object 2

Data Data

Communication
Functions Functions
Object 3

Data

Functions

> Objects of the program interact by sending messages to each other

> Data of an object can be accessed only by the functions associated with that object
> Functions of an object can access the functions of others objects 25
 Object-Oriented Concept

► An approach that provides a way of modularizing programs by

creating partitioned memory area for both data and functions that
can be used as templates for creating copies of such modules on
demand --E Balagurusamy

► Objects are the partitioned computer memory area

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 Object-Oriented Programming

> Basic concepts of OOP:

— Objects
— Classes
— Data Hiding
— Encapsulation
— Message Passing
— Data Abstraction
— Inheritance
— Polymorphism
— Dynamic Binding

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