cieRMA

i-tonduto Deode 2. Revense Rrcistancu: The uAsfanda

diode to e wee béas s
ppjuncdh dfode
is koonn as feunl
ha usltlanu. lceally
yeMe
cayplal d'ode.
known as
tuder diode
on
he suueyse uidanu of a dlsode i
pene4e
cuvvent in only one dire hu weMe
a ecitea
tnnlb Bul n praiu,
be ustd af
akes 14 to ALulanc not infrni
A be t a u u , auy
4It hastve tununa ea ex
value oP sawerse blase
*
+ ahead of ddcde Synubd a uall leakage aurot

tonnectd to e posslhu teanuhal rA

rchn extunil de veliag
diode t fomaud bauq. FOvhad lasiog:
the fancten i tn guch a diut-
h e fwoaud blased
dsode conclucls applied t
t canut tRe p6tu bas
nhekal iovesje biased didde tionat c alled
ea pexnut dhe
umd ,s
pcatitally anducti cuunt no aucl

daode fornaud biak.

tt
uan tirwaud aullanu ofa Cornec te postdu tenuinal f he
qui uuall conpaud n Auvess
the p-pe aucd negalds
t
Restanu. batkery
o n-type
Fowaud rgstance: The ruittanu e tendnal -rwaud paluntial icdu-
blas
The applted aud al fonee
d e diode to frrnoeul Cu +he põunttal
bairn

Enonn as fovnad kulttanu. t t ediehalzd

korwad voltoge
d e fornwad resi kance
: |t s e
offer low Tesislantt called
The unc!"
by dtode t Be flon
CPpottfon ffered stikancu Fp to urent
foruo arcd due to
disac currnt ftor« n the cfeuit
Current
hitane
de eaud uslana +he etalG
thunt eP Low
diocle of eurrnt cupen
Rr 4c volkaqe acvo Pak. Thbe magnitude
d'oce. vottage.
d urrenlu g h apled
forwaud
pen te
t he extuunal dc vetage
ac foroaud eslante: Kevese Baina: Kohen ,
by 4ke dtode to tha tn uch diiat
Fpeetton ffrecl
a
R
pltedb tRe junt" bauwe.
chaugioa nvoasd cuent thial t tneveases he pötunltal
dfode neqatau teknu'nal
+Conned h e
acvots
tn vellaqe
ebauge aud poktiue
Cavvependig ebauge to e batey to tre Ptype

due to tRe appl'ed v e n e veflage

poluntial bauien i ineheated
The Junt" ofeni vey hizh resikdeote ohen fovuaucd biased, i dhaad
caled tverse teus ladu euclinaiy cliode
ett aue +%oge ef an
due to e establieh ment of hgh Seuiconetu ctos Dode
estan Blas (V,-ev)
No apleed
chauactethltes ef po jund clede In the abune f au appbed bêas
voltege, the net Pler oP chaige
nee tu a one eliuelon for a
veliage &uiconduclor diode 2exo
Reverse -Bias Concltion (Vo <ov)
The urent -Ral exfekr mder
Bakdpn volkage: tft he nuininun haverse bia conclhfons called
vne veltage at ohich p-n junct saliuaioo cuYrent
the evevse
Rudden a in aucl i aapresentid b Is
baks deron o
wee Currert Codgtion (V»s ov)
Forvard Bes
knee ve ltage : Itfs +e orwaud vo ltaqe
a hhiche cuent Preugh juoc Zener Reqieo
tazh t fnevcase kapaly .
ene Dode
eliede
A
peopely dopcd erylal
hich has a shap bseak don0o veltage
au 2enes déode.
noron - Zene
Rego
A acnen diode eke an audshay The uvent incveases ak a veRy
diade eept a l l & PApely doped sapi satk în a d'e cfon oppofh
déede i alvoay% ReTE to tAat of 4e posliu vollaqe co
A 2ineY
The AevYe polintfal that
bias
biased
tA Renes clode has ehap breakdoron Ruult io tAss daauatre c h a u
veltage,talled
aenes
vellaqe Vz. o ehanactutrla t calleel the
2enev potanltal (V) .
 t tevoltaqe
the voltage across te
acvoss t e diede
tide îneveaio
ineveai pedon f the chauc
poclton f-the tuwrli of
chautwilie
h+6e vese -blas Aglon , +k1 veloeily funclioo aue called 2enea dode
ofhe ntmouty cauitai upon6ble
fer he uerse salurattoo urrvnt l ) he max avevse bfas polunteal hal
oll also fnevease Eventually dRu'a cau be appled bekenc eiluig he
veloily aud auoctatel ke (hK) o Anes tgion tt called tk peak
peak
be fufheient to aelease acldeAooal fnvene vollage o peak Rweu
tliteons nA,
Cautess thkough voltaq.
o4benofee s{able alonuie etuchiu.
nofll esult 8Plfcon Vs aen manium
it, cu feni zalien pvorecr
Hohethy valuntu eleelvoni abior Thresheld or firnhg poltal
u Aent enegy
leave to parent
04 )
tauurau cau
alon. Thse addtfdnal
VT 03 (Cae)
hun ald Au lonizalion pwcess to
avalanethe
tihe pont hevc a hgh Resiskance Levels
arvent & estableke aud tRe
aval anche bvakclonop egton As Re eperatig point ofa diede woues
the Rul
ro one Kngien to auofher,
detenuined. anu of R "dlode ntll alyo elauge
The avalanche breakdondo uglon(V dueo tAe nen- Liheas tkape of <ke
Ca be bought closea to tii euk'eal daaatuitee ure.
level
ax by fncieas iny t e doprng DDe or statie Resttance
nualutal The appliealèy «f de veltoge to a
in tRe p aud nype
ttonvever,V2 deveasu
to veay o u f containig
a suiconductoy drde
wll
wil
level called zener breakdon2, " roill vetult n anopekating peht sh on
chaacl utte u v e hat oill not
Cendibutu to the Phap chauge wi% tihu .
chauge
+e chaactiuitise
Vo
breakcdonin ue da
AHough, ke zonet
Fm a gukcant contui bulos Jo
orly al lonr vz tht skayp
levels f (MA)
n 1e chanacliustte al ay
chauge
lee i cal ed 2tnes Reg2on aud
dtocde ploying {As lgu
 genenal, -t6e haheY -he cument 2) Ac or Dynamie Pesi'st anc
ugh a dfode, ¥6e lonver 46e cde AV4
e sisdance level
.Delkenuine the De Ae6%fan level
for the clfode
a) Ip 2 MA lo level) peiot
) 20 aA Chgh level)
V -10 V (ReVEYSe- biaied)
30 The loveyBe -pontP opesalloo,
20 the baber tAe ac Refttaoca.
Ac Resis tance
2 Averaqe
-10V he
The aveYage ac rees banu &s
aslttanee delundned by
e sHajE
too
a ) A t Jp 2 MA Rine dkaron betrvetn ¥he
by the
VD 0-6V intersetonu eatablieh ed
Qx amd nun valuts f Pnpult
Vp 0 SV = 0:5
2A 2X102 volta9
= 0 25 x103 AV
250 L
Tavg
b) At I, 20 uA, Vp -08 V
A
0:8 =
0.04 x 10 =
40
20x10
)AL Vp--10 V, 1o Is -
-1 A 2
Jo -10
-1
10
M
Vd
salunalioo tunent Al= 17-2
1 mA
Js = B v e 1 s e 0-726-0 6 =
0 04SV
AV
 t a y b rlud haf 4he zeneT N/ nuan
tecn a cenafant vetlaqt (vg= to) a evocs 8« chaochu
tload &e lorgdfe mpat velfage doci
as
net fal| betor Va int
Qpoun
R
M-
l o a d line
RL
tope of R load line,
Lead Line Analysis V IpR tVp
Load Ahe analyts fi used inhe -- Ip t Vp
RL R
Aaphieal epcentatioo of non-
Linas eledLonit ek auh . Cit ctu
Jp -Vo +V y- UM-C
havng non-intar chauacls b
v-i
: d , tranfelor RL
Load line Analyult ef dode.
RL
w Ipa t he cunrnd Plonig dreus
V Pe cikul
Series Dode Conuallons
aa kchofr's veltage lan,
By uing constant vottage. clop uiodel
V-3pRL-Vp = 0
CVp.d=0)
V: JeR4V -O
ohen Vp 0, V 1pR Jo' (o»)
when Jp 0, V-Vp Vp =V
(ofr
Point Pt auo bnoon a
ofretlling
Pstol o Quicaunl potof
quivalunt
Peint Ioa,Vpa
 Vg is 4he turn ON Veltage.
Match tRe dtkeclro of ument o 2
the avro
die clon > ON -5V
SaMe
opp. diu/oo o f T .
~22
choff velkage las,
y ug Cov)
V-Yb-VR = 0
To fmd Vo,
YR N-Vp
-5Vt07V =Vo Ve -4-3V
Ip JR Va
R
oV 2-21p = Vo
If 4he dheufl open,(deele i d) -22p-43V>Jp 43v
221
1p0
VR=0
I (cng.Deuunune V
QDeuiie 4he uen 2k
Shevon un1 Confant voltage elaop uod M
t20v S e
20-N
M- -V,
20 0-3V
splou it noë V
Dtode ic oN, Co He
baaues potuslial
aP'a aryg KVL,
21p 0
20 V-o 1V -0 3V- 21-
20V-20J-0 4V 0
20 201 20 V-0 1VN
3 14:3/20 Vo-24p = 0
1 0 466 A
Vo 5V
DeteeHuune a u d to
.Detnine Ve aud I
5V
o Vo MA
2.2 Ra t20 68k Vo
 1

l G

N
2
-tlalf lave Peebfer
Only one halP ef t6c ac vollager
e d , fo e ofer half Ke get ure
velag
Linea
Replating e diode by pea-1ose
wuodel, Pos-tue half
V-V-ITo-JR=0
1 Vi-V
ptR
Y IR
ve-VeYptR
lM geneal, oLR,
0 : - 1 V Si
V-Vi-vs{
heqaline half
V
acdvauog
V. oan dit
.
 A

ise

.
 FFV2
21
(1-cos aot) dtot) V
cot Bn2cot 4 2
2
In-+he casu tsquauL Wauus f =1
CVrwu Vy, Vev= Vy)
Vw.4 64xVav
Jus 2
Riple Tactor:The output urret
RMS Load voltage is gin ConMains both ac aud de conponentr
The eiple facln nLasuR he perur=
Vmus mus R the ndltedi
n
tage of a u tonponunt
Vu_ R oulpuk
value ot sipple Pacú, e
2R
The ideal
VTs Vw be 2en0
2
T s value f at. cwwp. of ouut
-
Sabcan ce op RNS value: The RMs
avenage velu toulpul
equvalunt to t be
value îs 4Re
value.
the
J[-
It s de&ned au
ou tacto :
load voltage
aud Xtoo
aaPoRHUS
ayexage load voltage
21 ditodve
F.f rus
Vavg 12 ukage
abou
H is uned to gie nknnaloo he
EFkieney CD: t is de fne as
OOve toT
de powes available al the load to
F BCa, Tm av.
VavV
henput ac poner
VTu Vn, au
 ull hoave ketuhe v
rad xt0o
Pin T o reue the dt outul to too'|
BAi'dge keaitr
G tve halfF
d d e xoo1 +
( .A
Vi -MMt
R
A Du (Re
T2
One ef R
2
= 4661.sadvaney Vi
Vo
M-
R
Peat Inverse Volkage: Maxinun Raver
D4
fay vottage hat an be ayplied te
acken he diede befre enuung Arry kVL
er 0 breakdonn Rgton. +Vi-Vo =0
Vo Vldead uocdel
dtode
D
M
Vi R
Da
PIV V D4
A t r i g KVL-Vy +V=o
Vo Vi-2 Confa
-Vm vollage dop
PIvV, othekpoise e dlede
oill douage.
M caie ef pets h« ineal,
V Vi-2v-914
20
-ve half
D ()
( Avevage (dt ) load velbage
V
oot
D (f-6) Vo Vw n wt
-8)D
dalund soet diot)
Vav Vae(V
1
VL,+V-V, =o
V-0st1,
Ay ng -Cos -osc
Vi-Vo
V
Vi
2V
Va
tument
t Average de) lead
21
Iav Vav
R
2V
Cende lapped Pecuke7 R
2
ay 2Jw
Vo Vi
W curren t
R8) RMS loacd
+i-Ve 0
RM load vellage
nwa51 Vo Vi
by (B)
 (19) tpropri illal doqpade.
(Y Zentn dlode i -Pb gon Pr
8ailau to nerual dsellu
P. sgson

2 r doele opeaat as voltaqe

P'iV V
Aegutalov tn
R-8 rgleo.
PIV 31v
Symbol:
N

Z eneyDioele asVoltaqe Requlator

vouage Kegulalor a tombinlor-
A
» #at e
ensune

of elemunu deigned
tauasha
ulput vottaqe tPa pply
Conttant.

7.D-oF Z.D ND
2 2 ko

2xGo H2. Noltage aeross 2»pD

7.D ON
0 0Hz

Viaud R hixed
Zener Diocles R
ued Bn vollage MM
pecial dhde widely
equlálbn R
Avalauche BAakelown : l y dped
ole CmeTal deelu)
Baakdonns
ene Bseakdown:
achseved uuth eamlia.

ah pawe detipalen tapaciy.

 Vi-1R-JR -O i Vi
RtR
VRL
P/Ni-V-V2 va
RtP
a n Pay
* Pz nuuf be eualles
G
G Cace 1 f Vin 2 V,^oN (buotd-)
Cuax powe ditipatad )

dtede netvoonk
G. Tor 6e zenes

dekeruine, VL, Ve J2 aud k2

M
RL
1 30w

KC i l6V Va oV
R LKa
RL 2 ka

Ip Ni
RR
L6V Vg12n
Ca
6V-1xik2 - +-2 vaxf =0

V VR Itl2 22724 A

VTn L =1xkl 3.24mAX12x2

VTH8 72v

(Vi-V,) VT2N2 >OFF

RRL

-V- V
2

6v
 Jz =o > Pz- KL

he have p =l
Jp V=7'24 mA
t:2 2i e - Jtuan
4 - 2 4 nAX
Ik2 =127V
Ve
X r2 L2
=
Ip X 12 1a2
in i-)-Jmax R
V
1 27 MAX 1-2L2
Conditlon ax oacl Re&rstancu:
8. 64Vv
RLuax L u > J2uax
Vauable
V Pixed auc R
Jzat
PN ax
P2M
fa J2ax

(R):
Conditon for nun load Resicdanu win -Jzuax
acvoss a-D Vz Cnuin load R)
*Vollage

M Vi R -V, =V R Va
RtR
Vi Re
V Vi R V, (R+Ri)= Ku wax
PRL

vR+VzRL = Vi RL

RVR
Condtkoo irnáo Jw
Ri V-V.ead Reetlao
uninum auucl
Cue
T nil be .Dederine the
hOhen R is wun,tRen valuu of oad Resraouk
Maxiu
Wax
222
VL 20v

Jwa
 R-2220 V C N Vi R
V. 90V FN 40 Rn

G C
WWV-V 2c-i

229 2) Condition
t wax V
V JOV
22 O

nentored valut)
A
I z: 00MAN =

At 20V- JOV
NA
292
at+

ViarduetVNS
5A

C Vi aud R Vaufable
hA

Vauiable Vi aucl xed e

N
R

Ni RSeic uastax

Rauinino-V

Condi on fv uo Ni r on 20

ihe 20 will tuan on when velHage Kmax Vinuo

across 2-D hyV2

 90142

Viz1,1. ay V (

V 20y 1666 A
i 3rh OV

16:6 A
60A

30V aud V2 10V

Yi t V
220-0

JztJ 40.66nA
e have Vi-V2 Viua
I-864 V +20V

R 3 6 804V
20 WA

- 36:264V
23-HV
Rauge oP Vi -

shevon klow,
Vh0V, izuit
Q. lu the
R 40 P ideal 2Ant

0 - 1 0 UWA
current
WA +he knee
uainto sy
To
R 3636 K2 eliocle is o uA
dekrunt
Re toad P,
a cYoGs ohws aud
auge
of /p voltage value «f R
n
the uininuM

.
Deterune
zener
diode io nuninum powey
Aaling h
maintain the
oill
M) hat diede n mh)
Rene
ON Stage.
220 00
2 Va

Jzuax 60 wA
=

V2 20V,

V, CRtRL) 90(2202+1200-)

Vi nuin
RL 200
 dirpers aud elauptn
Cut
knors
lu the cae f ideal diode, the Enee So

o z oave haping
uRuits
Cumco 2 is cqual nu as
aedker
roave
I z nuin
= 10 nA cupper-Half
Vz 5V
networks hal
ue

G C
Vi=10V clipes ave

C fodes to elp a poatson of npuk

R nain IL uax Iz uin
ni&Rout detortiq he
8pnal
TR u a x t Jzwio
uanrg paut cf t6c rave tiru

Vi- J l u n t i wax
clpers
wax LO0-
Seus Paallel
J wax = 40 A

5V
Biased
RL wun 1.. JLmax oWA Unbiased Biased Unbiased
dman Seues Seues Pcua lle i Pauaiel

L un= |25
Eac uubiascd aucd biaed dppeas
ae again clastiked hb + aud -n.
Miniuponek Raling of 2D =
Cc posliw perteop wee firm
I2 maxV elppe
= ho mAXGV
Negattu patom owauehorw
250 m

CLIPPERS Exaple
nwe use along orth islors
dlocles

aud tapailons n hape oave firny R

*f e auk to elip po«tbn

f 4Re
Wave-orw e ut lippesa for f

Puuppie aud
to &tt ot elaup 46. o1 the posiue hal-f tircle,
ede voltage ledel we ue clawpers
ov 4he neqatiue halt 4ele, . Detemint V, frthe input
N
-Vi4Vo 20 V
22a Vo
i-Vo
Ve-V 20V

unbiased tuey o 0, 04tL1/2

Se this is a posliu

cippr +Vi +0 4V- Vo

=0

-20Vt07V

DUobiased Senes clipes Vo =Vit 07 v

No adeutio-
V, 143V Y LtLT
* No bahng present diode will
then he
nal vottage Souvtt. LF ViLVb,
enain oP.

a. Deleruoe y. fr Re nput Cupe

20V

20
220 V O

-5V 20v

for the positlu halP Vi-Ve, 04t4+2 N

Vi-Vo 20 v
-14-3
halP VV.
V=6v.
negaliw
tor the biased elue p
everse

The dfode
s Biased Senes cupper
polauily-
he ekouge
0, i/24 t
T
Delevuine or t6e opul.
V
Vi
20 t
oV
N
Y
20

Nqalu pr
 7V
,V
8)Unbsaced Parallel eUppe"s

4 1 V toM
V
V
eliade is
1he fe

+Vi- 0qv tV-Vo

= d
Diode is tB
0L44Tl2 Vi>o
VoVi-0:4V+V not
uTrent r0i|l
100 7+6 43 V 0 CBcz tbe
tfrough R).
Vo 14 2V , 0£tL1/2 choosete potß
So tke
D.ocle s R.B.
GV 2 447,
Thus the
Curren
TCuut 1s open.
R.
V- 10V Plow rougb
wi
A tVi --Vr+Vo =0

reveyse based
HeTe 4he diode is No-Vit+Ve» malelad

aud the 5V is not sufkuient

Vo-Ni
-8 4e diocle Bncu V= 10v.
4) Biased Pavallel cl'pper
R 22 n
V=0V, tAET MM

>decd
V
Vo

O
04412
0
l3 V Conicleing 16e Vi only, then 4R.
diode is 1B by V

BVi>4
Vo 4v Vollage in
pauallel
CA t aye caul)
 Ccnsicler e only e n -he cliode
qv' Note T tme Consdant) RC
ic Rb by4v.

RB Vi L4V
VR 0 V
+Vo-Ve aVi =0

Vo-V = 0 > Vo =Vi

P O t ur p e
to(R0)
OLt/2 Naalus

dap

¥ Vi=y

>t Diode 48.

it roill not choo ce

*Ve =O ( Bc2
Yo .
+he patR rough
Vi=Ve=V

+Vi-Ve =0

T2 4 t 6

/2 4t T
Diode s RB
to
Vi aud 4V ae 14yg wil Ptorv $rough
Bo6 e The urut

R-B the diode. R

i+V+V - 0
Ve Vi
Vo-M-Ve >-V;-V- -2v

CLAMPERS Vo-2V

netwovk conslkutud
A clauper is a

vessls aud a capaulor Note:

Note
of a cliode, a valut
keuuani
sanu.

Yuu
noave tirua to a
tha shfk 4e ehaugt.
dferent de level vortbou chaugng The peak value
of he applie d T12.
he appeauana

Sqnal.
 4 V 10v
v
but V2v
-v
l Ra 46e diede,
is #6.
fnallyte disele
V t
Ve 2V i
Vi V
Diode s F6
R).
*Ve No cuen trugh tVi -Ve -2V -0
Ve Vi-2
v (token vi Ew) Velov -2V 8SV
Vi-Ve v ) .

Potius T2téT
elau
*Diode is RB. V=-io V

*Vi+Ve -Ve =0
tV+Vo +Vc .
Ve: Vi +VVe
Vo-V-Ve
Vo-V+V 2
CV-8V
-18V V
Biaced clauaper CYcuids

Skelch fhe outpuf raw-fou

.
V a) calulate 5t
t
10

2V bCopave 5t t» half she

Peuiod of e agplied Rqnl.

(8v )Stetch V.
 Ve
N

Ve
Vi 2
b Vi-10 v

-V

0
+i Ve +Ve
-iO V - 3v
h6xica x o1xI0 Vo-V-Ve

= 21 3V
6 Wse

= 28 wsec
hT: 5X6
Voltage Multiper Cmeuils

10 sec uikeuis ane

Vottaqe uulhipbex
ovo
weel to uuaintain uldiuly

0 sec
van eferer peak veHeg
typinq e peak oultput vekaje
nun
5T>
T2 to too,tee , tru or uove

peakpeat iltrd voliage.

28 5
05 Vellage Matipler
5 t 5T (uwpuiio)
2

Vottaqe deubler vettaqe tple

V
c0Lt T/2 ua druple
t E
Vi ={OV
5 k a Ve
Vi
talf Kne 4ull voave*

Vetlaqe doublev
0
-0TV+ 2Vt Vo have
ttaj
Ve -13V D2

0-tV+2V =
0
Vi-Vc- Vout

Ne oV -0 4V+2V
2V