UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

CAWANGAN PERLIS KAMPUS ARAU

PHY 110
MECHANICS I
LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE : BASIC MEASUREMENT

(LENGTH, VOLUME AND DENSITY)

EXP. NO. 1

GROUP : RAS1201M (2)

NO NAME STUDENT ID
1 MUHAMMAD AMIR HAQIMI BIN MD HUSAIRE 2022849724
2 MUHAMMAD HAFIZ HAKIMI BIN MD RABUAN 2022680144
3 ARIFF DANIAL BIN YUSSUF 2022489996
4 MUHAMMAD NOHAZRAN BIN NOOR ASMADI 2022877284
5 MUHAMMAD AREIF HUSAINI BIN 2022481808
MUHAMMAD ANUWAR

DATE OF
SUBMISSION: 20 DECEMBER 2022
LECTURER : PN. NOORSYAM BINTI YUSOF
 EXPERIMENT 1: BASIC MEASUREMENT

THEORY

The Vernier caliper allows you to measure external thickness, internal diameters and
depths of holes to a maximum of 130 mm with a 0.05 mm approximation. The vernier
calipers found in the laboratory incorporates a main scale and a sliding vernier scale
which allows readings to the nearest 0.02 mm. This instrument may be used to
measure outer dimensions of objects (using the main jaws), inside dimensions (using
the smaller jaws at the top), and depths (using the stem). To measure outer dimensions
of an object, the object is placed between the jaws, which are then moved together
until they secure the object. The screw clamp may then be tightened to ensure that the
reading does not change while the scale is being read. The first significant figures are
read immediately to the left of the zero of the vernier scale and the remaining digits
are taken as the vernier scale division that lines up with any main scale division. It is
best to take each measurement several times and then to compute the arithmetic
mean of the values. This is because the sample may only appear to be regular or it may
deform when the caliper puts pressure on it. It would be a mistake to ascribe to the
value of one measurement an accuracy equal to the caliper sensitivity (0.05 mm). A
better estimate of the measurement error can obtain by taking the difference between
the minimum and the maximum measured values.

The micrometer screw gauge is used to measure even smaller dimensions than the
vernier calipers. The micrometer screw gauge also uses an auxiliary scale (measuring
hundredths of a millimeter) which is marked on a rotary thimble. Basically, it is a screw
with an accurately constant pitch (the amount by which the thimble moves forward or
backward for one complete revolution). The micrometers in our laboratory have a pitch
of 0.50 mm (two full turns are required to close the jaws by 1.00 mm). The rotating
thimble is subdivided into 50 equal divisions. The thimble passes through a frame that
carries a millimeter scale graduated to 0.5 mm. The jaws can be adjusted by rotating
the thimble using the small ratchet knob. This includes a friction clutch which prevents
too much tension being applied. The thimble must be rotated through two revolutions
to open the jaws by I mm. In order to measure an object, the object is placed between
the jaws and the thimble is rotated using the ratchet until the object is secured. Note
that the ratchet knob must be used to secure the object firmly between the jaws,
otherwise the instrument could be damaged or give an inconsistent reading. The
manufacturer recommends three clicks of the ratchet before taking the reading.
The lock may be used to ensure that the thimble does not rotate while you take the
reading.
OBJECTIVE

1. To determine the volume and density of ball bearing.

2. To determine the volume and density of glass block.

APPARATUS
Vernier caliper, micrometer screw gauge, weighting scale, ball bearing, and
glass block.

PROCEDURE

Micrometer:
1. Zero error has dtermined.
2. The diameter of ball bearing has measured.
3. At different position of ball bearing step 2 has been repeated in 3 times.
4. All data has been recorded in a suitable table.
5. The actual diameter reading taking into consideration the error that
obtained earlier has been calculated.
6. The weight of ball bearing has been determined.
7. Density of ball bearing has been calculated.
Vernier caliper
1. Whole number of small divisions has counted on the fixed part the
caliper (“0” mark on the Vernier) that gives the size of the object to
nearest numbers of whole millimeters.
2. The first mark has founded on the Vernier, the value of the mark
tells how many fractions a millimeter are needed to complete
estimated the size of object.
3. Zero error of the Vernier caliper has determined.
4. Length, width and thickness of glass block are measured by using
the Vernier caliper.
5. Step 2 has repeated at different position of glass block at least 3 times.
6. All data has recorded in suitable tables.
7. Actual measurement by taking consideration the zero error that
obtained earlier has been calculated.
8. Weight of the glass block has determined.
9. Density of the glass block has been calculated.
RESULTS

1. To measure the diameter of the ball bearing using micrometer screw

gauge and determine volume.
The formula to calculate the value V

V = 4/5πr3
Zero error = - 0.07

Observed reading Diameter of ball bearing Radius of ball bearing

(mm)
First attempt 15.31 7.655
Second attempt 15.33 7.666
Third attempt 15.32 7.666
Average 15.32 7.660

True reading Diameter of ball bearing Radius of ball bearing

(mm) (mm)
First attempt 15.24 7.62
Second attempt 15.26 7.63
Third attempt 15.26 7.625
Average 15.25 7.625
 2. To measure the length, width, and height of glass block using a
Vernier caliper and determine volume.
The formula to calculate the value V

V=l×w×h
Zero error = + 0.00

Observed reading Length (cm) Width (cm) Height (cm)

First attempt 7.6 5.2 2.0
Second attempt 7.6 5.2 2.0
Third attempt 7.6 5.2 2.0
Average 7.6 5.2 2.0

True reading Length (cm) Width (cm) Height (cm)

First attempt 7.6 5.2 2.0
Second attempt 7.6 5.2 2.0
Third attempt 7.6 5.2 2.0
Average 7.6 5.2 2.0

Use all the data to find the density of each item using formula

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
ANALYSIS
Give all the answers in SI unit.

1. Calculate the volume (V) and the uncertainties (∆V) of the ball bearing
and the galss block.

4 4
Volume = πr3 = 𝜋 7.66603 = 1883.43 mm3
3 3

1883.43
Uncertainties = = 941.72 mm3
2

2. Calculate the density (p) and the uncertainties (∆p) of the ball bearing
and the glass block.

Mass = 7.6 × 5.2 × 2.0

= 79.04 cm3

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 79.04
Density = = = 0.04267
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1856.98
= 4.267 x 10-2 g/cm3

0.0426
Uncertainties = = 0.0213
2
= 2.13 x 10-2 g/cm3
CONCLUSION

• In conclusion, we were able to learn how to get accurate measurements

and use the micrometer and vernier caliper.
• This lab allowed us to get a better understanding of the principle of the
system of fits and to practice using the different measuring instruments
for the variety of objects.
• One of the other main concepts we gained from this lab was when it
comes to measurements, it is best if we can make the accuracy of our
measurements as precise as possible.